明清時(shi)期(qi)由于商(shang)(shang)(shang)品經(jing)濟(ji)的發展,商(shang)(shang)(shang)品流通領域擴大,商(shang)(shang)(shang)人十分(fen)活躍(yue),逐漸形成了商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。著名的有(you)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)、江(jiang)右幫(bang)(bang)、洞庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)、山東商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)、秦(qin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、潮(chao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)、龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)、寧波商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)等十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。
當徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)在商(shang)(shang)場爭(zheng)雄之(zhi)時,冷不防在浙(zhe)江中西(xi)南(nan)部崛起(qi)一個(ge)頗有影響的(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)歷史上有一個(ge)當年堪稱(cheng)國(guo)家(jia)級的(de)大“幫(bang)(bang)(bang)派”,當然,這個(ge)大“幫(bang)(bang)(bang)派”系(xi)明清時列全國(guo)十大商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)之(zhi)一的(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)雖(sui)以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)命名,但并非單指龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)一縣的(de)商(shang)(shang)人,而是實指浙(zhe)江衢州府所屬龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)、常山(shan)縣、西(xi)安(an)(今衢縣)、開化和江山(shan)五縣的(de)商(shang)(shang)人,其中以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人人數最(zui)(zui)多,經商(shang)(shang)手段最(zui)(zui)為高明,故冠以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)之(zhi)名,簡稱(cheng)“龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)”。
商(shang)幫的(de)出(chu)現,是我國商(shang)品經濟(ji)發展的(de)重要標志。
在明中(zhong)(zhong)葉(xie)嘉靖、萬歷年間(jian)(1522-1620),十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中(zhong)(zhong)最活躍(yue)的(de)是洞(dong)(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),當(dang)時社會(hui)上(shang)流傳著兩句(ju)諺語(yu):“鉆(zhan)天(tian)洞(dong)(dong)庭遍(bian)地(di)徽(hui)”、“遍(bian)地(di)龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這反映洞(dong)(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人、徽(hui)州商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人、龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人遍(bian)布全國并雄踞商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界的(de)事(shi)實。龍(long)(long)游(you)歷史上(shang)為(wei)姑篾文化(hua)發(fa)祥(xiang)地(di),更是“入(ru)閩要道”、“金衢處(chu)徽(hui)之沖”,為(wei)古代重要鹽(yan)道餉道,“通浙孔(kong)道,饋餉之所(suo)必系(xi)”之地(di),又是浙皖閩贛4省交(jiao)通樞紐(niu)。明人徐復初說(shuo):“邑(龍(long)(long)游(you))當(dang)孔(kong)道,舟車(che)所(suo)至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)貨(huo)所(suo)通,紛(fen)總填溢。”龍(long)(long)游(you)人農耕(geng)之外,借交(jiao)通之便,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)乃成(cheng)謀生(sheng)重要手段,加之龍(long)(long)游(you)社會(hui)上(shang)素不賤商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),頭腦(nao)活絡之人多選經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之路。龍(long)(long)游(you)有豐富(fu)的(de)資源,這也為(wei)他(ta)們(men)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)了(le)物質條件。龍(long)(long)游(you)多山林(lin)竹木和茶(cha)漆糧油等,這些土特(te)產品(pin)成(cheng)為(wei)龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最重要的(de)外貿商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)。
當時(shi)的(de)(de)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫,以龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為主體,涵(han)蓋(gai)了周(zhou)圍衢州(zhou)(zhou)諸縣的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)家(jia)。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)形成有一個漫長(chang)的(de)(de)過(guo)程。它發軔于(yu)(yu)南(nan)宋,活躍于(yu)(yu)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)葉,至(zhi)清乾隆(long)年間為鼎盛(sheng)。宋室南(nan)遷后(hou),建都杭州(zhou)(zhou),為了方(fang)便同長(chang)江沿岸(an)抗金(jin)(jin)前線(xian)的(de)(de)聯系,官(guan)府修建了東起(qi)京(jing)城杭州(zhou)(zhou),西接湘贛的(de)(de)官(guan)道(dao)。這條官(guan)道(dao)在龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)和壽昌交界的(de)(de)梅(mei)嶺關入龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)境,龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)視此為大(da)(da)好商(shang)(shang)機,就把(ba)木(mu)材運到(dao)杭州(zhou)(zhou)銷售(shou)。也有大(da)(da)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)到(dao)浙江外(wai)地經商(shang)(shang)致富(fu)(fu),如龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)韋塘人(ren)(ren)(ren)朱世榮,“流(liu)寓(yu)常州(zhou)(zhou)致巨(ju)富(fu)(fu),置(zhi)產(chan)亙常州(zhou)(zhou)三(san)縣之半,后(hou)歸衢江古碼里,復大(da)(da)置(zhi)產(chan),當時(shi)以為財雄衢常二府。”到(dao)了明(ming)朝(chao),一個以龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為中(zhong)(zhong)心,帶動整個衢州(zhou)(zhou)地區商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)流(liu)域性商(shang)(shang)業(ye)團體響(xiang)亮(liang)登場,他們(men)在金(jin)(jin)衢盆地崛起(qi),逐鹿中(zhong)(zhong)原,遠征邊關,漂(piao)洋出海,以“遍地龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)”的(de)(de)氣勢被人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)稱為“龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)幫”。據史料記載:明(ming)萬歷年間,“龍(long)丘之民(min),往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)糊(hu)口(kou)于(yu)(yu)四方(fang),誦讀之外(wai),農賈相半”。明(ming)天啟年間,“龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)之民(min),多向天涯海角(jiao),遠行(xing)商(shang)(shang)賈,幾空縣之半。”如商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童(tong)巨(ju)川在嘉(jia)靖年間至(zhi)宣府大(da)(da)同做邊貿生(sheng)意,“一往(wang)(wang)返旬月,獲(huo)利(li)必倍,歲(sui)得數(shu)萬金(jin)(jin),自(zi)是兄弟更(geng)相往(wang)(wang)來(lai),垂(chui)20余年,遂(sui)成大(da)(da)賈。”至(zhi)清乾隆(long)年間童(tong)氏家(jia)族:“多行(xing)賈四方(fang),其居家(jia)土(tu)著者,不過(guo)十之三(san)四耳。”
龍游商(shang)幫(bang)不像(xiang)晉商(shang)手(shou)握(wo)巨資(zi),經營票號,在(zai)金(jin)融市(shi)場上顯(xian)山露水;也(ye)不像(xiang)徽商(shang)壟斷鹽鹺,聲(sheng)(sheng)名顯(xian)赫。龍游商(shang)幫(bang)的顯(xian)著特點(dian)是,埋頭苦干,不露聲(sheng)(sheng)色,卻在(zai)珠寶(bao)古董業(ye)中獨占鰲頭,又在(zai)印書刻書販書業(ye)中從事于文化傳(chuan)播,還在(zai)海外貿易(yi)中插(cha)上一(yi)手(shou),成(cheng)為頗具實力的一(yi)大商(shang)幫(bang)。
龍(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)雖地(di)處偏(pian)僻,卻有(you)著開放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)態(tai),在觀念上(shang)(shang)也比較新潮(chao)。主要表現在兩個方面上(shang)(shang),即(ji)投(tou)資上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)"敢為天下(xia)先(xian)"精(jing)神和(he)“海納百(bai)川”的(de)(de)(de)(de)肚量。明清時期,許多商(shang)人將經營商(shang)業所賺(zhuan)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)資金用來購(gou)買土地(di)或者(zhe)(zhe)經營典當(dang)、借(jie)貸業,以求有(you)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)入(ru)。而(er)龍(long)游商(shang)敏(min)銳地(di)意識到,要獲(huo)得更的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)潤,必須轉向手(shou)工業生產和(he)工礦產業上(shang)(shang)。他們果斷(duan)地(di)投(tou)入(ru)于紙業、礦業的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品生產,或者(zhe)(zhe)直接參與商(shang)品生產,使商(shang)業資本轉化為產業資本,給當(dang)時封建社會(hui)注入(ru)了帶有(you)雇傭關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)新生產關(guan)系。龍(long)游商(shang)人還不排斥外地(di)商(shang)幫(bang)對本鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲透,并(bing)且(qie)相處友善,吸收(shou)外地(di)商(shang)人于己(ji)幫(bang),推(tui)進了龍(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。
明清時期龍游商幫是當時活(huo)躍于商壇的(de)中國(guo)十(shi)大商幫之一,它之所以能在(zai)與實力雄(xiong)厚的(de)徽商、晉商等競爭中獨樹一幟,在(zai)珠寶業(ye)(ye)、墾拓業(ye)(ye)、造(zao)紙(zhi)業(ye)(ye)和印書業(ye)(ye)中立于不敗之地,除了(le)它有(you)(you)開拓進取、不怕(pa)艱苦的(de)精神和善于經(jing)營(ying)管理之外,恐怕(pa)與它具(ju)有(you)(you)較高文化(hua)素養和誠實守信職業(ye)(ye)道(dao)德(de)有(you)(you)著密切的(de)關聯(lian)。
龍游商(shang)人在(zai)營商(shang)活動中(zhong),歷(li)來(lai)看重“財自道生,利緣義取(qu)”“以(yi)儒術(shu)飾賈(jia)事”。主張誠信(xin)為本(ben),堅守以(yi)義取(qu)利,是(shi)龍游商(shang)幫(bang)一(yi)以(yi)貫之(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)儒商(shang)品(pin)格,也使其(qi)獲得了良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)市場信(xin)譽。從根本(ben)意(yi)義上(shang)說,將誠信(xin)作為經商(shang)從賈(jia)的(de)(de)(de)道德規范,正是(shi)龍游商(shang)幫(bang)獲得成功的(de)(de)(de)要訣。龍游商(shang)人傅家來(lai)開設傅立(li)宗(zong)紙(zhi)(zhi)號,視產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)為企業(ye)立(li)身之(zhi)本(ben),精益(yi)求精,所造之(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi),質(zhi)量(liang)上(shang)乘,且比(bi)同行出(chu)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)同一(yi)件紙(zhi)(zhi)號要重十多斤(jin)之(zhi)多。他還從把(ba)握造紙(zhi)(zhi)生產(chan)流程每個環節入手,嚴格檢驗,次品(pin)決不(bu)出(chu)售。產(chan)品(pin)享譽大江南北,歷(li)久不(bu)衰。為了表(biao)示對用戶(hu)負責和(he)維持良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)譽,其(qi)產(chan)品(pin)都統一(yi)加印(yin)“西(xi)山傅立(li)宗(zong)”印(yin)記。
與(yu)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)誠實守信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)道德(de)相比,我(wo)市(shi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)環境卻長期不(bu)容樂觀,少數(shu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和個人(ren)紅眼(yan)于(yu)周邊地區的(de)(de)發(fa)展,心(xin)態浮躁,急功近(jin)利,甚至不(bu)擇(ze)手段,前些年上街(jie)貿(mao)易大(da)樓曾一(yi)度聚集眾多商(shang)(shang)貿(mao)私營公(gong)司(si),但(dan)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)“殺豬”公(gong)司(si),彼此間以騙取(qu)外(wai)地客商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)貨(huo)物為(wei)(wei)(wei)能事(shi);外(wai)地車子被我(wo)市(shi)的(de)(de)貨(huo)運配載(zai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息中(zhong)心(xin)所騙的(de)(de)投訴也不(bu)絕于(yu)耳;我(wo)市(shi)銀(yin)行的(de)(de)不(bu)良資產(chan)中(zhong),因(yin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)“失信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)”而造成的(de)(de)約(yue)占(zhan)45%;有關調查也表(biao)明(ming),連衢州人(ren)對本(ben)(ben)地企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)評價(jia)都已信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)心(xin)不(bu)足,普遍認為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)省企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)好(hao)(hao)于(yu)國外(wai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye),省內其(qi)他市(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)好(hao)(hao)于(yu)本(ben)(ben)市(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。在(zai)這樣的(de)(de)背景(jing)下,龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)誠信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)精神,在(zai)我(wo)市(shi)尤其(qi)值得弘揚。信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)衢州的(de)(de)建設,除了要(yao)繼續加大(da)治(zhi)理力度之外(wai),內在(zai)的(de)(de)道德(de)教(jiao)育(yu)也是極(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)重要(yao)的(de)(de)一(yi)方面(mian)。儒家教(jiao)化學說的(de)(de)一(yi)個最為(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)特(te)點,就(jiu)在(zai)于(yu)在(zai)實施教(jiao)化過程(cheng)中(zhong),把社(she)會的(de)(de)道德(de)規范(fan)(fan)內化為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)們的(de)(de)自覺(jue)行動。在(zai)這方面(mian),龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)自覺(jue)地以儒家道德(de)觀念(nian)規范(fan)(fan)自己的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)行動,把信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、誠作為(wei)(wei)(wei)待人(ren)接(jie)物的(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)原則(ze),無疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)市(shi)經濟主體樹(shu)立了極(ji)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)榜樣。
馳(chi)騁于商界的(de)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商幫,其經營(ying)區域(yu)甚廣,足跡遍及全國各地。史書記(ji)載:龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商幫商人(ren)“挾資以出守為恒業,即秦、晉、滇(dian)、蜀,萬(wan)里視若比舍,俗(su)有(you)(you)遍地龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)之諺(yan)”。明(ming)萬(wan)歷年間流傳的(de)“遍地龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)”之民諺(yan),有(you)(you)力地說明(ming)了(le)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商幫與享(xiang)有(you)(you)“鉆天(tian)洞庭(ting)”、“無(wu)徽不(bu)成鎮”等美(mei)譽的(de)洞庭(ting)商幫與徽州商幫一樣,都是明(ming)清時期稱雄(xiong)商界的(de)頗(po)有(you)(you)影(ying)響的(de)地域(yu)商幫。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)幫商人(ren)大多(duo)從(cong)事長途(tu)販銷(xiao)活動,“龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)之民多(duo)向(xiang)天(tian)涯海(hai)角,遠(yuan)行(xing)商賈(jia)”,不(bu)僅(jin)活躍在江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)(nan)、北(bei)京、湖南(nan)(nan)、湖北(bei)和閩粵諸地,而且還一直深入到西(xi)北(bei)、西(xi)南(nan)(nan)等偏遠(yuan)省份。如據有(you)(you)關文獻(xian)記(ji)載:明(ming)成化年間,僅(jin)云南(nan)(nan)姚安(an)府(即今(jin)云南(nan)(nan)楚(chu)雄(xiong)彝族自治(zhi)州西(xi)部)就聚集了(le)浙江(jiang)(jiang)龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商人(ren)和江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)安(an)福(fu)商人(ren)三五萬(wan)人(ren)。
龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這種開(kai)拓進(jin)取、不(bu)畏艱辛、不(bu)戀家土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬業(ye)(ye)精(jing)神(shen),和(he)當代溫(wen)臺地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)家精(jing)神(shen)本質上(shang)是一致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),溫(wen)臺地(di)(di)區農(nong)民(min)(農(nong)村剩(sheng)余勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li))為(wei)尋求生路,寧(ning)愿背井離鄉,在外(wai)面(mian)(mian)開(kai)闊了眼界和(he)有(you)了微薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)累之后,他們便把(ba)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)、知識(shi)(shi)、經驗及外(wai)界人(ren)(ren)(ren)緣等資源向親朋好友擴散。溫(wen)臺經濟發展(zhan)(zhan)最初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖動(dong)(dong)(dong)來自(zi)于(yu)民(min)間(jian),由卑微又見(jian)多(duo)識(shi)(shi)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)能(neng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)、發動(dong)(dong)(dong)。遺憾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)沖動(dong)(dong)(dong)卻(que)未(wei)能(neng)上(shang)升為(wei)浙西地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域人(ren)(ren)(ren)文精(jing)神(shen),其可貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)精(jing)神(shen)最終仍淹沒于(yu)強勢農(nong)耕(geng)文化中(zhong)(zhong)。到(dao)民(min)國時期,連龍游(you)本地(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)也幾(ji)乎全落入外(wai)地(di)(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)手中(zhong)(zhong),“遍地(di)(di)龍游(you)之說”也漸成絕(jue)唱。當前,我市(shi)要大力(li)(li)弘(hong)揚“龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)走出(chu)去精(jing)神(shen),一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)要繼(ji)續堅定不(bu)移地(di)(di)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)勞務輸出(chu),讓廣大農(nong)村剩(sheng)余勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)在走出(chu)去中(zhong)(zhong)接受市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洗(xi)禮,涌現(xian)出(chu)越來越多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)者。另一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)在接受產業(ye)(ye)梯度轉移的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,還要大力(li)(li)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)支持市(shi)內有(you)比較(jiao)優勢、市(shi)外(wai)有(you)市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)有(you)計劃、有(you)步驟地(di)(di)到(dao)外(wai)地(di)(di)辦廠,從(cong)而推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)從(cong)產品(pin)到(dao)要素(su)、從(cong)資本到(dao)技(ji)術(shu)全面(mian)(mian)主動(dong)(dong)(dong)地(di)(di)進(jin)入國內外(wai)市(shi)場,爭取更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)空(kong)間(jian)。
明(ming)清時(shi)(shi)期(qi),有許多(duo)(duo)外(wai)籍(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)紛(fen)紛(fen)奔(ben)赴(fu)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),有的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)寓居(ju)(ju)(ju)于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),加入龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)列,并把(ba)各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)經(jing)驗(yan)帶(dai)入到了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)中,推進了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)發展。如徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)程廷柱在(zai)康熙年(nian)間(jian)曾率眾在(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)營有典(dian)業和(he)田莊;汪文俊在(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)營有鹽業。又如贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)周學錦在(zai)康熙年(nian)間(jian)從江西撫州(zhou)趨(qu)利業商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),并定居(ju)(ju)(ju)于(yu)(yu)此。還(huan)如閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三元戴(dai)馮氏(shi)、黃靜齋、池明(ming)英等都先后經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。清末至民國時(shi)(shi)期(qi),龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)縣(xian)籍(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)漸少,客籍(ji)居(ju)(ju)(ju)多(duo)(duo),他(ta)(ta)們(men)大(da)多(duo)(duo)來自浙江的(de)(de)(de)遂昌、蘭溪、義烏、處州(zhou)、紹興、寧波和(he)徽州(zhou)府所屬各(ge)縣(xian),以及江西、福建(jian)等省。由(you)此可見,龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)群體融合了(le)(le)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵(yue)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等外(wai)地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)形成基于(yu)(yu)血緣(yuan)地(di)緣(yuan)關系,本質上具(ju)有排他(ta)(ta)性,但他(ta)(ta)們(men)卻能容納其他(ta)(ta)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)融入,足可見其胸襟的(de)(de)(de)寬大(da)。
然而隨著(zhu)龍游(you)商幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落,這方曾(ceng)經(jing)如此大(da)氣十足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di),反而漸生一種“排外(wai)”情結。很難想象(xiang),前些(xie)(xie)年(nian)在(zai)龍游(you)商幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發源地(di)(di)會發生因眼紅外(wai)地(di)(di)布商物美價廉,而引(yin)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)哄(hong)搶布匹事件。去年(nian)投資環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)一項調查也表明(ming),大(da)多(duo)數(shu)經(jing)濟主(zhu)體有看(kan)到、聽到過或有過受(shou)本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)欺騙壓制的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺。證實(shi)了(le)衢州人(ren)(ren)有較濃(nong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排外(wai)傾向(xiang)。這些(xie)(xie)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐證明(ming),我市(shi)(shi)要加快發展,就必(bi)須承(cheng)接龍游(you)商幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開放胸(xiong)襟,真正培(pei)育出兼(jian)容(rong)并蓄的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)(shi)精(jing)神。要廣(guang)為(wei)吸納(na)來(lai)自于海內(nei)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)、資本(ben)(ben)、管(guan)理(li)、人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)等各種資源和生產要素(su),吸收當今最先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展理(li)念、思想觀念,為(wei)我市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展服務,培(pei)育衢州人(ren)(ren)友好親(qin)善(shan)、大(da)度包容(rong)、海納(na)百川的(de)(de)(de)(de)胸(xiong)懷。在(zai)加強本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)企業家的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,要引(yin)導他們向(xiang)外(wai)來(lai)企業家學(xue)習,使他們開闊視(shi)野,增長才(cai)(cai)干(gan),克(ke)服小富即安、不思進(jin)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)小農意(yi)識,進(jin)一步(bu)做大(da)做強企業。
后人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)嘆惋龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)如(ru)此(ci)行色匆匆地(di)(di)消(xiao)失(shi)于歷史舞(wu)臺(tai)時,多把(ba)原(yuan)因(yin)歸(gui)結為(wei)(wei)當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)及戰(zhan)亂。然(ran)而(er)(er)外在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并非(fei)根(gen)本,如(ru)二戰(zhan)過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)德、日兩國仍然(ran)能(neng)(neng)于滿目(mu)瘡夷中(zhong)復(fu)興;溫臺(tai)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統雖(sui)(sui)幾(ji)經(jing)(jing)(jing)抑制(zhi)(zhi)卻(que)是(shi)(shi)“春風吹又生(sheng)”。區(qu)(qu)域經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠(yuan)發展歸(gui)根(gen)到(dao)底(di)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)源遠(yuan)流(liu)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統和底(di)蘊。儒(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)氛圍中(zhong)崛(jue)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang),有(you)(you)(you)著較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水(shui)準(zhun),這是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)當時眾(zhong)多商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)區(qu)(qu)別。明代(dai)(dai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)唐寅(伯虎)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)征明齊(qi)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)名士李維楨,即專為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李汝衡(heng)立傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),題為(wei)(wei)《贈李汝衡(heng)序(xu)》;龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童佩、胡貿也與(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)代(dai)(dai)名士王世貞、歸(gui)有(you)(you)(you)光等(deng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)莫逆之交(jiao)(jiao)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)這些清高自(zi)許的(de)(de)(de)(de)名士結交(jiao)(jiao),若非(fei)氣(qi)質相近是(shi)(shi)很(hen)難解釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“賈而(er)(er)好儒(ru)(ru)(ru)”之風可(ke)見一(yi)斑。然(ran)而(er)(er)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)優勢能(neng)(neng)助龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)奇跡,接下來,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桎梏卻(que)注(zhu)定(ding)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)走(zou)不了(le)太遠(yuan)。地(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)南(nan)宗儒(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浙西(xi)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),歷代(dai)(dai)方志在(zai)(zai)(zai)記述商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)和商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)低調處(chu)(chu)理(li)。浙西(xi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)從內(nei)心(xin)深處(chu)(chu)鄙(bi)視商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)和商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主(zhu)要(yao)表現在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩個(ge)方面,一(yi)是(shi)(shi)重農(nong)抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二是(shi)(shi)重仕輕商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這樣(yang)具有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)強宗法色彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)支配下,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)多始終未(wei)能(neng)(neng)培植出對商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)忠心(xin)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)從商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)終的(de)(de)(de)(de)極少,多數(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)發了(le)家(jia)(jia)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)賠了(le)本,最終還(huan)是(shi)(shi)葉(xie)落(luo)歸(gui)根(gen),返回(hui)到(dao)以農(nong)為(wei)(wei)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)路上來。一(yi)些富有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)把(ba)精力和財產(chan)投入官場(chang)競逐;或(huo)如(ru)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)葉(xie)氏家(jia)(jia)族將經(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)所得(de)巨資(zi)(zi)悉數(shu)投入葉(xie)氏建筑群,而(er)(er)很(hen)少有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去投資(zi)(zi)產(chan)業(ye)擴大(da)(da)再(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)。而(er)(er)值(zhi)得(de)深思的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)受(shou)南(nan)宗儒(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)滋養的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫州、金華(hua)等(deng)浙東南(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),卻(que)批判(pan)地(di)(di)繼承(cheng)(cheng)了(le)朱子理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)有(you)(you)(you)別于傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統儒(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——“永嘉學(xue)(xue)(xue)派”和“金華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)”、“永康之學(xue)(xue)(xue)”等(deng)流(liu)派。文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統決定(ding)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)選擇,“永嘉學(xue)(xue)(xue)派”“金華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)”講究實效、注(zhu)重功利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)及其價值(zhi)取向和逐利(li)追求,又有(you)(you)(you)力地(di)(di)塑(su)造和強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)溫州、金華(hua)等(deng)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)間心(xin)理(li)和區(qu)(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統,構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)區(qu)(qu)域經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展中(zhong)不可(ke)或(huo)缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)因(yin)子”。而(er)(er)衢州、龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)雖(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)柯山、清獻、鳳梧等(deng)大(da)(da)書院,但這些書院因(yin)循守(shou)舊(jiu),抱殘(can)守(shou)缺(que),也無(wu)一(yi)流(liu)名家(jia)(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)者,因(yin)此(ci)即便歷史上因(yin)緣際會出現了(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)這樣(yang)大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群體,也未(wei)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)之結合,產(chan)生(sheng)充滿活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)重商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),反而(er)(er)使(shi)浙西(xi)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)承(cheng)(cheng)受(shou)了(le)太多儒(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)(jia)思想(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)庸(yong)保守(shou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)沉重負荷,使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)和行動受(shou)到(dao)了(le)限制(zhi)(zhi),以至(zhi)幾(ji)次與(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)騰飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)契機錯失(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)臂(bei)。當前,我市要(yao)從龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落(luo)中(zhong)汲取經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗教訓,就必須進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現代(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍,以求縮小與(yu)(yu)(yu)省內(nei)發達地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差距,并爭取在(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)梯度地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)占據優勢。要(yao)堅持不懈(xie)地(di)(di)導入現代(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先進觀(guan)(guan)念和相關知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)干(gan)部和群眾(zhong)中(zhong)開展教育、培訓和傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo),以新觀(guan)(guan)念新知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逐步(bu)(bu)取代(dai)(dai)舊(jiu)觀(guan)(guan)念。迫切需要(yao)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現代(dai)(dai)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)觀(guan)(guan)念與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)全球化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)念與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、現代(dai)(dai)社會法制(zhi)(zhi)和經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)倫理(li)觀(guan)(guan)念與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、現代(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)道德觀(guan)(guan)念與(yu)(yu)(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),克(ke)服(fu)小農(nong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、封建主(zhu)義殘(can)余意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統計劃經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。當全社會真(zhen)正形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于企(qi)業(ye)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會環(huan)境(jing)、體制(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)境(jing)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)境(jing)之時,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)興也就為(wei)(wei)期不遠(yuan)了(le)。
時光流逝,沖(chong)淡了龍游(you)商幫創(chuang)立的(de)輝煌業(ye)績,只留下(xia)一(yi)(yi)個個散落在(zai)浙西大(da)地(di)上的(de)民居大(da)院。難(nan)道作為(wei)后人的(de)我們(men),只能是(shi)綴串(chuan)起這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)個個珍(zhen)珠,向世人炫耀我們(men)的(de)祖上也曾(ceng)風(feng)光過就足了嗎?什么(me)時候才能重新(xin)(xin)迎來浙西新(xin)(xin)一(yi)(yi)代“商幫”的(de)復興?這(zhe)才是(shi)當前研(yan)究龍游(you)商幫歷史的(de)真實所在(zai)。
僻(pi)居于浙西山區的(de)(de)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫在(zai)歷(li)史上(shang)(shang)曾(ceng)經(jing)輝煌一(yi)時,在(zai)明萬歷(li)時已有“遍地龍(long)游(you)”之諺(參見(jian)(jian)萬歷(li)《龍(long)游(you)縣志》),與當時馳(chi)名(ming)的(de)(de)“無徽不成鎮”、“鉆天洞庭(ting)”的(de)(de)徽商(shang)(shang)蘇商(shang)(shang)等并駕(jia)齊驅。其(qi)所以(yi)能在(zai)市場競爭中嶄露(lu)頭角,是(shi)與它有著良好的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業道德很有關系(xi),聲譽良好,贏得了(le)人(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)信任。反之,也有些(xie)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)欺詐造(zao)假,只能蒙騙一(yi)時,不能長久立足于商(shang)(shang)壇。明代浙江人(ren)(ren)張應俞編著了(le)《杜騙新書(shu)》,列舉24類84則騙術,這就(jiu)是(shi)明代中葉(xie)以(yi)來商(shang)(shang)壇上(shang)(shang)不誠信的(de)(de)劣跡(詳見(jian)(jian)拙著《明清時期商(shang)(shang)業及商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)書(shu)之研究》下篇第6章。該書(shu)為《國學精粹叢(cong)書(shu)》的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong),臺灣(wan)洪葉(xie)文(wen)化事業有限公司,1997年出(chu)版)。
相比之下,龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫的誠實守信就顯得非常可貴。龍(long)(long)游商(shang)人傅家(jia)來開(kai)設(she)傅立(li)宗(zong)紙(zhi)(zhi)號(hao),非常注重產(chan)品(pin)的質量(liang),精益求精,所造(zao)(zao)之紙(zhi)(zhi),堅韌白凈,均勻(yun)齊整,比其他(ta)家(jia)的紙(zhi)(zhi)在同一件紙(zhi)(zhi)號(hao)中重十多斤。造(zao)(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)是多工序的生產(chan)流程,他(ta)為了保(bao)證質量(liang),層層把關,嚴(yan)格檢驗,次(ci)品(pin)決不出售。產(chan)品(pin)暢銷(xiao)大江(jiang)南北(bei),經(jing)久不衰。為了表示對用戶負責和(he)維持良好的信譽,他(ta)的產(chan)品(pin)都統一加印
“西山傅立宗”印記。
姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大棉布(bu)(bu)店以信(xin)譽著稱(cheng)(cheng),冠(guan)為金(jin)(jin)(華)衢(州)嚴(州)三府第一(yi)家。自從胡筱漁(yu)接管以來(lai),非常重(zhong)視信(xin)譽,以誠實守信(xin)教(jiao)育每(mei)一(yi)位(wei)職(zhi)(zhi)工,多次提出要薄利多銷,童叟無欺(qi),決不二(er)價(jia)。為了(le)(le)(le)(le)防止流通中(zhong)(zhong)有銀元(yuan)摻假(jia)損害顧客利益(yi)(yi),特聘(pin)請了(le)(le)(le)(le)三位(wei)有經驗的(de)(de)(de)驗銀工,嚴格檢驗,凡(fan)經過他(ta)(ta)店的(de)(de)(de)銀幣加以“姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大”印記(ji),讓顧客放心(xin)。在(zai)經營(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)目光遠大,不以短期行為來(lai)賺錢,為了(le)(le)(le)(le)信(xin)譽,寧(ning)(ning)愿(yuan)承(cheng)擔暫時的(de)(de)(de)損失。有一(yi)次,他(ta)(ta)在(zai)海寧(ning)(ning)訂購了(le)(le)(le)(le)7500匹石門布(bu)(bu),價(jia)值6萬銀元(yuan),在(zai)運輸過程中(zhong)(zhong)遭劫,這本不關姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大店的(de)(de)(de)事,海寧(ning)(ning)布(bu)(bu)商(shang)亦(yi)立即派人(ren)來(lai)龍游處理此事,主(zhu)動承(cheng)擔損失,胡筱漁(yu)重(zhong)義疏財,當場償付(fu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)對方6萬元(yuan)布(bu)(bu)款,還再訂購了(le)(le)(le)(le)7500匹棉布(bu)(bu),并熱情款待(dai)海寧(ning)(ning)布(bu)(bu)商(shang)。由于這一(yi)義舉,姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大布(bu)(bu)店信(xin)譽大增,遐邇聞(wen)名(ming),在(zai)以后的(de)(de)(de)經商(shang)活動中(zhong)(zhong),凡(fan)碰到貨(huo)物緊俏(qiao)時,海寧(ning)(ning)等地布(bu)(bu)商(shang)都首先滿(man)足(zu)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)源需求,全力(li)支(zhi)持他(ta)(ta)渡(du)過難(nan)關。他(ta)(ta)對職(zhi)(zhi)工也以禮相待(dai),以誠相待(dai),從不刻(ke)薄,職(zhi)(zhi)工中(zhong)(zhong)年長者,以叔伯相稱(cheng)(cheng),同輩以兄弟、晚輩以弟侄相呼,平等待(dai)人(ren)。年終(zhong)還發“紅利壓歲錢”,春節賞(shang)每(mei)一(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)工一(yi)匹布(bu)(bu)代價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)獎勵金(jin)(jin)。以心(xin)比(bi)心(xin),誠摯待(dai)人(ren),職(zhi)(zhi)工受感動,工作(zuo)就更負責,保證了(le)(le)(le)(le)姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大的(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好運作(zuo)。
大絲綢(chou)商(shang)李汝(ru)衡(heng),商(shang)品販銷到湖(hu)廣(guang)十五郡(jun),幾乎壟斷了楚(chu)(chu)湘的絲綢(chou)市場。他職業道德良好,待人(ren)(ren)寬(kuan)厚誠信(xin),人(ren)(ren)望甚好。明代大文人(ren)(ren)李維(wei)楨著文贊揚他:“李十二汝(ru)衡(heng)者,越(yue)之(zhi)龍游人(ren)(ren)也(ye)。……至汝(ru)衡(heng)而資益拓,所(suo)居積綺縠(hu)纻罽,遍四方之(zhi)珍異(yi),挽舟轉轂以百數,所(suo)冠(guan)帶(dai)衣履,遍楚(chu)(chu)之(zhi)十五郡(jun)。而善(shan)與(yu)時低(di)昂(ang),人(ren)(ren)或就之(zhi)貰(shi)貸無所(suo)靳(jin),亦不責(ze)子(zi)錢,久乃(nai)或負之(zhi),遂不復言。……楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)慕(mu)其誼(yi),爭(zheng)交歡汝(ru)衡(heng)。”(《大泌山房集》卷(juan)68,《贈李汝(ru)衡(heng)序》)
龍(long)游(you)本(ben)(ben)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)姑篾故國舊(jiu)地,素有(you)(you)重文(wen)化的(de)傳(chuan)統,詩(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮(li)樂(le)傳(chuan)家(jia),耕讀遵禮(li),弦歌不(bu)絕。就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出為(wei)(wei)(wei)賈(jia)(jia)也不(bu)忘讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故首選(xuan)造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)業(ye)。龍(long)游(you)新(xin)造(zao)之(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)明代已具名(ming)氣。明著(zhu)名(ming)刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)余象(xiang)斗文(wen)臺,他(ta)刻(ke)印書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍(ji)尤注重用紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),他(ta)品(pin)評全國著(zhu)名(ming)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)有(you)(you)徽歙紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(青(qing)光白(bai)滑冰翼凝(ning)霜,績(ji)溪龍(long)須,西山(shan)觀音(yin)(yin)(yin)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)),江西紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(觀音(yin)(yin)(yin)蓮(lian)七(qi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)),鉛(qian)山(shan)(奏本(ben)(ben))紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等,而(er)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)浙(zhe)江衢紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尤勝,“連四(si)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),開(kai)(kai)化縣(xian)有(you)(you)連三連四(si)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亦(yi)(yi)佳,只要(yao)白(bai)厚無粉者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)妙。”“常山(shan)縣(xian)有(you)(you)榜紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),并(bing)中(zhong)(zhong)夾(jia)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奏本(ben)(ben)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次于鉛(qian)山(shan)。”龍(long)游(you)縣(xian)溪口鎮(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龐大的(de)造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心兼銷售市(shi)場,紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商(shang)麕集(ji)(ji)。乾隆間(jian)閩商(shang)林(lin)瓊茂來(lai)龍(long)擇地上塘設坊造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),傳(chuan)至其(qi)孫林(lin)巨倫(lun),已“積貲巨萬”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商(shang)童(tong)佩,名(ming)噪一(yi)(yi)時,刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大江南北,其(qi)父(fu)彥清(qing),“最稱(cheng)儒(ru)雅,不(bu)寢(qin)然諾(nuo)。”幼時從父(fu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳越間(jian),“喜讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手(shou)(shou)一(yi)(yi)帙,坐(zuo)船間(jian),日夜不(bu)輟,歷歲久(jiu),流覽既富(fu),所為(wei)(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)風格(ge)清(qing)越,不(bu)失古(gu)(gu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)文(wen)亦(yi)(yi)工善,尤善考證書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫金石(shi)彝敦(dun)之(zhi)屬。”王(wang)世貞稱(cheng)其(qi)“藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬卷,皆(jie)其(qi)手(shou)(shou)所自校者(zhe)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)著(zhu)名(ming)藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)。所刻(ke)之(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質量上乘,深(shen)受學者(zhe)歡迎,時之(zhi)名(ming)流碩儒(ru)王(wang)世貞、王(wang)穉登、歸有(you)(you)光引之(zhi)座(zuo)客,并(bing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)作(zuo)序(xu)作(zuo)傳(chuan)。他(ta)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)有(you)(you)《童(tong)子(zi)鳴集(ji)(ji)》、《佩萸雜錄》、《九華游(you)記》、《南獄東岱詩(shi)(shi)》、與(yu)余湘合纂(zuan)《龍(long)游(you)縣(xian)志》等。刻(ke)印過《徐(xu)侍郎(lang)集(ji)(ji)》、《文(wen)房四(si)譜(pu)》、《楊盈(ying)川集(ji)(ji)》等。他(ta)的(de)學問深(shen)得名(ming)儒(ru)稱(cheng)贊,胡(hu)應麟見其(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰(yue):“所臚列經史子(zi)集(ji)(ji),皆(jie)犁然會心,令(ling)人(ren)手(shou)(shou)舞足蹈。”引為(wei)(wei)(wei)“子(zi)期”好友,王(wang)世貞更稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“千古(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)知音(yin)(yin)(yin)”。龍(long)游(you)童(tong)氏(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香門第,業(ye)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)者(zhe)眾。如童(tong)富(fu),“為(wei)(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia),往來(lai)閩粵(yue)吳中(zhong)(zhong)貿(mao)遷,……為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)坦夷(yi)樸(pu)茂,樂(le)善好施,……湖(hu)海之(zhi)士(shi),多嘖(ze)嘖(ze)稱(cheng)之(zhi)。”另一(yi)(yi)位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)胡(hu)貿(mao),承父(fu)兄書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye),“往來(lai)賈(jia)(jia)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)及士(shi)人(ren)家(jia)”,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)名(ming)的(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)。明代大學問家(jia)唐(tang)順(shun)之(zhi)荊川謙曰(yue):“非貿(mao),則予事無與(yu)成(cheng)”。與(yu)唐(tang)深(shen)交,胡(hu)死后唐(tang)曾贈棺以殮。龍(long)游(you)望族(zu)余氏(shi)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世代營印書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye),曾在(zai)江蘇太倉(cang)州婁縣(xian)開(kai)(kai)設書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)。“清(qing)初,龍(long)游(you)余氏(shi)開(kai)(kai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)于婁縣(xian),刊讀本(ben)(ben)四(si)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字畫無偽,遠近購(gou)買。”
上述僅是龍游(you)商幫中的(de)幾(ji)個(ge)例(li)子。龍游(you)商人(ren)深受中華傳(chuan)統文化的(de)熏陶,亦賈(jia)亦儒(ru),保持著良好的(de)節操,以人(ren)品(pin)為(wei)重,注(zhu)重自(zi)身修(xiu)養(yang),有(you)社會(hui)責任感,誠信為(wei)本,終于事業有(you)成。歷(li)史的(de)經(jing)(jing)驗值得借鑒,發(fa)揚我(wo)國優秀的(de)道德傳(chuan)統,完善市場經(jing)(jing)濟條件下的(de)職(zhi)業道德,提倡人(ren)人(ren)誠信,形成良好的(de)社會(hui)風氣,這(zhe)是我(wo)們這(zhe)個(ge)時代的(de)一(yi)項重要工(gong)作。
點評:龍游商人(ren)"敢為天下先"的(de)精神(shen)和"海納百川"的(de)肚量(liang),是他們良好的(de)經商心態(tai)的(de)反(fan)映。他們雖然是出自(zi)一個偏僻之地,既無官(guan)府(fu)支持,又無強(qiang)大的(de)宗族勢(shi)力作堅強(qiang)后盾,但他們卻(que)能在(zai)強(qiang)手如林的(de)各大商幫中(zhong)崛起(qi),自(zi)立于商幫之林。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)是(shi)指(zhi)以(yi)浙江(jiang)(jiang)衢(qu)州府龍(long)游縣為(wei)中(zhong)心的衢(qu)商(shang)(shang)集團,它(ta)萌發(fa)于(yu)南宋,興(xing)盛于(yu)明(ming)代中(zhong)葉,以(yi)經營珠寶業、販書(shu)業、紙張業著(zhu)名(ming)。明(ming)萬歷年間(1573—1602),它(ta)于(yu)徽商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)以(yi)及江(jiang)(jiang)右幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)人在商(shang)(shang)場中(zhong)角逐(zhu),稱雄一時,故有“遍地龍(long)游”之(zhi)諺。它(ta)以(yi)一府一縣之(zhi)地為(wei)基礎,聚集了大(da)量資(zi)金,而(er)成為(wei)中(zhong)國十大(da)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之(zhi)一,至清代逐(zhu)漸為(wei)寧(ning)紹商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)所替代。
主 要 行 業 銷 售 范 圍 重要集鎮、代表(biao)商行或人物
1 紙(zhi)(zhi) 商 遠銷江蘇(su)一帶 龍游(you)溪(xi)口鎮是造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)和紙(zhi)(zhi)張貿易中(zhong)心
2 書 商(shang) 浙江、江蘇、河北及山東、京師(shi) 明代龍(long)游書商(shang)、藏(zang)書家童佩
3 糧(liang)食商 毗鄰各省 龍游茶(cha)圩米市,年銷(xiao)量(liang)1200萬(wan)噸
4 山貨商 全(quan)國(guo)及東南(nan)亞各國(guo) 胡(hu)同和號,年產各類(lei)油10萬(wan)余斤
5 藥材商 毗鄰(lin)地區(qu) 龍游縣(xian)城滋福堂藥店(dian)
6 絲(si)綢棉布(bu)商(shang) 遠銷湖廣一帶 龍游縣(xian)城百年老店(dian)姜益(yi)大(da)廣貨(huo)店(dian)
7 珠(zhu)寶商 最大市場在京師 一般單人匹馬經營(ying)
8 海(hai)外貿(mao)易商 日本、東南亞各國 海(hai)外走(zou)私貿(mao)易為主
9 邊貿商(shang)(shang) 遠銷緬(mian)甸(dian)、印度(du) 在(zai)云南姚安(an)地區墾(ken)荒經商(shang)(shang)
龍游商幫經營行業(ye)頗廣,有山貨、紙、刻印販書、珠寶古董、長途販運、農(nong)業(ye)屯墾、礦冶(ye)等。
山貨業。皆為當地(di)產品竹(zhu)(zhu)木茶油漆煙。清康熙年間龍游縣(xian)志記載:“南鄉稍有(you)竹(zhu)(zhu)木紙筍之(zhi)利,可以貿(mao)易他郡……北(bei)鄉則止有(you)桕(jiu)油一項。”
造紙(zhi)業。造紙(zhi)多以作坊或工遺址龍(long)游(you)北鄉古商道場形式(shi)生(sheng)產(chan),自產(chan)自銷,具有(you)若干(gan)商業資本與(yu)產(chan)業資本相結合的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方式(shi)。溪口鎮是生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)銷售的(de)(de)中心。該鎮:“其(qi)繁(fan)盛(sheng),乃倍于城市焉(yan)。”
刻印販書(shu)業(ye)。龍游多產(chan)紙木,可刻印書(shu)籍,又有文(wen)化傳統,一些文(wen)人學士放(fang)下架(jia)子(zi),從事(shi)于(yu)刻印販書(shu)業(ye)以聚財。望族余氏,還在(zai)江蘇(su)婁縣開(kai)設書(shu)坊書(shu)肆,刊印讀本安(an)畫,銷路很好。書(shu)販胡(hu)貿(mao)(mao)善錐(zhui)書(shu),經常和一些文(wen)人交往。明(ming)大(da)學者唐順之因(yin)愛書(shu),把(ba)胡(hu)貿(mao)(mao)引為座上客。他還說:“非貿(mao)(mao),則(ze)予事(shi)無(wu)與成(cheng)(cheng)。”把(ba)自(zi)己成(cheng)(cheng)就歸(gui)之于(yu)與胡(hu)貿(mao)(mao)的交往。
珠(zhu)寶(bao)古(gu)董業。經營珠(zhu)寶(bao)業一(yi)需有(you)(you)雄厚資金(jin),二需有(you)(you)鑒(jian)別觀(guan)賞能(neng)力,三需有(you)(you)進貨(huo)銷貨(huo)的渠道(dao),四需有(you)(you)能(neng)躲過被劫被盜的應(ying)變能(neng)力。古(gu)書記載:“龍游(you)(you)商(shang)賈,其所賈多明(ming)珠(zhu)、翠羽(yu)、寶(bao)石(shi)、貓眼(yan)類較(jiao)(軟)物。千金(jin)之貨(huo),只一(yi)身自赍京(jing)師(shi)、販(fan)絮、僧鞋(xie)、蒙戎(rong)、襤褸巨(ju)疽、膏藥內皆(jie)寶(bao)珠(zhu)所藏,人無所知者。”可(ke)見龍游(you)(you)商(shang)人不(bu)但有(you)(you)雄厚的資金(jin),還(huan)具有(you)(you)較(jiao)高文化和應(ying)變能(neng)力,處事謹慎,是不(bu)事張揚的實干商(shang)人,
長(chang)途販運業(ye)。據王文祿《策樞》記載(zai),龍游(you)商(shang)人李汝(ru)衡,擁(yong)有重資,常備百余(yu)輛(艘)車船(chuan)運銷(xiao)(xiao)貨物,把絲綢遠銷(xiao)(xiao)到湖北一省十(shi)五(wu)郡之地,占(zhan)領了全省銷(xiao)(xiao)售市(shi)場。明(ming)嘉靖年間捕獲的走私貿易中,就有龍游(you)商(shang)人參(can)與其事(shi)。
礦冶業。據顧(gu)炎武(wu)《天下郡國(guo)利病書》中記(ji)載(zai),有龍(long)游人祝十八(ba),聚(ju)礦工有數百人,在平洋銅塘、吳村一帶從事礦冶。龍(long)游商幫肯(ken)吃(chi)苦,不(bu)畏艱辛,不(bu)怕(pa)路遙道險(xian)。
他們足跡遍及全(quan)國(guo)各地(di),直至海外(wai)日本、呂宋等地(di)。如在明嘉靖年間,就發(fa)現海外(wai)通商(shang)者中有(you)龍游商(shang)人。另外(wai),早于明成化(hua)元年(1465)龍游商(shang)人就與江西安(an)福商(shang)人一(yi)起(qi),到云南姚安(an)(今(jin)楚雄)從事屯(tun)墾,種植糧食和(he)經濟作物。他們數萬人長途跋涉(she),克服(fu)了水土不服(fu)等困(kun)難,在云貴(gui)一(yi)帶(dai)從事經商(shang)墾荒,享有(you)“天(tian)涯賈客(ke)”之譽,為我國(guo)西南的(de)開發(fa)立下汗(han)馬功勞,至今(jin)云貴(gui)高原(yuan)還有(you)許多(duo)龍游人的(de)后代。可以說龍游商(shang)幫是中國(guo)歷史上西部開發(fa)的(de)先驅(qu)之一(yi)。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之所以名(ming)(ming)(ming)重(zhong)一時,還因為(wei)他(ta)們具有寬容(rong)、誠信(xin)(xin)等品性(xing)和良好的(de)職業道德(de)。如紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商(shang)(shang)傅立(li)宗,紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優(you)價(jia)實(shi),為(wei)保證質量,紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品統加印“西山傅立(li)宗”字樣,從(cong)示(shi)信(xin)(xin)用。姜(jiang)益大(da)(da)棉布號(hao),特聘了3名(ming)(ming)(ming)驗銀工(gong),凡經流通(tong)該店(dian)的(de)通(tong)貨,皆加蓋印記,以示(shi)負責。滋(zi)福堂是(shi)著名(ming)(ming)(ming)中藥(yao)店(dian),以重(zhong)金延請名(ming)(ming)(ming)醫監制(zhi)丸藥(yao),配制(zhi)成(cheng)藥(yao)準(zhun)確(que)無誤(wu),分工(gong)細密,層(ceng)層(ceng)檢驗,要求藥(yao)工(gong)對顧客(ke)的(de)健(jian)康負責。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人從(cong)不排外(wai),善待遷居來龍(long)經商(shang)(shang)者(zhe),如經營、鹽、紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等的(de)徽州大(da)(da)商(shang)(shang)程廷柱率3個弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di)去(qu)龍(long)游經商(shang)(shang),很(hen)快融入龍(long)游社(she)會(hui),所以龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)中就(jiu)有閩、贛、徽諸商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)成(cheng)員。
龍游(you)商幫雖有輝煌(huang)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)去,但(dan)隨(sui)著交通(tong)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua),近代海洋文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)興起和海外貿(mao)易的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展,它與徽商、晉商等(deng)幫一樣未能適應時代的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展,逐漸(jian)衰落。到清道(dao)光年間,鴉(ya)片戰(zhan)爭以(yi)后,寧(ning)波等(deng)地被(bei)辟為五口通(tong)商之埠,此時新(xin)興的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)海、寧(ning)波、潮汕、廈漳等(deng)地商幫,取代了龍游(you)等(deng)商幫。不過(guo),龍游(you)等(deng)商幫在(zai)歷史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)績和經商道(dao)德,將永世不泯!
龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人初(chu)露頭角于南(nan)宋,迨至(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)代已(yi)蔚為大(da)觀,萬(wan)歷時已(yi)是(shi)(shi)“遍地龍(long)游(you)(you)”的局(ju)面,分布于全國各大(da)市場上。隆萬(wan)間任職知縣的萬(wan)廷謙就說“龍(long)丘之(zhi)民(min),往往湖口(kou)于四(si)方,誦讀(du)之(zhi)外,農賈(jia)相(xiang)半(ban)”。晚明(ming)時龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人更(geng)是(shi)(shi)活躍,趨(qu)(qu)商(shang)(shang)者更(geng)眾(zhong)。天(tian)(tian)啟(qi)時,“龍(long)游(you)(you)之(zhi)民(min),多向天(tian)(tian)涯海角,遠行商(shang)(shang)賈(jia),幾空(kong)縣之(zhi)半(ban),而居家耕種者,僅當縣之(zhi)半(ban)。”至(zhi)(zhi)康乾(qian)間,“其居家土著者,不過十(shi)之(zhi)三(san)四(si)耳(er)。”這當然是(shi)(shi)估計(ji)數(shu),不能(neng)作(zuo)準確的計(ji)量分析,但總的趨(qu)(qu)勢是(shi)(shi)從嘉(jia)隆萬(wan)間龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)賈(jia)已(yi)遍布四(si)方,至(zhi)(zhi)康雍乾(qian)間有(you)增無減。
由(you)于經(jing)商(shang)的成功,龍游(you)商(shang)幫遂把財富返回(hui)家鄉,并將外地(di)的風(feng)(feng)尚也(ye)帶(dai)回(hui)龍游(you),社(she)會(hui)富庶(shu),消費需求增長,人(ren)皆曰俗之(zhi)侈靡(mi)已(yi)不(bu)可挽回(hui)。隆萬時(shi)陸瓚就(jiu)說:“習尚昔固號儉嗇(se)也(ye),今則(ze)日事于侈靡(mi)。”涂杰亦云:“服(fu)飾多用(yong)紗絹,器(qi)皿多用(yong)金(jin)銀,侈靡(mi)相高,已(yi)非一日。”“邑中室(shi)廬往稱樸素,萬歷中葉漸以雕琢相高。”社(she)會(hui)心(xin)理(li)是羨慕(mu)奢華(hua),愿(yuan)向生(sheng)活水平高的地(di)方看齊,競相仿(fang)效。萬歷間已(yi)呈“俗侈靡(mi),尤效慕(mu)三吳之(zhi)豪”趨勢。生(sheng)活穩定了,才(cai)有可能向蘇杭侈靡(mi)的風(feng)(feng)尚仿(fang)效。從這一側面也(ye)折射出龍游(you)商(shang)幫給龍游(you)帶(dai)來經(jing)濟的富庶(shu)和社(she)會(hui)生(sheng)活的安定。風(feng)(feng)尚趨于侈靡(mi)是當時(shi)經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)進(jin)步(bu)的表征。
龍游(you)商幫與同時代其他(ta)商幫相(xiang)比(bi),它(ta)最大特色(se)和優點乃是富于開拓精神,不畏艱險(xian),勇敢地邁出家門(men),走出山區,投向(xiang)廣闊(kuo)的天地,在闖蕩市場(chang)中,逐漸地揚(yang)棄(qi)了“安土重遷”、“骨肉相(xiang)附(fu)”的情(qing)結。它(ta)是明清(qing)時代最早(zao)走向(xiang)西部(bu)開發的商壇勁旅(lv)。大批(pi)離開土地的農民加入商賈行(xing)列(lie),也有(you)大批(pi)舍儒從(cong)商之徒,他(ta)們“挾資以出,守為恒業,即秦晉(jin)蜀滇萬里(li),視若比(bi)舍,俗(su)有(you)遍地龍游(you)之諺(yan)。”
明清(qing)時(shi)期(qi)經(jing)濟(ji)最發(fa)(fa)(fa)達地區(qu)是長江(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)(江(jiang)南)和(he)珠江(jiang)三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)一帶,秦晉(jin)滇蜀西(xi)(xi)部地區(qu)相對來說較為(wei)后進,而(er)(er)龍游(you)(you)商幫(bang)不嫌西(xi)(xi)部經(jing)濟(ji)不發(fa)(fa)(fa)達,生活艱苦,路(lu)途遙遠,行(xing)程險(xian)阻,以豪(hao)邁氣概視天涯海角(jiao)若比鄰,無遠而(er)(er)不屆,誠為(wei)天涯賈客。龍游(you)(you)商人(ren)李(li)汝衡,攜絲綢(chou)經(jing)商于蜀楚。李(li)維楨記:“李(li)十(shi)二汝衡者,越之(zhi)龍游(you)(you)人(ren)也。自其父(fu)(fu)鶴汀賈江(jiang)陵,迄今人(ren)與年蓋兩世矣。父(fu)(fu)子饒心計,趨時(shi)不失累(lei)。至(zhi)汝衡而(er)(er)資益拓(tuo),所居(ju)積(ji)綺縠(hu)纻罽(ji),窮四(si)方之(zhi)珍(zhen)異,車免(mian)舟轉轂(gu)以百數,所冠帶衣履(lv),遍(bian)楚之(zhi)十(shi)五郡。而(er)(er)善與時(shi)低昂,人(ren)或(huo)就之(zhi)貰貸無所靳(jin)。……”童巨川偕其弟(di)盛川于嘉靖間(jian),在(zai)(zai)“宣(xuan)府大同(tong)貿(mao)易邊(bian)庭,……厥后子若侄(zhi)嗣其業(ye),資利(li)益饒。”童氏數代(dai)在(zai)(zai)宣(xuan)大做邊(bian)界貿(mao)易致巨富。最可值得大書特(te)書的是龍游(you)(you)商人(ren)群體挺(ting)進大西(xi)(xi)南滇省姚安等(deng)地區(qu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)。在(zai)(zai)明清(qing)時(shi)代(dai)交通條件(jian)下,攜妻(qi)帶子千萬里跋(ba)涉至(zhi)西(xi)(xi)南決非(fei)易事,非(fei)得有(you)數月始可抵(di)達。驅(qu)動他們(men)長途跋(ba)涉行(xing)動并非(fei)胸懷開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)西(xi)(xi)部的公(gong)益心,而(er)(er)利(li)益驅(qu)動倒是其原動力。因為(wei)在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)南華南中原等(deng)地商業(ye)中競(jing)爭已不容易,施(shi)展才能的空間(jian)畢竟(jing)有(you)限,他們(men)獲(huo)悉滇省尚有(you)大發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的前景(jing),所以才毅然前往,足見(jian)龍游(you)(you)商幫(bang)對商業(ye)信息還是靈通的。
明代成化元年(nian)就有(you)大批龍游商人(ren)偕(xie)同江右商人(ren)(江西安福(fu))在云南邊陲姚安等府經商,姚安即今楚雄彝(yi)族自(zi)治州一帶。語言不通,生(sheng)活習俗不同,自(zi)然還會(hui)有(you)水土(tu)不服(fu)的(de)困難(nan),但是(shi)(shi)他們(men)(men)能克服(fu)種種困難(nan),準備長(chang)期生(sheng)存下去,求得(de)發展。他們(men)(men)不是(shi)(shi)流民,而(er)是(shi)(shi)有(you)眼(yan)光有(you)氣魄的(de)商賈,據官方(fang)史籍記載:
“成化(hua)元年(1465)十一(yi)月初七(qi)日禮部等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門題為建(jian)言民情等(deng)(deng)(deng)事,該(gai)湖廣布政(zheng)司(si)(si)等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門右(you)參(can)議(yi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)官人等(deng)(deng)(deng)鄭(zheng)序(xu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)建(jian)言:……姚安(an)軍(jun)(jun)民府陰陽學正木甘理言一(yi)件,禁(jin)約游食,初見云(yun)南(nan)(nan)遠在萬(wan)(wan)里(li),各(ge)邊衛指府軍(jun)(jun)民相參(can),山多田少,不(bu)(bu)通舟(zhou)車,近(jin)年雨(yu)水不(bu)(bu)調,五谷少收,米(mi)糧涌貴(gui),過(guo)活艱難。有(you)(you)浙江(jiang)江(jiang)西等(deng)(deng)(deng)布政(zheng)司(si)(si)安(an)福龍游等(deng)(deng)(deng)縣(xian)客商(shang)人等(deng)(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)下三(san)五萬(wan)(wan)人在衛府坐(生)理,偏處(chu)城市鄉村(cun)屯堡安(an)歇,生放錢債,利上生利,收債米(mi)谷,賤買貴(gui)賣,娶妻生子,置(zhi)買奴仆,游食無度,二(er)三(san)十年不(bu)(bu)回(hui)原籍(ji)。……行(xing)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)按察司(si)(si)著(zhu)落(luo)各(ge)衛府查勘所屬鄉村(cun)屯堡城郭(guo)去(qu)處(chu),但(dan)有(you)(you)江(jiang)西等(deng)(deng)(deng)處(chu)客民,不(bu)(bu)問從引新舊,盡數拿解(jie)原籍(ji)當差(cha),不(bu)(bu)許托故稽遲及(ji)窩藏隱蔽,連(lian)歇家人等(deng)(deng)(deng)一(yi)律治罪,庶使邊食稍(shao)寬(kuan),奸(jian)弊斯革(ge)矣。前件云(yun)南(nan)(nan)按察司(si)(si)查究(jiu)。”
這(zhe)節史(shi)(shi)料充分反映了龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫是(shi)(shi)數萬人成(cheng)群結隊來(lai)(lai)到了黔滇(dian)邊陲少數民族聚居地(di)從事(shi)于(yu)屯墾事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),把先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技術(shu)帶到西南(nan)(nan)(nan),他們(men)(men)來(lai)(lai)到遠離城市“鄉村(cun)屯堡安(an)歇。”干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)放錢(qian)債(zhai),利上(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)利;收(shou)債(zhai)米谷,賤買貴賣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)高利貸收(shou)錢(qian)收(shou)谷,即放青苗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法,利用(yong)手頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雄厚資金進(jin)行糧(liang)食(shi)買賣;另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面值得注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“置(zhi)買奴(nu)(nu)仆(pu)(pu),游(you)食(shi)無度”這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)句話。可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)流動(dong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屯墾,即一(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)輪流開(kai)發(fa)墾拓,利用(yong)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)制(zhi)吸收(shou)當(dang)地(di)閑散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)力,以(yi)奴(nu)(nu)仆(pu)(pu)形式(shi)招募勞(lao)工(gong)進(jin)行大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯墾,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)很有(you)(you)(you)(you)意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),值得深入研究。關(guan)鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)“奴(nu)(nu)仆(pu)(pu)”系(xi)何種(zhong)(zhong)身(shen)(shen)份(fen)(fen)之(zhi)人,估計不(bu)會(hui)是(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)很強人身(shen)(shen)隸屬關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)(nu)仆(pu)(pu),應是(shi)(shi)身(shen)(shen)份(fen)(fen)上(shang)自由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)勞(lao)動(dong)者。龍(long)(long)游(you)商人出錢(qian)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)他們(men)(men),從事(shi)于(yu)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墾荒、耕種(zhong)(zhong)等勞(lao)務。在(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)當(dang)地(di)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)仆(pu)(pu)婢從事(shi)家務或商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)勞(lao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形,據康(kang)熙《龍(long)(long)游(you)縣志》記:“士庶(shu)之(zhi)家,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)廣置(zhi)婢仆(pu)(pu),仆(pu)(pu)多(duo)傭(yong)工(gong),婢則出市貿易,多(duo)白首(shou)不(bu)嫁以(yi)終其身(shen)(shen)。”從“仆(pu)(pu)多(duo)傭(yong)工(gong),婢則出市貿易”來(lai)(lai)看,并無身(shen)(shen)份(fen)(fen)上(shang)隸屬關(guan)系(xi)。也許他們(men)(men)把這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)也帶到云南(nan)(nan)(nan)邊陲農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屯墾業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中來(lai)(lai)。如果理解不(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,當(dang)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)游(you)商人已(yi)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理營(ying)(ying)理念(nian),將土(tu)地(di)作為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)息(xi)資本來(lai)(lai)經(jing)營(ying)(ying),以(yi)先(xian)進(jin)技術(shu)提高生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力,采取農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)制(zhi)來(lai)(lai)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)經(jing)濟作物,把收(shou)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農產(chan)品(pin)作為(wei)商品(pin)再(zai)投放市場,這(zhe)無疑是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)新式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)方(fang)式(shi),把商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資本轉化為(wei)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資本。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大變革(ge)(ge),具有(you)(you)(you)(you)轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義,表示(shi)著(zhu)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌芽(ya)。過去(qu)在(zai)研討中國封建社(she)會(hui)里(li)資本主義萌芽(ya)時人們(men)(men)較普(pu)遍(bian)重視(shi)手工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),礦冶(ye)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)與雇(gu)(gu)傭(yong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌發(fa),也較多(duo)著(zhu)眼(yan)于(yu)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域如江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)以(yi)及大中城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式(shi)變革(ge)(ge),對農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、對偏遠地(di)區重視(shi)不(bu)足,今以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)商人開(kai)發(fa)大西南(nan)(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實例來(lai)(lai)看,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)注意(yi)到他們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造。龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫等開(kai)發(fa)西南(nan)(nan)(nan),對融洽民族關(guan)系(xi),開(kai)發(fa)邊疆地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟是(shi)(shi)很有(you)(you)(you)(you)意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)近(jin)世歷史(shi)(shi)(明清(qing))上(shang)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)了起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前行動(dong),表現(xian)了龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前衛意(yi)識和對西部開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻,可以(yi)說(shuo)它是(shi)(shi)中國歷史(shi)(shi)上(shang)最早走向西部開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)驅者。由于(yu)缺(que)乏輔證(zheng)史(shi)(shi)料,有(you)(you)(you)(you)待于(yu)再(zai)發(fa)掘新史(shi)(shi)料,現(xian)在(zai)也只能(neng)(neng)做如此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推論。
明(ming)中央政府及(ji)當地政府官(guan)員守舊求穩(wen),怕人口流動影響邊陲的(de)社會(hui)治安(an)和糧食(shi)供應豐足(zu),千(qian)方(fang)百計(ji)下令強制回遷這些在(zai)邊陲安(an)家落戶“二三十不回原籍”的(de)商民,采用“拿(na)解(jie)原籍當差”,這實是(shi)很不明(ming)智的(de)短(duan)視(shi)行(xing)為。官(guan)方(fang)行(xing)文如(ru)此,到底各級政府執行(xing)如(ru)何?未見下文,估計(ji)龍(long)游安(an)福商民仍會(hui)“屯堡安(an)歇”、“娶妻生子”而長(chang)期(qi)“生理”下去,今(jin)之(zhi)滇省遺民,必(bi)有血脈繁衍的(de)安(an)福龍(long)游商人后裔。
商(shang)品(pin)、市場(chang)、商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),信(xin)息是(shi)社(she)會經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)重要(yao)杠(gang)桿之一(yi),明(ming)(ming)(ming)清(qing)時代(dai)的(de)(de)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫已(yi)初步意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)到它(ta)們的(de)(de)意(yi)義。他(ta)們利用自己(ji)稟賦的(de)(de)知識(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)才能,窺測市場(chang),注重信(xin)息,挺身遠(yuan)出(chu),躋身于收益大(da)的(de)(de)珠寶業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)海外貿易業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),憑借自身的(de)(de)優勢(shi),利用知識(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)營印書業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。他(ta)們意(yi)識(shi)(shi)(shi)到社(she)會資源開發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi),不辭萬里(li),融洽(qia)民族關系,“進軍”大(da)西南,開發(fa)(fa)滇省姚安地區(qu),采用雇傭制(zhi)的(de)(de)方式經(jing)營邊陲的(de)(de)屯墾業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。這是(shi)一(yi)種新的(de)(de)生產方式,是(shi)一(yi)大(da)創造,表明(ming)(ming)(ming)了明(ming)(ming)(ming)清(qing)時代(dai)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫具(ju)有(you)無遠(yuan)不屆(jie)、天涯賈客的(de)(de)大(da)無畏(wei)精神,也展示了他(ta)們走(zou)在(zai)時代(dai)前頭(tou),具(ju)有(you)先進的(de)(de)理(li)念。他(ta)們對西部的(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa),作出(chu)了歷史(shi)性的(de)(de)貢獻;它(ta)是(shi)中(zhong)國歷史(shi)上真正開發(fa)(fa)西部的(de)(de)先驅者。
1.為商之道,仁信為本。商戰取勝,理性致上。
2.一(yi)招鮮,吃遍天。
3.敢想敢干,敢為(wei)人先(xian)。
4.財散人(ren)聚,財聚人(ren)散;取之有道,用之歡樂。
5.多(duo)看(kan)則(ze)(ze)(ze)清,多(duo)聽(ting)則(ze)(ze)(ze)明,多(duo)思則(ze)(ze)(ze)準,多(duo)干則(ze)(ze)(ze)成(cheng)。
6.思路(lu)決定財路(lu),一切都是人為。
7.裁(cai)衣先(xian)量體,經商(shang)先(xian)摸(mo)底。
8.不摸行情休(xiu)開店。
9.常去同(tong)行看看,生意不(bu)會清淡。
10.貴中(zhong)看賤,賤中(zhong)看貴。
11.先賣出手,后買入手。
12.豐年(nian)紙馬鋪,歉年(nian)糧食行。
13.兵(bing)以快勝(sheng),商以奇贏。
14.逆(ni)境(jing)看(kan)順境(jing),順境(jing)看(kan)逆(ni)境(jing)。順逆(ni)都來看(kan),經商風險小。
15.貧(pin)賤莫尋(xun)親,富貴莫露財。
16.道(dao)由天定(ding),事在人為。