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歷史沿革

大古力水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)始建于(yu)(yu)1934年，到1951年完成裝機容(rong)量197.4萬(wan)千瓦(wa),是(shi)當時世(shi)界上最(zui)大的水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)。1967年開始擴(kuo)建，1980年完工，裝機總容(rong)量達680.9萬(wan)千瓦(wa),仍是(shi)當時世(shi)界上最(zui)大的水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)，直至1986年后(hou)讓位于(yu)(yu)古里水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)和伊泰普水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)，居世(shi)界第三位。

大古力水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫兼有(you)防洪(hong)和(he)發電雙重功能，其有(you)效(xiao)庫容64.5億立(li)(li)方米(mi)，其水(shui)(shui)(shui)量豐富，泥沙(sha)很少，水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫無移(yi)民問題。電站大壩(ba)為混(hun)凝土(tu)重力壩(ba)，壩(ba)高168米(mi),壩(ba)軸線(xian)為直(zhi)線(xian)，長1272米(mi)。中間為溢流壩(ba)段，長503米(mi),溢洪(hong)道(dao)11孔，每孔凈寬41米(mi)，設計(ji)泄水(shui)(shui)(shui)能力28300立(li)(li)方米(mi)/秒(miao)。壩(ba)體(ti)本身設有(you)通(tong)航(hang)設施,壩(ba)址(zhi)以上集水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)積19.2萬平方公里,占哥倫比(bi)亞河全流域面(mian)積的 28.7%。壩(ba)址(zhi)平均年徑流量963億立(li)(li)方米(mi)。

電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)初期工(gong)程建(jian)有第一(yi)廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)和第二廠(chang)房(fang)(fang),各裝(zhuang)9臺(tai)(tai)容(rong)(rong)量為10.8萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)發電(dian)機組(zu),第一(yi)廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)內還(huan)裝(zhuang)有3臺(tai)(tai)廠(chang)用機組(zu)，每臺(tai)(tai)1萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。擴(kuo)建(jian)工(gong)程又新建(jian)了第三廠(chang)房(fang)(fang),裝(zhuang)有3臺(tai)(tai)60萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)機組(zu)和3臺(tai)(tai)80.5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)機組(zu),總容(rong)(rong)量為421.5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。第一(yi)廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)初期安裝(zhuang)的機組(zu)經重繞線圈(quan)后，提高出力至(zhi)12.5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa),18臺(tai)(tai)發電(dian)機合(he)計(ji)出力達225萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)平均年(nian)發電(dian)量共(gong)(gong)計(ji)202億千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)，電(dian)能(neng)(neng)用230千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)伏高壓(ya)輸電(dian)線向外(wai)輸送。此(ci)外(wai)，大古力水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)還(huan)在左岸(an)上游(you)建(jian)了一(yi)座抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)電(dian)廠(chang)，裝(zhuang)有4臺(tai)(tai)53.5MW和2臺(tai)(tai)50MW抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)機組(zu)，共(gong)(gong)31.4萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，四個電(dian)廠(chang)總裝(zhuang)機容(rong)(rong)量達到 680.9萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。

大古力水電(dian)站(zhan)用(yong)60萬和80.5萬千瓦大型(xing)水輪機(ji)(ji)，轉輪直徑分別為9.78米和9.90米，因尺(chi)寸過大，故(gu)采用(yong)分瓣(ban)制造現場焊接的(de)技術(shu)。發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉子(zi)重(zhong)達1760噸(dun)，安裝時，專門設計(ji)制造了(le)起重(zhong)能力達2000噸(dun)的(de)廠內起重(zhong)架。

榮譽及其他

重要意義

大(da)古力水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站是80年(nian)代中(zhong)期以前(qian)世界上最大(da)的水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站。位于美國西北部華盛頓州斯(si)波(bo)坎(kan)市附近，是哥倫(lun)比亞(ya)河在美國境(jing)內最上游的一(yi)座梯級水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站。

大(da)古力(li)水(shui)利樞紐(niu)是一座集發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、防洪、灌(guan)溉、調節徑流(liu)、城市供水(shui)、旅(lv)游(you)和改善(shan)航運等綜合效益(yi)的(de)(de)大(da)型水(shui)利樞紐(niu)，是哥倫比(bi)亞河上一系列壩中最大(da)、最復雜(za)的(de)(de)一座。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與抽水(shui)結合、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結合。在(zai)上世紀40年代(dai)，大(da)古力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站為美(mei)國西北地區(qu)軍工企(qi)業，鋁廠、重機械(xie)廠、船廠、飛機廠、核武器生產企(qi)業提供了(le)(le)廉價電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)；從1962年~1992年，哥倫比(bi)亞流(liu)域農作物產量(liang)翻了(le)(le)一番(fan)，主要就是得益(yi)于充足(zu)的(de)(de)水(shui)利灌(guan)溉。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站初(chu)期以(yi)220 kV高(gao)壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路接入邦納維爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統，擴建后改用500 kV超高(gao)壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

技術應用

大古力(li)水電(dian)站是美國哥倫(lun)比亞(Columbia)河干(gan)流上(shang)。壩址位于(yu)華盛頓州(zhou)斯(si)波坎市以(yi)西(xi)大約145公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)處，離古力(li)市45公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。

壩(ba)址處，河岸以上大部分地區為哥倫比(bi)亞河玄(xuan)武巖，壩(ba)基為花(hua)崗巖，堅硬、質量好，有少(shao)量風化(hua)，河床覆蓋層(ceng)厚6～46米。壩(ba)址位(wei)于地震(zhen)少(shao)發地區，基本地震(zhen)烈度(du)為6度(du)，最大震(zhen)級(ji)為7.5級(ji)。

主壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)軸線為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線，壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)長1179米(mi)(mi)，高167.6米(mi)(mi)，壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)寬9.1米(mi)(mi)，高程(cheng)(cheng)399.59米(mi)(mi)，大壩(ba)(ba)底部(bu)最寬處達(da)152.4米(mi)(mi)。上游面從壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)至(zhi)高程(cheng)(cheng)311.81米(mi)(mi)處為(wei)垂直(zhi)(zhi)面，以下(xia)(xia)坡度則為(wei)1∶0.15，下(xia)(xia)游面從壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)至(zhi)高程(cheng)(cheng)388.01米(mi)(mi)處為(wei)垂直(zhi)(zhi)面，以下(xia)(xia)則為(wei)1∶0.8的斜面。壩(ba)(ba)內設(she)有總(zong)(zong)長13.7公里的檢(jian)查廊道(dao)，還有總(zong)(zong)長4公里的豎井。

前池(chi)(chi)壩(ba)緊鄰右壩(ba)肩，與主壩(ba)軸線約呈(cheng)64°角(jiao)，其壩(ba)基高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)約為(wei)338.33米(mi)(mi)，壩(ba)頂(ding)高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)為(wei)399.59米(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)寬(kuan)9.1米(mi)(mi)。上游(you)(you)面(mian)為(wei)垂直面(mian)，下游(you)(you)面(mian)從(cong)壩(ba)頂(ding)至高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)388.01米(mi)(mi)處為(wei)垂直面(mian)，以(yi)下則為(wei)1∶0.65的斜面(mian)。前池(chi)(chi)壩(ba)壩(ba)頂(ding)長(chang)約356.6米(mi)(mi)，結構物高(gao)(gao)61米(mi)(mi)。另外，在前池(chi)(chi)壩(ba)右邊(bian)有(you)一(yi)面(mian)向東方的長(chang)為(wei)56.7米(mi)(mi)的翼壩(ba)，用以(yi)封閉前池(chi)(chi)的北端(duan)。

溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)壩(ba)段布置在河(he)床，長502.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，設11孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)表面(mian)(mian)溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，各裝(zhuang)有寬41.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)8.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)鼓形閘(zha)(zha)門，閘(zha)(zha)門孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)口(kou)單(dan)(dan)寬流(liu)量48立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒。溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)壩(ba)下游面(mian)(mian)從鼓形閘(zha)(zha)門凸緣(yuan)處(chu)(chu)(高(gao)程(cheng)380.39米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))至溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)壩(ba)消力(li)戽起點(dian)處(chu)(chu)(高(gao)程(cheng)270.90米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))為(wei)1∶0.8的(de)(de)傾斜面(mian)(mian)。溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)壩(ba)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)連續式消力(li)戽消能，消力(li)戽半徑(jing)為(wei)15.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，其(qi)挑(tiao)坎(kan)比倒拱(gong)高(gao)9.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，戽內單(dan)(dan)寬流(liu)量56.3立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒，總功率342萬千瓦，由于(yu)(yu)河(he)床砂礫(li)被卷(juan)入(ru)戽內及施(shi)(shi)工殘渣未徹(che)底清除，消力(li)戽曾被嚴重磨損，后來(lai)用(yong)(yong)特制(zhi)的(de)(de)沉箱進行水(shui)下修復(fu)。當水(shui)庫(ku)蓄(xu)水(shui)位達到(dao)393.19米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)時，溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)壩(ba)閘(zha)(zha)門開(kai)啟(qi)，總泄(xie)洪(hong)能力(li)為(wei)21900立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒。壩(ba)體(ti)內設有40孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)鋼襯砌的(de)(de)、直徑(jing)為(wei)2.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)泄(xie)水(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，每(mei)個泄(xie)水(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)由厚(hou)度為(wei)2.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)附環門控制(zhi)。泄(xie)水(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)分(fen)2層等(deng)距離(li)排(pai)列，其(qi)中20孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位于(yu)(yu)高(gao)程(cheng)315.98米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處(chu)(chu)，另20孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位于(yu)(yu)高(gao)程(cheng)346.46米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處(chu)(chu)。此外，在高(gao)程(cheng)285.22米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處(chu)(chu)還(huan)建有20孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)泄(xie)水(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)施(shi)(shi)工導流(liu)，后來(lai)用(yong)(yong)混凝土(tu)封(feng)堵。當水(shui)庫(ku)蓄(xu)水(shui)位達到(dao)393.71米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)時，這40孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)泄(xie)水(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)泄(xie)洪(hong)能力(li)可達6400立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒。

發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)分(fen)設(she)在(zai)(zai)左(zuo)右兩(liang)岸(在(zai)(zai)第三廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)興建后稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)第二(er)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang))，廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)寬(kuan)38米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，高(gao)(gao)62米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，長231米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)和(he)225米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，各安裝9臺(tai)(tai)單(dan)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量10.8萬千(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)(de)混(hun)流(liu)式水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，每臺(tai)(tai)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由一(yi)(yi)(yi)根埋設(she)在(zai)(zai)大壩混(hun)凝(ning)土中直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)焊接壓力(li)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)引水(shui)(shui)(shui)。出水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(高(gao)(gao)程284.68米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)厚度為(wei)(wei)(wei)38.1mm，進水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(高(gao)(gao)程317.30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)厚度則為(wei)(wei)(wei)19.1mm。通過(guo)漸縮(suo)彎(wan)管(guan)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)機(ji)的(de)(de)伸縮(suo)節頭(tou)(4.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)寬(kuan))相(xiang)連。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)內還裝有3臺(tai)(tai)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)用機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，單(dan)機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量1萬千(qian)瓦(wa)，每臺(tai)(tai)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)各由一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)壓力(li)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)輸水(shui)(shui)(shui)。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)、二(er)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)內的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)及廠(chang)(chang)(chang)用機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)總(zong)裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)197.4萬千(qian)瓦(wa)。開(kai)關站(zhan)設(she)在(zai)(zai)右岸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)運行初期以220kV高(gao)(gao)壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路接入邦納維爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統。廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)與(yu)(yu)開(kai)關站(zhan)相(xiang)距較(jiao)遠，高(gao)(gao)差較(jiao)大，曾發生(sheng)出線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)因油循環不(bu)好而(er)燒毀的(de)(de)事故，值得借鑒。　抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)站(zhan)內共安裝12臺(tai)(tai)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。前6臺(tai)(tai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵，每臺(tai)(tai)抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)45.3立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)功(gong)率48470千(qian)瓦(wa)，總(zong)功(gong)率29.1萬千(qian)瓦(wa)；后6臺(tai)(tai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)量56.6立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)。抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)別(bie)設(she)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(在(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)程363.71米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處)和(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)泄水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)，每臺(tai)(tai)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)額定功(gong)率分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5萬千(qian)瓦(wa)和(he)5.35萬千(qian)瓦(wa)，總(zong)功(gong)率31.4萬千(qian)瓦(wa)。機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)利(li)用大古力(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)所發電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)從大古力(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)內抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)，抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)揚程為(wei)(wei)(wei)85～110米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，總(zong)抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)611.6立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)，提(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉哥倫比亞河左(zuo)岸干旱高(gao)(gao)地44.3萬公頃土地。利(li)用岸上調節水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)調蓄(xu)(xu)，抽水(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)可提(ti)供調峰容(rong)(rong)量31.4萬千(qian)瓦(wa)。