編鐘是中國古代重要的(de)打擊樂器,是鐘的(de)一種。編(bian)鐘興起于西周(zhou),盛于春秋戰國直至秦漢(han)。編(bian)鐘由若干個大小(xiao)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)鐘有次(ci)序(xu)地懸(xuan)掛在木架上編(bian)成(cheng)一組或幾組,每(mei)個鐘敲(qiao)擊的(de)音高各(ge)不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)。由于年代不(bu)同(tong),編(bian)鐘的(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang)也不(bu)盡相(xiang)同(tong),但(dan)鐘身都繪有精美的(de)圖案。
編(bian)(bian)鐘的(de)發聲(sheng)原理大(da)(da)體是,編(bian)(bian)鐘的(de)鐘體小,音(yin)調就(jiu)高,音(yin)量(liang)也(ye)小;鐘體大(da)(da),音(yin)調就(jiu)低,音(yin)量(liang)也(ye)大(da)(da),所以鑄造(zao)時的(de)尺寸和形(xing)狀對編(bian)(bian)鐘有重要的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。
根據文(wen)獻(xian)記(ji)載(zai)和(he)出土文(wen)物,發現(xian)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)在(zai)西周時期(qi)就有了編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),那時候的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)由(you)大小(xiao)3枚(mei)組(zu)合起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)。春(chun)秋末期(qi)到戰國(guo)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數目就逐漸增多了,有9枚(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)13枚(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),等等。1957年,在(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)河南信陽城陽城址出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)13枚(mei),音(yin)樂家(jia)隨(sui)即用(yong)此演(yan)奏歌頌(song)當代(dai)領袖的(de)(de)(de)(de)頌(song)歌《東方紅(hong)》。1978年,湖北隨(sui)州(zhou)南郊擂鼓墩的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座戰國(guo)時代(dai)(約公元前(qian)433年)的(de)(de)(de)(de)曾(ceng)侯乙墓(mu)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)至今為止所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成套(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)最(zui)引人注目的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao),這(zhe)套(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之大,足(zu)以占滿(man)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個現(xian)代(dai)音(yin)樂廳(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整個舞臺。曾(ceng)侯乙墓(mu)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由(you)19個鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、45個甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),外加楚惠王送的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件大傅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共65件組(zu)成。這(zhe)些鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分3層(ceng)8組(zu)掛在(zai)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架上(shang)(shang),直掛在(zai)上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)3組(zu)叫(jiao)(jiao)鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),斜懸在(zai)中(zhong)下層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5組(zu)叫(jiao)(jiao)甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)最(zui)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高20.4厘(li)米、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)為2.4千(qian)克,在(zai)演(yan)奏中(zhong)能起定調作用(yong),最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個低音(yin)甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高達(da)153.4厘(li)米、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)為203.6千(qian)克,全套(tao)編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)在(zai)2500千(qian)克以上(shang)(shang)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架是(shi)銅木(mu)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)形(xing)呈直(zhi)角曲尺(chi)形(xing)(如┏),全長10米以上(shang),上(shang)下3層,高273厘(li)米,由6個(ge)佩劍的(de)青銅武士和幾根圓柱承托。整(zheng)套編鐘(zhong)(zhong)和梁架氣勢宏大、壯觀無(wu)比。演奏時樂(le)隊(dui)由幾個(ge)人(ren)組(zu)成(cheng),用(yong)6只丁字(zi)形(xing)木錘敲高、中音(yin)(yin),用(yong)兩根長形(xing)棒撞低音(yin)(yin)。經聲學專(zhuan)家(jia)研究(jiu),編鐘(zhong)(zhong)中的(de)每只鐘(zhong)(zhong)都可(ke)以發(fa)出兩個(ge)不同的(de)樂(le)音(yin)(yin),只要準確地(di)敲擊鐘(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)標音(yin)(yin)的(de)位置,它就能(neng)(neng)發(fa)出合乎(hu)一定頻(pin)率的(de)樂(le)音(yin)(yin),整(zheng)套編鐘(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)(neng)奏出現代鋼(gang)琴上(shang)的(de)所有黑白鍵的(de)音(yin)(yin)響。這套編鐘(zhong)(zhong)的(de)定音(yin)(yin)頻(pin)率為256.4赫,與如今鋼(gang)琴上(shang)的(de)中央“C”頻(pin)率幾乎(hu)完全相(xiang)等。
曾(ceng)侯乙編(bian)鐘用(yong)料是銅、錫、鉛合金,全套(tao)編(bian)鐘上裝飾(shi)有人、獸、龍等花紋(wen),鑄制精美(mei),花紋(wen)細(xi)致清(qing)晰(xi),并刻有錯金銘文(wen),用(yong)以標(biao)明各鐘的(de)發(fa)音音調,它是公元前433年(nian)的(de)實物。可(ke)見,遠在2400多年(nian)以前。我國(guo)的(de)音樂文(wen)化(hua)和鑄造技術(shu)已經發(fa)展到相(xiang)當(dang)高的(de)水平,它比歐洲十(shi)二平均律的(de)鍵盤樂器的(de)出現要早將近2000年(nian)。
早在3500年前的商代,中國(guo)就(jiu)有了編鐘(zhong)(zhong),不過(guo)那時的編鐘(zhong)(zhong)多為三枚一套。后來隨著時代的發展,每套編鐘(zhong)(zhong)的個數也不斷增加。古代的編鐘(zhong)(zhong)多用于(yu)宮廷的演(yan)奏(zou)(zou),在民間(jian)很少流傳(chuan),每逢(feng)征(zheng)戰、朝見(jian)或祭祀等活(huo)動時,都要(yao)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)編鐘(zhong)(zhong)。
曾侯乙“編鐘”,為(wei)戰國早(zao)期(qi)文物,1978年(nian)在湖(hu)北隨縣(今隨州市)成(cheng)功發掘。這套編鐘的(de)鐘架(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)大(da),由長(chang)短不同的(de)兩堵立面垂直(zhi)相交,呈曲尺形7根(gen)彩繪(hui)木梁兩端以(yi)蟠龍紋銅套加(jia)固,由6個(ge)佩劍武士形銅柱和8根(gen)圓柱承托,構成(cheng)上、中、下三層(ceng)。鐘架(jia)(jia)及掛鉤(含可以(yi)拆裝的(de)構件)達246個(ge)。短架(jia)(jia)(左)長(chang)335、高(gao)(gao)273、長(chang)架(jia)(jia)(中、右)長(chang)748、高(gao)(gao)265厘米編鐘是古代打擊樂器,也是象征擁有者權(quan)位(wei)的(de)禮(li)器。主要流行于商周和春秋戰國時期(qi)。
曾(ceng)侯(hou)乙編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共65件,分為(wei)八組(zu):上層3組(zu)為(wei)鈕鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),19件;中(zhong)層3組(zu)為(wei)南鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),33件,分短枚(mei)、無(wu)枚(mei)、長枚(mei)三(san)(san)式;下(xia)層為(wei)兩(liang)組(zu)大型長枚(mei)甫鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),12件,另有(you)搏l件。最大的(de)1件通高(gao)152.3厘米,重(zhong)(zhong)203.6公(gong)(gong)斤(jin);最小的(de)l件通高(gao)20.2厘米,重(zhong)(zhong)2.4公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)總重(zhong)(zhong)2,567公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),加上鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架(jia)(含掛(gua)鉤(gou))銅質部分,合計(ji)4,421.48公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)懸掛(gua)有(you)三(san)(san)種方式:下(xia)層鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用環(huan)(huan)掛(gua)式,掛(gua)鉤(gou)為(wei)爬虎套(tao)環(huan)(huan)和雙桿套(tao)環(huan)(huan)兩(liang)種中(zhong)層鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用鉤(gou)掛(gua)式,掛(gua)鉤(gou)為(wei)框架(jia)鉤(gou)和焊鉤(gou)兩(liang)種;上層鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用插掛(gua)式,是以插銷入揮、串鉤(gou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鈕。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)架(jia)、鉤(gou)上共有(you)銘(ming)文3,755字,內(nei)容為(wei)編(bian)號、記事、標音及(ji)樂律理論。銘(ming)文多數錯金。全(quan)部甬鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)記事銘(ming)文均為(wei)“曾(ceng)候乙作持”5字,標明鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)制作和享用者是曾(ceng)侯(hou)乙。
搏鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文則記(ji)載楚王熊(xiong)章為曾(ceng)侯乙鑄宗彝一(yi)事。標音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)明(ming)(ming)文標示了鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)懸技位置或敲擊部位及其所(suo)發音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng),它們構(gou)成了十二半音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂體(ti)系。樂律理(li)論(lun)記(ji)述了曾(ceng)國(guo)與楚、晉、齊、申、周等國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)律名(ming)對應關系。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)銘(ming)所(suo)見律名(ming)28個、階(jie)名(ming)66個,絕大多數(shu)都(dou)是前所(suo)未(wei)知的(de)(de)(de)(de)新材(cai)料。這套(tao)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文,是一(yi)部重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)古代樂律理(li)論(lun)專著。全套(tao)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域(yu)寬廣,音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)列充實(shi),音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色優美。每(mei)件鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均有(you)呈三度音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個樂音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),可(ke)以(yi)分別(bie)擊發而互不干(gan)擾,亦(yi)可(ke)同時(shi)擊發構(gou)成悅耳(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)聲,證實(shi)了中國(guo)古編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雙音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律。全套(tao)編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)深沉渾厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)低音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、圓潤淳樸的(de)(de)(de)(de)中音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)清脆(cui)明(ming)(ming)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。其音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域(yu)自C2至D7,中心音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域(yu)內具十二半音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),可(ke)以(yi)旋宮轉調,演奏七(qi)聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)階(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多種樂曲(qu)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)架銅(tong)構(gou)件是銅(tong)、錫、鉛合金(jin),合金(jin)比例因用(yong)途而異。用(yong)揮(hui)鑄、分鑄、錫焊、銅(tong)焊、鑄鑲、錯金(jin)、磨(mo)礪制(zhi)作而成,工藝精湛(zhan)。
編(bian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的裝配、布局,從力學、美(mei)學、實(shi)際操作(zuo)上,都(dou)顯(xian)得十分合理。全套(tao)(tao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的裝飾,有人(ren)(ren)、獸、龍、花和幾何形(xing)紋,采用了圓雕(diao)、浮(fu)雕(diao)、陰刻(ke)、彩繪(hui)等多種技法,以(yi)赤、黑、黃色(se)與青(qing)銅本色(se)相映襯,顯(xian)得莊(zhuang)重(zhong)肅穆,精美(mei)壯觀。有6個(ge)丁字(zi)形(xing)彩繪(hui)木極和2根彩繪(hui)撞鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)木棒與鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)同出。據此并經實(shi)驗判(pan)定,這(zhe)套(tao)(tao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的使用共需5人(ren)(ren):3人(ren)(ren)雙手執小模,掌(zhang)奏中、上層鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);2人(ren)(ren)各持撞鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)木棒,掌(zhang)奏下層鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。(木架和部分掛(gua)鉤系復(fu)制(zhi),其余均為原件)。1978年出土于湖北(bei)省隨縣(今隨州市)擂鼓墩曾侯乙墓。
在中(zhong)國古代(dai),編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)是上(shang)層社會專用的(de)樂(le)器,是等級和權力的(de)象征。曾侯乙編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)上(shang)還(huan)標有和樂(le)律有關的(de)銘文(wen)(wen)2800多字,記錄(lu)了許多音(yin)樂(le)術語,顯示(shi)了中(zhong)國古代(dai)音(yin)樂(le)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)先進水平。編(bian)(bian)鐘(zhong)音(yin)樂(le)清脆明亮,悠揚動聽,能奏出(chu)歌唱(chang)一樣(yang)的(de)旋律,又(you)有歌鐘(zhong)之稱(cheng)。
編鐘雖(sui)作(zuo)為(wei)一種較(jiao)為(wei)古老(lao)的打擊(ji)(ji)樂(le)(le)器(qi),但其音(yin)(yin)質、音(yin)(yin)準(zhun)、音(yin)(yin)色等(deng)方面,絕不(bu)遜色于(yu):排鼓(gu)、大鼓(gu),大鑼、小鑼、大镲(cha)、小镲(cha)、缽等(deng)民(min)族打擊(ji)(ji)樂(le)(le)器(qi),也不(bu)遜色于(yu):定音(yin)(yin)鼓(gu)、馬林巴、鋁板琴、大軍鼓(gu)、小軍鼓(gu)等(deng)西洋打擊(ji)(ji)樂(le)(le)器(qi),更不(bu)遜色于(yu)架子鼓(gu)等(deng)爵士打擊(ji)(ji)樂(le)(le)器(qi)。其地(di)位已在世(shi)界(jie)打擊(ji)(ji)樂(le)(le)界(jie)中根深(shen)蒂固。
葉家(jia)山墓地將(jiang)編鐘(zhong)歷史(shi)前推500年(nian),改寫世界音樂史(shi)。
曾侯(hou)乙編(bian)(bian)鐘曾被(bei)譽為“世界第八大奇跡”,而在隨州葉家(jia)山墓地考(kao)(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘中(zhong),考(kao)(kao)古(gu)人員發(fa)現了比曾侯(hou)乙早(zao)500多年(nian)的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘,或將改變對鐘的(de)(de)起源(yuan)的(de)(de)認(ren)識。考(kao)(kao)古(gu)人員在編(bian)(bian)號墓墓壁二層臺發(fa)現了1個镈鐘和(he)4個編(bian)(bian)鐘,5件為1套。國(guo)家(jia)夏(xia)商周斷(duan)代工程首(shou)席(xi)科學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、北京大學(xue)(xue)古(gu)代文明研究中(zhong)心主任李伯謙教授認(ren)為,這是中(zhong)國(guo)目前所知最早(zao)的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘,此次發(fa)現的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘屬于西(xi)周早(zao)期,預計有5至6個編(bian)(bian)鐘,其數量和(he)規模超過同(tong)時(shi)(shi)期已發(fa)現的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘,在當(dang)時(shi)(shi)屬于較(jiao)高等級,是西(xi)周考(kao)(kao)古(gu)的(de)(de)重(zhong)大發(fa)現。
湖北隨州再(zai)次發(fa)現編鐘(zhong) 比(bi)曾侯(hou)乙編鐘(zhong)早500年
曾侯(hou)乙編(bian)鐘(zhong)曾被(bei)譽為“世(shi)界第八大奇(qi)跡”,在3日的(de)(de)(de)湖北隨州葉家山墓地考(kao)古發(fa)(fa)掘中,發(fa)(fa)現了比曾侯(hou)乙早500多年的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong),或將改變對鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)源的(de)(de)(de)認識。