太(tai)和五年(nian)(370年(nian)),前燕(yan)被前秦所(suo)滅亡(wang)后,包括慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)及其兄慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)泓(hong)在(zai)內的眾(zhong)多鮮卑慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)部人被遷往關(guan)中。太(tai)元(yuan)九年(nian)(384年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)之(zhi)叔慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)叛秦建(jian)立后燕(yan),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)泓(hong)亦于(yu)關(guan)中舉兵自(zi)稱濟北王。時任(ren)平陽太(tai)守的慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)在(zai)河東(dong)起兵,擁有二萬(wan)兵眾(zhong),進軍攻(gong)打蒲坂,苻(fu)堅(jian)令竇(dou)沖(chong)征(zheng)討他。竇(dou)沖(chong)在(zai)河東(dong)攻(gong)擊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong),大敗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)率騎兵八千投奔其兄慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)泓(hong)軍中。
不久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容泓(hong)進軍(jun)長(chang)安,建立西燕政權。太(tai)元九年(384年)六月(yue),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容泓(hong)的謀臣高蓋(gai)、宿勤崇等認為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容泓(hong)的德望不如慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容沖(chong),而且執法苛(ke)嚴,于是(shi)就殺了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容泓(hong),立慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容沖(chong)為(wei)皇太(tai)弟,秉(bing)承帝(di)旨行事(shi),自行設置(zhi)任命(ming)官員。 任命(ming)高蓋(gai)為(wei)尚書令。后秦(qin)姚萇派遣兒子姚嵩到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容沖(chong)處作為(wei)人質,以請求(qiu)和好。
太元九年(384年)七月,苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)聽說(shuo)慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)離長安二百余里,就撤(che)兵而(er)回,令撫軍將軍苻(fu)(fu)方(fang)戍守驪山,拜苻(fu)(fu)暉為(wei)使(shi)持(chi)節(jie)、散騎常侍、都督中(zhong)外(wai)諸軍事、車騎大(da)將軍、司隸校尉、錄(lu)尚書(shu)(shu),配給五(wu)萬兵力抵御慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),河間公(gong)苻(fu)(fu)琳(lin)為(wei)中(zhong)軍大(da)將軍,作為(wei)苻(fu)(fu)暉的后援部隊。慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)就命婦人乘牛馬(ma)充數,舉竿子(zi)為(wei)旗,揚(yang)土(tu)為(wei)灰塵,督促勉勵他的軍眾,早(zao)晨在鄭西進攻苻(fu)(fu)暉軍營。苻(fu)(fu)暉出兵拒戰(zhan),慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)揚(yang)塵擊(ji)鼓(gu)吶喊(han),苻(fu)(fu)暉軍戰(zhan)敗。苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)又任尚書(shu)(shu)姜宇(yu)為(wei)前將軍,與苻(fu)(fu)琳(lin)率軍三萬,到灞上攻擊(ji)慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),被慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)打敗,姜宇(yu)戰(zhan)死(si),苻(fu)(fu)琳(lin)身中(zhong)流箭(jian),慕(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)于是占據(ju)并入(ru)住阿房城。
太元九年(nian)(384年(nian))九月,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)進逼長安,苻(fu)堅(jian)登上城(cheng)頭觀(guan)望,嘆息道:“這些虜(lu)賊(zei)從哪(na)里出來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)?這么強(qiang)盛!”大聲斥責(ze)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)說:“你們這些群奴(nu)正好放(fang)牧牛羊,為什么來(lai)(lai)送(song)死(si)!”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)說:“奴(nu)就奴(nu)罷,已經厭倦了為奴(nu)之(zhi)苦,又要把你取而代之(zhi)。”苻(fu)堅(jian)派使(shi)者送(song)一(yi)領(ling)錦(jin)袍(pao)給慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong),稱(cheng)詔(zhao)旨說:“古人交戰,使(shi)者在中間往來(lai)(lai)。卿遠來(lai)(lai)諸事草創,能(neng)不勞(lao)苦嗎?現贈送(song)一(yi)領(ling)錦(jin)袍(pao),以表明本心。朕對卿的(de)(de)恩(en)分怎么樣(yang),而一(yi)夜之(zhi)間出現這樣(yang)的(de)(de)變故!”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖(chong)命(ming)詹事回答,亦稱(cheng)“皇太弟有令”:“孤現在心在天下,豈能(neng)顧念(nian)一(yi)領(ling)錦(jin)袍(pao)的(de)(de)小恩(en)惠。如果能(neng)知(zhi)道天命(ming),就可(ke)以君臣(chen)束手,停止交戰,早點把皇帝送(song)出來(lai)(lai),自然會寬赦(she)苻(fu)氏,以酬報(bao)舊好,終將不讓以往所做的(de)(de)善(shan)事成為沒有可(ke)相(xiang)提并(bing)論的(de)(de)獨(du)美”。苻(fu)堅(jian)大怒說:“我不聽從王猛、陽平公之(zhi)言,使(shi)得白虜(lu)敢到這樣(yang)的(de)(de)地步(bu)。”
太元十(shi)年(385年)正月,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)在阿房城(cheng)稱帝,改(gai)年號為更始。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)交戰(zhan),各有(you)勝負。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)曾被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)軍包圍,前(qian)秦(qin)(qin)殿中上(shang)將(jiang)軍鄧邁、左(zuo)中郎(lang)(lang)將(jiang)鄧綏、尚(shang)書郎(lang)(lang)鄧瓊(qiong)相互說:“我們(men)家(jia)世(shi)代蒙受榮耀寵(chong)貴,先(xian)君為國(guo)家(jia)建立了大功,不(bu)能(neng)不(bu)盡忠(zhong)效節,以繼(ji)承先(xian)君之志。再(zai)說不(bu)能(neng)為君主之難獻身者,不(bu)是(shi)大丈夫。”于是(shi)與毛長樂等蒙上(shang)獸皮,揚戈奮勇攻(gong)(gong)擊(ji)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)軍,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)軍潰(kui)敗(bai)(bai)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)又派他(ta)的(de)尚(shang)書令高(gao)蓋(gai)率軍夜襲長安,攻(gong)(gong)陷南(nan)門(men),進入(ru)(ru)南(nan)城(cheng)。前(qian)秦(qin)(qin)左(zuo)將(jiang)軍竇(dou)沖(chong)、前(qian)禁將(jiang)軍李辯等擊(ji)敗(bai)(bai)高(gao)蓋(gai)軍,高(gao)蓋(gai)軍眾(zhong)被(bei)(bei)斬首一(yi)千八百人(ren),并被(bei)(bei)前(qian)秦(qin)(qin)軍分尸而吃(chi)。接著苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)又在城(cheng)西打敗(bai)(bai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong),追擊(ji)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)的(de)敗(bai)(bai)軍到阿房城(cheng)。前(qian)秦(qin)(qin)眾(zhong)將(jiang)請(qing)求乘勝入(ru)(ru)城(cheng),苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)擔(dan)心被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖(chong)俘獲,就(jiu)嗚鑼(luo)罷(ba)兵。
太元十(shi)年(385年)三月,苻暉(hui)屢次被(bei)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)沖擊(ji)敗(bai),苻堅斥責他說(shuo):“你是我的兒(er)子,擁有重兵,屢次被(bei)白虜小兒(er)摧敗(bai),還(huan)活(huo)著干什么!”苻暉(hui)憤懣(men)惱怒而自殺。關中三千余所堡(bao)壘,推舉平遠將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)馮翊、趙敖為統領(ling),相互結盟,派(pai)兵送(song)糧援(yuan)助苻堅。前秦左將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)茍池(chi)、右將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)俱石子率騎兵五(wu)千,與(yu)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)沖搶麥子,在驪山(shan)交戰,被(bei)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)沖擊(ji)敗(bai),茍池(chi)戰死(si),俱石子逃奔鄴城。苻堅大怒,又(you)派(pai)領(ling)軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)楊定率身邊(bian)的精銳騎兵二(er)千五(wu)百人(ren)攻擊(ji)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)沖,大敗(bai)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)沖,俘獲擄(lu)掠鮮(xian)卑人(ren)一萬多(duo)而回。苻堅發(fa)怒,把這些鮮(xian)卑人(ren)全部(bu)活(huo)埋。楊定勇猛善(shan)戰,慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)沖很(hen)害怕他,就挖(wa)了(le)陷馬坑以鞏固防地(di)。
太(tai)元十年(nian)(385年(nian))五月(yue),慕(mu)(mu)容沖(chong)率軍登入長安(an)城,苻(fu)堅身(shen)披鐘(zhong)甲(jia),督戰(zhan)抵(di)御,渾身(shen)中箭(jian),血流遍體。后被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)容沖(chong)擄(lu)掠的三輔人(ren)(ren)士,都(dou)派使者告(gao)訴苻(fu)堅,請(qing)求放火作為(wei)內應(ying)。苻(fu)堅派七百騎兵去接應(ying)。可是在慕(mu)(mu)容沖(chong)營(ying)中放火的人(ren)(ren)被(bei)風吹的火焰燒死(si)很(hen)多,只有十分(fen)之一二的人(ren)(ren)免于死(si)難。而(er)慕(mu)(mu)容沖(chong)在關中殘暴(bao)肆(si)虐,百姓都(dou)流亡失(shi)散,道(dao)路斷絕,方圓千里沒有人(ren)(ren)煙。
苻堅(jian)派衛將軍楊定在城西攻擊慕容沖(chong),被慕容沖(chong)擒獲。苻堅(jian)更加恐懼,把后面的事(shi)交付給苻宏,帶著(zhu)中山公(gong)苻詵、張夫人率(lv)騎兵數百到(dao)五將山,遍告州郡,約(yue)定初冬救長安。苻宏不(bu)久就帶著(zhu)母妻宗室男女(nv)幾(ji)千騎出奔,百官逃(tao)散。慕容沖(chong)進占長安,縱兵大肆擄掠,死者不(bu)計其數。
慕容(rong)沖(chong)與(yu)苻堅相互攻戰時,軍勢很盛。后秦國主姚萇想要西(xi)上,擔(dan)心慕容(rong)沖(chong)阻遏(e)他(ta),就派使者與(yu)他(ta)通和(he),送兒子姚崇到慕容(rong)沖(chong)那里做人(ren)質,進駐北(bei)地,練兵聚(ju)糧(liang),以觀望(wang)時局(ju)的(de)變化。
太元十(shi)年(385年)十(shi)月,慕容沖派(pai)車(che)騎(qi)大將軍高蓋(gai)率軍五萬進攻(gong)后(hou)秦,在新平以南交(jiao)戰,大敗(bai)高蓋(gai),高蓋(gai)率部下數(shu)千人(ren)來投降了后(hou)秦。
太元十一年(nian)(386年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖喜歡住在長安,而且畏懼后燕武(wu)成帝(di)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)的(de)(de)強(qiang)盛(sheng),不敢東歸(gui),便(bian)督促農耕,建筑(zhu)宮室,作長久安居的(de)(de)打(da)算。鮮卑人全都怨恨他(ta)。左將軍韓延順應眾人心中的(de)(de)不滿,攻打(da)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖,并將慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖殺死,擁(yong)立(li)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖的(de)(de)將領段(duan)隨為西燕王,改年(nian)號為昌平。
太元九年(384年),高蓋、宿勤崇等殺慕(mu)容泓,立慕(mu)容沖(chong)為(wei)皇太弟,秉(bing)承帝旨(zhi)行事,自(zi)行設置(zhi)任命官(guan)員,任命高蓋為(wei)尚(shang)書令。后秦姚萇派遣(qian)兒(er)子姚嵩到(dao)慕(mu)容沖(chong)處作為(wei)人質(zhi),以(yi)請求和(he)好。
太元十年(385年),慕容沖稱帝,改元更始。慕容沖稱帝后躊躇(chu)滿志,任(ren)意賞罰官將(jiang)。
太元十一年(386年),慕容沖(chong)喜歡居(ju)住在長(chang)安,而(er)且又畏(wei)懼慕容垂的強盛,不敢東歸,便督促農耕(geng),建筑宮(gong)室(shi),作長(chang)久安居(ju)的打算,因(yin)此(ci)遭致(zhi)鮮卑人的怨恨(hen),最(zui)終被(bei)殺。