芒果视频下载

網站(zhan)分類(lei)
登錄 |    
宋玉
0 票數:0 #帥哥#
宋玉(約公元前298年-約公元前222年),又名子淵,戰國時期宋國公子,因父子矛盾而出走楚國,中國古代四大美男之一。宋玉好辭賦,為屈原之后辭賦家,與唐勒、景差齊名,所作辭賦甚多,流傳作品有《九辯》、《風賦》、《高唐賦》、《登徒子好色賦》、《神女賦》等,《漢書·卷三十·藝文志第十》錄有賦16篇,所謂“下里巴人”、“陽春白雪”、“曲高和寡”、“宋玉東墻”的典故皆他而來。
  • 中文名: 宋玉
  • 出生日期: 約公元前298年
  • 性別:
  • 去世日期: 約(yue)公元前222年
  • 職業職位: 文學家
  • 代表作品: 《九(jiu)辯》,《風賦(fu)(fu)》,《高唐賦(fu)(fu)》,《神女(nv)賦(fu)(fu)》,《登徒(tu)子好色(se)賦(fu)(fu)》
  • 主要成就: 辭(ci)賦家(jia),古代四大美(mei)男之一(yi),文學上(shang)創作多部著作
詳細介(jie)紹 PROFILE +

人物生平

關于(yu)(yu)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)的(de)生(sheng)平(ping),據《史記·屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)賈(jia)生(sheng)列傳(chuan)(chuan)》載:"屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)既死之(zhi)后(hou),楚有(you)(you)(you)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)、唐勒、景差之(zhi)徒(tu)者(zhe),皆好(hao)辭而(er)以(yi)賦見(jian)稱(cheng)。然皆祖屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)從容辭令,終(zhong)莫(mo)敢(gan)直(zhi)諫。"記述極為簡略。《韓(han)詩外傳(chuan)(chuan)》有(you)(you)(you)"宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)因(yin)其(qi)友而(er)見(jian)楚相"之(zhi)言。劉向《新(xin)序》則作(zuo)"宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)因(yin)其(qi)友以(yi)見(jian)楚襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)","事(shi)(shi)(shi)楚襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)不見(jian)察",同(tong)時(shi)又有(you)(you)(you)"楚威(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)祖父)問于(yu)(yu)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)"的(de)話。王(wang)(wang)(wang)逸在(zai)《楚辭章句》中則說(shuo)他(ta)是(shi)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)弟子。晉(jin)代習鑿齒《襄陽(yang)耆(qi)舊傳(chuan)(chuan)》又說(shuo):"宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)者(zhe),楚之(zhi)鄢人也,故宜城(cheng)有(you)(you)(you)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu),始事(shi)(shi)(shi)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan),原(yuan)(yuan)既放逐,求事(shi)(shi)(shi)楚友景差。"總之(zhi),關于(yu)(yu)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)的(de)生(sheng)平(ping),眾說(shuo)紛(fen)紜,至難分曉(xiao)。大(da)體上說(shuo),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)當生(sheng)在(zai)屈(qu)原(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)后(hou),是(shi)為戰國(guo)時(shi)期宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo)公(gong)子,因(yin)父子矛盾而(er)出走(zou)楚國(guo),今存有(you)(you)(you)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi),相傳(chuan)(chuan)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)在(zai)臨(lin)澧生(sheng)活47年(nian),留(liu)下了(le)大(da)量辭賦作(zuo)品以(yi)及傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)故事(shi)(shi)(shi),當地有(you)(you)(you)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)墓、九辯書院(yuan),還有(you)(you)(you)不少與宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)有(you)(you)(you)關的(de)地名(ming)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)等(deng)故事(shi)(shi)(shi)。

關(guan)于宋玉師承(cheng),普遍認為(wei)他師承(cheng)屈原(yuan)。但也有學者認為(wei)王逸晚(wan)于屈原(yuan)200年后才說宋玉是(shi)屈原(yuan)弟子(zi)是(shi)沒有依據(ju)的,是(shi)其把“祖(承(cheng)襲、效法(fa))屈原(yuan)”理(li)解為(wei)“師從屈原(yuan)”了。

最早據《漢書·藝文(wen)志(zhi)》載,有(you)16篇(pian)。現(xian)今(jin)相(xiang)傳為(wei)他(ta)所(suo)作的,《九辯(bian)》、《招魂》兩篇(pian),見(jian)(jian)(jian)于王(wang)逸《楚辭章句》;《風賦(fu)(fu)》、《高唐(tang)賦(fu)(fu)》、《神(shen)女(nv)賦(fu)(fu)》、《登徒子好(hao)色賦(fu)(fu)》、《對(dui)楚王(wang)問(wen)》 5篇(pian),見(jian)(jian)(jian)于蕭統《文(wen)選(xuan)》;《笛(di)賦(fu)(fu)》、《大言賦(fu)(fu)》、《小言賦(fu)(fu)》、《諷賦(fu)(fu)》、《釣賦(fu)(fu)》、《舞(wu)賦(fu)(fu)》 6篇(pian),見(jian)(jian)(jian)于章樵《古文(wen)苑》;《高唐(tang)對(dui)》、《微詠賦(fu)(fu)》、《郢(ying)中對(dui)》 3篇(pian),見(jian)(jian)(jian)于明代劉(liu)節《廣文(wen)選(xuan)》。但這些作品,真(zhen)偽相(xiang)雜,可(ke)信而(er)無異議(yi)的只有(you)《九辯(bian)》一篇(pian)。《招魂》頗(po)多爭議(yi),一般認為(wei)是(shi)屈原(yuan)所(suo)作。其他(ta)如《高唐(tang)賦(fu)(fu)》、《神(shen)女(nv)賦(fu)(fu)》、《登徒子好(hao)色賦(fu)(fu)》、《風賦(fu)(fu)》等(deng)篇(pian)在文(wen)學史上的地位是(shi)相(xiang)當(dang)重要的。

宋(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)的(de)成就雖然難與屈(qu)原相比,但他是(shi)屈(qu)原詩歌藝術的(de)直接繼承者。在(zai)(zai)他的(de)作品中,物(wu)象的(de)描繪趨于細(xi)膩工致,抒情與寫景結(jie)合得自然貼切, 在(zai)(zai)楚辭與漢(han)賦之(zhi)間(jian),起(qi)著(zhu)承前啟后的(de)作用。后人(ren)多(duo)以屈(qu)宋(song)(song)(song)并稱,李(li)白曾說“屈(qu)宋(song)(song)(song)長(chang)逝,無堪與言”,可(ke)見宋(song)(song)(song)玉(yu)在(zai)(zai)文學史(shi)上的(de)地位。

主要成就

在藝術思(si)想體系上,宋(song)玉深受(shou)道家文(wen)學的影響。他許多辭賦從遣詞(ci)造(zao)句到謀篇布局、從立意(yi)構思(si)到運用寓言 都深受(shou) 《老子(zi)》《莊子(zi)》《列子(zi)》的濡染,特(te)別是“恢詭譎怪”的莊子(zi)散文(wen)對宋(song)玉影響更大。

道家文(wen)(wen)學(xue)對宋(song)(song)玉(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濡染道家學(xue)派的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開山祖師(shi)是(shi)(shi)老(lao)子(zi)(zi)。宋(song)(song)玉(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辭賦(fu)創(chuang)作(zuo)受(shou)了(le)老(lao)子(zi)(zi)《道德(de)經》(即(ji)《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)》)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沾(zhan)溉。宋(song)(song)玉(yu)描寫男女性愛,即(ji)明顯受(shou)了(le)老(lao)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。道家文(wen)(wen)學(xue)在語言(yan)(yan)運(yun)用上沖破了(le)這一(yi)禁區(qu),常用富有性感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語言(yan)(yan)闡述(shu)和表(biao)現(xian)玄(xuan)理。《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)》贊揚嬰兒,‘未知牝(pin)牡之合而全(按:一(yi)作(zuo)膠,指小孩生(sheng)殖器)作(zuo)’(第55章(zhang)),把嬰兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這種本(ben)能(neng)看作(zuo)是(shi)(shi)天性精純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現(xian)。他在強調以(yi)(yi)靜為本(ben)時還說過(guo):‘牝(pin)常以(yi)(yi)靜勝牡,以(yi)(yi)靜為下。’(第61章(zhang))這是(shi)(shi)用雌雄交配的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例子(zi)(zi)說明以(yi)(yi)靜勝動、以(yi)(yi)柔克(ke)剛。類似語言(yan)(yan)對于言(yan)(yan)必稱(cheng)禮(li)書禮(li)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鄒魯之士、播紳先生(sheng)來說,是(shi)(shi)絕不肯啟齒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”宋(song)(song)玉(yu)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)繼承了(le)老(lao)子(zi)(zi)大膽地(di)進行描寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong),在《招魂》《高唐賦(fu)》《神女賦(fu)》《登(deng)徒子(zi)(zi)好色賦(fu)》《諷賦(fu)》等(deng)作(zuo)品中真(zhen)實自然(ran)地(di)表(biao)現(xian)了(le)男女。

宋玉辭賦(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有些句(ju)(ju)式(shi),明(ming)顯脫胎于《道(dao)德(de)經》。游(you)(you)國恩先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)說(shuo):“今按《道(dao)德(de)經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),大半是韻(yun)文,極(ji)似一種散文詩歌。而(er)(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又有特別的(de)兩(liang)章,例(li)如(ru)(ru)(ru)第(di)十五(wu)章云(yun): ‘豫兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)若(ruo)冬涉川,猶(you)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)若(ruo)畏四(si)鄰,儼兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)若(ruo)容(rong)(rong),渙兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)若(ruo)冰之(zhi)(zhi)將釋,.敦(dun)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)若(ruo)樸(pu),曠兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)若(ruo)谷,混兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)若(ruo)濁(zhuo)。’又第(di)二十一章云(yun):‘孔德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)(rong),惟道(dao)是從(cong)。道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)為物,惟恍(huang)(huang)惟惚。惚兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)恍(huang)(huang)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有象;恍(huang)(huang)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)惚兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有物。窈兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)冥(ming)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有精,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)精甚真,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有信。’這些句(ju)(ju)子(zi)不但有韻(yun),而(er)(er)且很像(xiang)楚辭的(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)驅;因為它們很有‘騷體’的(de)風味。……所以我們可以說(shuo)老(lao)子(zi)是南方學(xue)術(shu)的(de)鼻祖,同時又是楚辭的(de)禰祖。游(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)指出(chu)《道(dao)德(de)經》具有楚騷風味,自是不刊之(zhi)(zhi)論。不過,值得注意的(de)是,游(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)所舉《道(dao)德(de)經》第(di)十五(wu)章那樣(yang)的(de)句(ju)(ju)式(shi),在(zai)宋玉作品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)卻有,而(er)(er)且模(mo)仿的(de)非(fei)常(chang)像(xiang)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)宋玉《九辯》開頭在(zai)“悲哉,秋之(zhi)(zhi)為氣也(ye)”之(zhi)(zhi)后,即(ji)用了一組(zu)與《道(dao)德(de)經》相同的(de)帶(dai)“兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)”字的(de)比喻(yu)句(ju)(ju)來描寫蒼涼(liang)的(de)秋景(jing):“蕭(xiao)瑟兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),草木搖落而(er)(er)變衰。慷栗兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),若(ruo)在(zai)遠行,登山(shan)I陸水(shui)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),送將歸。次寥兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),天高而(er)(er)氣清。寂寥兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),收潦而(er)(er)水(shui)清。……”宋玉在(zai)賦(fu)作中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)描寫人物形象也(ye)常(chang)用此類句(ju)(ju)式(shi)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)《高唐賦(fu)》描寫神(shen)女的(de)形象:“其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)始出(chu)也(ye),時兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)若(ruo)松樹;其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)少進也(ye),哲兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)若(ruo)姣姬。……忽兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)改容(rong)(rong),偈兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)若(ruo)駕駟馬,建羽旗。湫兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)風,凄兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)雨。”《神(shen)女賦(fu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)是如(ru)(ru)(ru)此:“曄兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)華,溫乎如(ru)(ru)(ru)瑩”;“忽兮(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)改容(rong)(rong),婉(wan)若(ruo)游(you)(you)龍乘(cheng)云(yun)翔”,等等。

道家(jia)學派的(de)經典(dian)《莊子(zi)》和《列子(zi)》對宋玉(yu)的(de)影響就(jiu)大(da)了,尤其(qi)是(shi)《莊子(zi)》。

宋玉(yu)(yu)辭賦(fu)(fu)描寫刻(ke)劃人物(wu)有(you)的明顯受(shou)了《莊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》和《列子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》的影(ying)響。例如,宋玉(yu)(yu)《釣(diao)(diao)(diao)賦(fu)(fu)》、描寫的玄(xuan)(xuan)淵善釣(diao)(diao)(diao):“夫玄(xuan)(xuan)淵釣(diao)(diao)(diao)也,以(yi)(yi)(yi)三尋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)竿(gan),八絲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綸,餌(er)(er)若(ruo)(ruo)蛆(qu)蚓(yin),鉤(gou)(gou)如細針,以(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)三尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)魚(yu)于數仞(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)中(zhong),豈可謂(wei)無(wu)術乎?夫玄(xuan)(xuan)淵,芳水(shui)餌(er)(er),掛繳鉤(gou)(gou),其(qi)(qi)意不可得,退而(er)(er)(er)(er)牽行,下觸清泥,上(shang)則波揚。玄(xuan)(xuan)淵因水(shui)勢(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)施之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),頡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),委縱(zong)收斂,與魚(yu)沉(chen)浮。及其(qi)(qi)解弛,因而(er)(er)(er)(er)獲(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”很容易使(shi)人想(xiang)起《列子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)·湯(tang)問(wen)》描寫的詹何善釣(diao)(diao)(diao):“詹何以(yi)(yi)(yi)獨繭(jian)絲為(wei)綸,芒(mang)針為(wei)鉤(gou)(gou),荊(jing)條為(wei)竿(gan),剖粒(li)為(wei)餌(er)(er),引盈車之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)魚(yu)于百仞(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淵,汩流之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),綸不絕,鉤(gou)(gou)不伸,竿(gan)不撓(nao)。”兩者的相(xiang)似,是顯而(er)(er)(er)(er)易見的。《列子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》過去(qu)被(bei)定(ding)為(wei)偽作。現有(you)可靠的材(cai)料證明,并非(fei)如此,大概是戰國中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)偏(pian)晚的著(zhu)作。如此,則宋玉(yu)(yu)《釣(diao)(diao)(diao)賦(fu)(fu)》受(shou)了《列子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)》的啟發與影(ying)響,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)斷定(ding)。另外,宋玉(yu)(yu)《釣(diao)(diao)(diao)賦(fu)(fu)》描寫的玄(xuan)(xuan)淵善釣(diao)(diao)(diao),還會使(shi)人想(xiang)起《莊子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi).外物(wu)》中(zhong)描寫的任公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)釣(diao)(diao)(diao):“任公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)大鉤(gou)(gou)巨緇(zi),五十牿以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)餌(er)(er),蹲乎會稽,投(tou)竿(gan)東海(hai),旦旦而(er)(er)(er)(er)釣(diao)(diao)(diao),期(qi)(qi)年不得魚(yu)。已而(er)(er)(er)(er)大魚(yu)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),牽巨鉤(gou)(gou),銘沒(mei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)下騖,揚而(er)(er)(er)(er)奮髫(tiao),白波若(ruo)(ruo)山(shan),海(hai)水(shui)震蕩,聲侔鬼(gui)神(shen),憚赫千里。任公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得若(ruo)(ruo)魚(yu),離(li)而(er)(er)(er)(er)臘(la)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),自制河以(yi)(yi)(yi)東,蒼梧以(yi)(yi)(yi)北(bei),莫不厭若(ruo)(ruo)魚(yu)者。已而(er)(er)(er)(er)后(hou)世(shi)輇才諷說之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒,皆驚(jing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)相(xiang)告也。”任公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)毫不著(zhu)意,反(fan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)釣(diao)(diao)(diao)得大魚(yu),這和玄(xuan)(xuan)淵“因水(shui)勢(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)施之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),頡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)頏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),委縱(zong)收斂,與魚(yu)沉(chen)浮。及其(qi)(qi)解弛,因而(er)(er)(er)(er)獲(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的神(shen)乎其(qi)(qi)神(shen)的釣(diao)(diao)(diao)魚(yu)技藝多么相(xiang)似啊!

宋玉(yu)辭賦(fu)的(de)謀篇布局有的(de)也(ye)明顯受了《莊子(zi)》和《列子(zi)》的(de)影響。

清浦銑《復小齋賦話》卷下云:“宋玉《釣(diao)(diao)賦》,可為諷諫法,當(dang)與莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子《說(shuo)(shuo)劍(jian)(jian)》篇(pian)(pian)參看。”宋玉《釣(diao)(diao)賦》將釣(diao)(diao)分為“玄妣(bi)釣(diao)(diao)”、“堯舜(shun)禹湯之(zhi)釣(diao)(diao)”、“大王之(zhi)釣(diao)(diao)”三種(zhong)。《莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子·說(shuo)(shuo)劍(jian)(jian)篇(pian)(pian)》嘗云劍(jian)(jian)有(you)三,有(you)“庶民之(zhi)劍(jian)(jian)”,有(you)“諸(zhu)侯(hou)之(zhi)劍(jian)(jian)”,有(you)“大王之(zhi)劍(jian)(jian)”。因此,宋玉賦這種(zhong)寫法實乃(nai)《莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子·說(shuo)(shuo)劍(jian)(jian)篇(pian)(pian)》的翻版。請看《莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子·說(shuo)(shuo)劍(jian)(jian)篇(pian)(pian)》的有(you)關(guan)描寫:文字(zi)略

考古發(fa)現的(de)宋玉(yu)(yu)《御(yu)(yu)賦》亦云“御(yu)(yu)有(you)三”,有(you)“鉗且(qie)、大丙之御(yu)(yu)”、“王(wang)良、造父之御(yu)(yu)”、“今人之御(yu)(yu)”,將御(yu)(yu)照樣分為(wei)三種(zhong)。《釣賦》、《御(yu)(yu)賦》與(yu)《說(shuo)(shuo)劍》在(zai)結構(gou)層次、謀篇布局上的(de)相(xiang)似,表明(ming)道家文(wen)學對宋玉(yu)(yu)的(de)滋(zi)潤是(shi)很深的(de)。楚文(wen)化專家張正明(ming)先生甚至認為(wei)《說(shuo)(shuo)劍》實際上是(shi)一篇散(san)體賦,其(qi)作(zuo)者(zhe)或許就是(shi)宋玉(yu)(yu)。這也是(shi)富于啟發(fa)性(xing)的(de)觀點(dian),因為(wei)《莊(zhuang)子·說(shuo)(shuo)劍》與(yu)宋玉(yu)(yu)賦在(zai)藝術風(feng)格(ge)上的(de)確非常相(xiang)似。

我們(men)再看宋玉(yu)的《風賦》:文字略。

元代(dai)郭(guo)翼《雪履齋筆記(ji)》云(yun):“古(gu)來繪風(feng)(feng)手,莫如宋玉雌雄之(zhi)論。”宋玉《風(feng)(feng)賦》確是(shi)一(yi)篇描寫(xie)風(feng)(feng)的名(ming)賦,而在宋玉之(zhi)前,莊子(zi)也對(dui)風(feng)(feng)有過精彩的描繪。這(zhe)就是(shi)《莊子(zi)·齊物論》中(zhong)所寫(xie)的著名(ming)的“天籟”和(he)“地(di)籟”:文字略

從骨子里看,宋(song)玉(yu)《風賦》將風分為“雄風”與(yu)(yu)“雌(ci)(ci)風”,實脫胎于《莊(zhuang)子·齊物論(lun)》將風分為“天籟(lai)”和“地(di)籟(lai)”。但(dan)莊(zhuang)子所描(miao)寫(xie)(xie)的(de)“天籟(lai)”與(yu)(yu)“地(di)籟(lai)”與(yu)(yu)宋(song)玉(yu)所描(miao)寫(xie)(xie)的(de)“雄風”與(yu)(yu)“雌(ci)(ci)風”,在藝術上卻(que)各有(you)千秋。這(zhe)主要是(shi)因為宋(song)玉(yu)借鑒了(le)(le)莊(zhuang)子的(de)寫(xie)(xie)法(fa),又注意了(le)(le)翻新(xin)出(chu)奇。

另外,清代(dai)南宮邢氏珍(zhen)藏本《宋(song)(song)玉(yu)(yu)集》卷下(xia)“對(dui)問(wen)類”有(you)宋(song)(song)玉(yu)(yu)《對(dui)或(huo)人(ren)問(wen)》一篇,內容文字略。

據(ju)此(ci)(ci)書書末所(suo)附(fu)《采輯古書考》云,此(ci)(ci)文(wen)系錄自(zi)“劉(liu)向《新(xin)序(xu)》卷(juan)五(wu)”,今傳本西漢劉(liu)向所(suo)著《新(xin)序(xu)·雜事(shi)第五(wu)》正好有此(ci)(ci)段文(wen)字。這是(shi)一篇記錄宋(song)(song)玉(yu)軼事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin),嚴格說來,不(bu)能(neng)算是(shi)宋(song)(song)玉(yu)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。不(bu)過,從《文(wen)選》卷(juan)四(si)五(wu)所(suo)載(zai)宋(song)(song)玉(yu)《對楚王問(wen)》,其(qi)(qi)類似文(wen)字亦(yi)見于(yu)劉(liu)向《新(xin)序(xu)·雜事(shi)第一》來看(kan),又未嘗不(bu)可以作(zuo)宋(song)(song)玉(yu)作(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)看(kan)待(dai),至少其(qi)(qi)中宋(song)(song)玉(yu)所(suo)說的(de)(de)(de)話是(shi)可以當宋(song)(song)玉(yu)作(zuo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)看(kan)待(dai)的(de)(de)(de)。文(wen)章(zhang)通過玄(xuan)媛(yuan)處(chu)“桂林(lin)之中”和處(chu)“枳(zhi)棘之中”兩種絕然不(bu)同處(chu)境的(de)(de)(de)對比描寫,表現了(le)自(zi)己“處(chu)勢不(bu)便”、懷(huai)才不(bu)遇的(de)(de)(de)牢騷與憤懣。文(wen)章(zhang)構思明(ming)顯脫胎于(yu)《莊子(zi)(zi)·山木(mu)》中的(de)(de)(de)莊子(zi)(zi)對魏王問(wen):文(wen)字略。

將(jiang)宋玉(yu)的(de)對(dui)或(huo)人問和(he)莊子的(de)對(dui)魏王問一對(dui)照,布局謀篇(pian)、遣詞造(zao)句都非常相似,不過(guo)宋玉(yu)立意要含(han)蓄些。

宋(song)玉(yu)(yu)有的(de)作品甚至從(cong)立意謀篇到寓言故(gu)事都脫胎于《莊子》。例如(ru)《對楚王(wang)問》。楚襄王(wang)問宋(song)玉(yu)(yu)說:“先生其有遺行與(yu)?何士民眾(zhong)庶不譽之(zhi)甚也?”宋(song)玉(yu)(yu)回答(da)說:“唯,然(ran),有之(zhi)。愿大(da)王(wang)寬其罪,使得(de)畢其辭。”他先說了在(zai)楚國首都郢都一次音(yin)樂(le)演出的(de)情況:

客有歌(ge)于郢中(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)始(shi)曰《下里》《巴人》,國中(zhong)(zhong)屬而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)者(zhe)數(shu)千人;其(qi)(qi)為《陽(yang)阿(a)》《薤露》,國中(zhong)(zhong)屬而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)者(zhe)數(shu)百(bai)人;其(qi)(qi)為《陽(yang)春》《白(bai)雪》,國中(zhong)(zhong)屬而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)者(zhe),不(bu)過數(shu)十人;引商刻羽(yu),雜以(yi)流徵,國中(zhong)(zhong)屬而(er)(er)(er)和(he)(he)者(zhe),不(bu)過數(shu)人而(er)(er)(er)已。是其(qi)(qi)曲彌(mi)高,其(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)彌(mi)寡。

這里將欣賞音(yin)樂的人(ren)分為幾個層次(ci),似乎是《老(lao)子(zi)》第四十一章:

上士(shi)聞(wen)道(dao)(dao),勤而(er)行之(zhi);中(zhong)士(shi)聞(wen)道(dao)(dao),若(ruo)存(cun)若(ruo)亡;下士(shi)聞(wen)道(dao)(dao),大(da)笑之(zhi),不(bu)笑,不(bu)足以為道(dao)(dao)。故建言有之(zhi):明道(dao)(dao)若(ruo)昧……太白若(ruo)辱,廣德若(ruo)不(bu)足……

的形象(xiang)表現。張(zhang)松輝博(bo)士認(ren)為(wei)宋玉“客有歌于郢中者”云云這則(ze)故(gu)(gu)事,其(qi)思想(xiang)內容(rong)脫胎于《莊子(zi)·天地(di)》所(suo)云:“大聲不(bu)(bu)入于里耳,《折揚》《皇苓》,則(ze)嗑然(ran)而(er)笑。是故(gu)(gu)高言不(bu)(bu)止于眾(zhong)人(ren)之心,至言不(bu)(bu)出,俗言勝也。”宋玉不(bu)(bu)過給(gei)予了潤色加(jia)工(gong)而(er)已(yi)。而(er)接著的寓言故(gu)(gu)事:

故鳥(niao)有鳳而魚有鯤(kun)。鳳凰(huang)上擊(ji)九千(qian)里(li),絕云霓,負蒼天(tian),翱翔乎杳冥之(zhi)上。夫蕃籬之(zhi)鸚,豈(qi)能(neng)與(yu)之(zhi)料天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)高哉(zai)?鯤(kun)魚朝發昆侖之(zhi)墟,暴髫于碣石,暮(mu)宿于孟諸。夫尺澤之(zhi)鯢,豈(qi)能(neng)與(yu)之(zhi)量江海之(zhi)大哉(zai)!

分明是(shi)《莊子(zi)·逍(xiao)遙(yao)游》中的(de)(de)(de)鯤鵬與斥鷯寓言(yan)故事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)改寫。但莊子(zi)運用這個寓言(yan)是(shi)說(shuo)明大到鯤鵬,小到斥鶿,都(dou)是(shi)“有(you)待(dai)(dai)”的(de)(de)(de),都(dou)并不(bu)逍(xiao)遙(yao),只有(you)“乘(cheng)天地之(zhi)正,而御六氣之(zhi)辯,以(yi)游無窮者”,才是(shi)“無待(dai)(dai)”的(de)(de)(de),才是(shi)逍(xiao)遙(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)他說(shuo):“至人(ren)無己(ji),神人(ren)無功,圣人(ren)無名。”而宋(song)玉在《對(dui)楚王問》中引用這個寓言(yan),則(ze)是(shi)說(shuo)自己(ji)是(shi)魚中的(de)(de)(de)鯤,鳥中的(de)(de)(de)鵬,世俗之(zhi)民則(ze)是(shi)蕃(fan)籬之(zhi)鸚(ying)、尺澤之(zhi)鯢,自己(ji)和世俗之(zhi)民本來就不(bu)是(shi)一個層次上的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),因而不(bu)可能被世俗之(zhi)民理解。

戰國時代流行一種語言(yan)(yan)游戲,即(ji)“大(da)言(yan)(yan)”與“小(xiao)言(yan)(yan)”。《莊(zhuang)子(zi)》和《列子(zi)》中(zhong)(zhong)即(ji)頗多(duo)“大(da)言(yan)(yan)”與“小(xiao)言(yan)(yan)”。宋玉也創作了(le)《大(da)言(yan)(yan)賦(fu)》與《小(xiao)言(yan)(yan)賦(fu)》,描寫了(le)楚襄王(wang)令景差、唐(tang)勒、宋玉比(bi)說“大(da)言(yan)(yan)”與“小(xiao)言(yan)(yan)”的(de)情況,其中(zhong)(zhong)所言(yan)(yan)許多(duo)即(ji)化(hua)用《老子(zi)》《莊(zhuang)子(zi)》與《列子(zi)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)語句。如《小(xiao)言(yan)(yan)賦(fu)》中(zhong)(zhong),唐(tang)勒所言(yan)(yan):“析飛糠(kang)以為(wei)輿,剖秕糟(zao)以為(wei)舟,泛(fan)然投乎(hu)杯水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong),淡若(ruo)巨海之(zhi)洪(hong)流”,即(ji)脫(tuo)胎于(yu)《莊(zhuang)子(zi)·逍遙(yao)游》:“覆杯水(shui)于(yu)坳堂之(zhi)上,則芥(jie)為(wei)之(zhi)舟。”宋玉所言(yan)(yan):

無(wu)內之(zhi)中,微(wei)物潛(qian)生。比之(zhi)無(wu)象,言之(zhi)無(wu)名。蒙蒙滅景,昧昧遺形。超于大虛(xu)之(zhi)域,出于未兆之(zhi)庭(ting)。纖(xian)于毳末(mo)之(zhi)微(wei)蔑,陋(lou)于茸毛(mao)之(zhi)方生。視之(zhi)則(ze)(ze)眇(miao)眇(miao),望之(zhi)則(ze)(ze)冥冥。離朱(zhu)為之(zhi)嘆悶,神明不(bu)能察其情(qing)琶二子(zi)之(zhi)言,磊(lei)磊(lei)皆不(bu)小,何(he)如此之(zhi)為精(jing)?

這樣充(chong)滿東方神秘主(zhu)義的精彩描寫,亦是道家的筆(bi)調。猶(you)《列子》所(suo)言(yan)(yan):“江浦(pu)之(zhi)間生麼蟲,……離朱子羽(yu)方拭皆揚(yang)眉而(er)望之(zhi),勿(wu)見(jian)其形。”亦猶(you)《老(lao)子》第(di)十四(si)章所(suo)言(yan)(yan):“視之(zhi)不(bu)見(jian),名(ming)日(ri)夷;聽之(zhi)不(bu)聞,名(ming)日(ri)希;搏之(zhi)不(bu)得,名(ming)日(ri)微,此三(san)者不(bu)可致(zhi)詰(jie)……繩繩不(bu)可名(ming),復歸于(yu)無(wu)物(wu),是謂無(wu)狀之(zhi)狀、無(wu)物(wu)之(zhi)象(xiang)。”和第(di)二(er)十一章所(suo)言(yan)(yan):“道之(zhi)為(wei)物(wu),惟倪(ni)惟惚,倪(ni)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)惚兮(xi)(xi)(xi),其中有(you)(you)(you)物(wu);惚兮(xi)(xi)(xi)倪(ni)兮(xi)(xi)(xi),其中有(you)(you)(you)象(xiang);窈(yao)兮(xi)(xi)(xi)冥兮(xi)(xi)(xi),其中有(you)(you)(you)精。”以及(ji)第(di)四(si)十三(san)章所(suo)言(yan)(yan):“無(wu)有(you)(you)(you)入無(wu)間。”

本百科詞條由網站注冊用戶【 文壇那些人 】編輯上傳提供,詞條屬于開放詞條,當前頁面所展示的詞條介紹涉及宣傳內容屬于注冊用戶個人編輯行為,與【宋玉】的所屬企業/所有人/主體無關,網站不完全保證內容信息的準確性、真實性,也不代表本站立場,各項數據信息存在更新不及時的情況,僅供參考,請以官方發布為準。如果頁面內容與實際情況不符,可點擊“反饋”在線向網站提出修改,網站將核實后進行更正。 反饋
發表評論
您還未登錄,依《網絡安全法》相關要求,請您登錄賬戶后再提交發布信息。點擊登錄>>如您還未注冊,可,感謝您的理解及支持!
最新評論(lun)
暫無評論
網站提醒和聲明
本站為(wei)注冊用(yong)戶(hu)提供信息(xi)存儲(chu)空間(jian)服務,非“MAIGOO編輯上(shang)傳提供”的文章(zhang)/文字均是注冊用(yong)戶(hu)自主發(fa)布上(shang)傳,不(bu)代表(biao)本站觀點(dian),更不(bu)表(biao)示本站支持(chi)購買和(he)交易,本站對網頁(ye)中(zhong)內容(rong)的合法性、準確性、真實(shi)性、適(shi)用(yong)性、安全性等概不(bu)負責。版(ban)權歸原作者(zhe)所有(you),如有(you)侵權、虛(xu)假(jia)信息(xi)、錯誤(wu)信息(xi)或任何問(wen)題,請及(ji)時(shi)聯系我(wo)們(men),我(wo)們(men)將在第一時(shi)間(jian)刪除或更正。 申請刪除>> 糾錯>> 投訴侵權>>
提交說(shuo)明(ming): 查看提交幫助>> 注冊登錄>>
頁面相關分類
熱門模塊
已有4078124個品牌入駐 更新519083個招商信息 已發布1589262個代理需求 已有1353208條品牌點贊