西樵鎮位于珠江三角洲腹地(di)的(de)佛(fo)山市南(nan)海區西南(nan)部,是(shi)國家“AAAAA”級風景名勝區、國家森林(lin)公園、中國面(mian)料名鎮、廣東省中心鎮,面(mian)積 176.63平(ping)方公里,轄(xia)4個城區、27個行政村,常住(zhu)人(ren)口292776人(ren)(2017年(nian)),流動人(ren)口6萬多人(ren)。
經過(guo)多年努力,西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)正式(shi)跨入“全(quan)國文明鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)”行列。2012年3月20日,該鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)舉行揭牌(pai)儀式(shi),市委常(chang)委、宣傳部(bu)(bu)部(bu)(bu)長馮德良向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)頒(ban)發(fa)證(zheng)書,并與南海區、西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)領導共同為西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)“全(quan)國文明鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)”揭牌(pai)。
全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明城市、文(wen)明村鎮、文(wen)明單位每三年表(biao)彰一次。西樵鎮于正式獲(huo)評第三批“全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明鎮”稱號,成為繼北滘鎮后第二(er)個、南(nan)海(hai)區首個“全國(guo)(guo)文(wen)明鎮”,南(nan)海(hai)區“文(wen)化(hua)引領(ling)”戰(zhan)略再添“國(guo)(guo)字號”平臺(tai)。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山風景(jing)區(qu)面(mian)(mian)積14.2平方公里,鐘(zhong)靈毓秀,素有(you)“南粵名(ming)山數二樵(qiao)”之(zhi)美譽(yu)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山還是華南地區(qu)石器時代(dai)規(gui)模(mo)最大的(de)(de)制造工(gong)場(chang),“西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山文(wen)化”為(wei)中(zhong)華文(wen)明的(de)(de)發(fa)展作出了巨大貢獻,被考(kao)古(gu)學者譽(yu)為(wei)“珠江(jiang)文(wen)明的(de)(de)燈塔”。曾孕(yun)育了康有(you)為(wei)、陳(chen)啟沅、詹天佑、黃飛(fei)鴻、黃君(jun)璧、冼玉清(qing)等一批(pi)時賢俊杰。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山自然(ran)風光綺妮秀麗,人文(wen)景(jing)觀豐富多姿,交通四(si)通八(ba)達,是旅(lv)(lv)游(you)度(du)假(jia)、探險(xian)獵奇、考(kao)古(gu)尋(xun)秘的(de)(de)好去處。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)鎮(zhen)轄下(xia)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)岸風景(jing)區(qu)位(wei)于(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南面(mian)(mian),是一個自然(ran)生態保(bao)護得(de)非常(chang)完(wan)好的(de)(de)風景(jing)區(qu)。這(zhe)里群山環抱、綠樹成林,流泉飛(fei)瀑(pu)終年不絕,是度(du)假(jia)休閑和觀光旅(lv)(lv)游(you)的(de)(de)理想之(zhi)選(xuan)。鎮(zhen)內有(you)大小賓館、酒(jiu)店(dian)25家(jia),擁有(you)四(si)星級的(de)(de)云(yun)影瓊(qiong)樓和多家(jia)星級酒(jiu)店(dian)。2005年,共(gong)接待(dai)游(you)客278萬人次,實現旅(lv)(lv)游(you)收入4.87億元。
西樵(qiao)的(de)(de)景色(se),絢麗多彩;西樵(qiao)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),欣欣向榮(rong)。新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)世紀,新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)挑戰,新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)思路,西樵(qiao)將繼續發(fa)揮區位、人文、環境優勢,依托科技創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)和體制創(chuang)新(xin)(xin),大(da)力(li)推廣應用信息化,推進工業化、現代化發(fa)展(zhan),譜寫新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)篇章(zhang)。
西(xi)樵(qiao)山位(wei)于廣東(dong)省南(nan)海市的(de)西(xi)南(nan)部,是廣東(dong)四大名(ming)山之(zhi)一,自然風光清(qing)幽秀(xiu)麗,旅游(you)文化底蘊厚重,民俗風情古樸自然。自明清(qing)以來(lai),文人(ren)雅士,趨之(zhi)若(ruo)鶩,旅人(ren)游(you)子,紛(fen)至沓來(lai),使(shi)秀(xiu)美的(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)山成(cheng)為名(ming)噪南(nan)粵的(de)旅游(you)熱點。
西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)自然(ran)風光美(mei)輪美(mei)奐,山(shan)(shan)(shan)上(shang)72峰(feng)(feng)峰(feng)(feng)峰(feng)(feng)皆(jie)奇,42洞(dong)(dong)洞(dong)(dong)洞(dong)(dong)皆(jie)幽,更有(you)湖、瀑、泉、澗、巖(yan)、壁、潭、臺點綴其(qi)間,成為這座熄滅了億萬年(nian)的(de)死火山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)曠世佳作。西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)林深苔厚,郁郁蔥蔥,洞(dong)(dong)壁巖(yan)縫(feng),儲水(shui)豐富,古人贊之為“誰信匡廬(lu)千(qian)嶂瀑,移來一半在西(xi)樵”。今(jin)人稱之是(shi):“綠色水(shui)庫”,“固體水(shui)庫”。正(zheng)是(shi)因為西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)有(you)如此高品味(wei)的(de)自然(ran)旅游資源(yuan),國務院、國家林業部才相繼授予它“國家級風景名勝(sheng)區”和“國家森(sen)林公園”兩頂桂冠(guan),還通過國家AAAAA級旅游區的(de)評定(ding)。
西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)民(min)風淳樸,古俗猶存(cun)。山(shan)間有(you)7個(ge)(ge)(ge)古村落,個(ge)(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)具有(you)原汁原味的(de)的(de)嶺南(nan)農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)特色。走進農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)采茶種(zhong)菜,別(bie)有(you)風味;參加(jia)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)婚嫁禮儀,奇趣無窮。一種(zhong)以“吃農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)飯(fan),住農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)屋,走農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)路,干(gan)農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)活”為(wei)特點的(de)“做一天西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)民(min)”山(shan)村農(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)樂活動因其山(shan)野(ye)之趣,傾倒了眾多都(dou)市旅游者(zhe)。此外,西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)歡(huan)樂節(jie)等(deng)節(jie)慶活動,以及“半山(shan)扒龍舟(zhou)”,“阿婆(po)扒龍舟(zhou)”,“新年獅藝”等(deng)民(min)俗活動,頗(po)具地方特色。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)素有“珠江(jiang)文明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈塔(ta)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)譽(yu),早在6000多(duo)年(nian)前,勤勞智慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)人(ren)(ren),就在這塊土地(di)(di)上創造了燦爛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“雙肩石器(qi)”文化;明(ming)清時期,以湛若水、何白云、康有為(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大批文人(ren)(ren)學(xue)(xue)子隱(yin)居西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao),探求理學(xue)(xue),錘(chui)煉心性,使西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)獲(huo)得了“南粵(yue)理學(xue)(xue)名山(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雅號,西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)“理學(xue)(xue)文化”自(zi)(zi)此聲譽(yu)雀(que)起;西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)文化特(te)色(se)鮮(xian)明(ming),她不僅(jin)以佛(fo)、儒、道三(san)(san)教(jiao)融(rong)合為(wei)(wei)(wei)其特(te)點,更(geng)以具有中國(guo)特(te)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南海觀(guan)音文化令人(ren)(ren)矚目,聳立(li)于西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)第(di)八高(gao)峰上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世界(jie)第(di)一(yi)觀(guan)音座像(xiang)已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)們研究觀(guan)音文化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必到之所(suo);作為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)家森林(lin)公(gong)園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan),其綠色(se)文化尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)突出,西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)以其美(mei)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)環境和(he)(he)優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)理位置,被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)整(zheng)個“珠江(jiang)三(san)(san)角洲”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“前花園”成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)在改革開(kai)放和(he)(he)經濟發(fa)展中逐(zhu)步走向“都(dou)市化”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南粵(yue)民眾(zhong)遠(yuan)離(li)塵囂(xiao),回歸自(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)塊福(fu)地(di)(di)。在這里,游人(ren)(ren)可盡情吞吐西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)翠色(se),肆(si)意吸納山(shan)川靈氣,休(xiu)閑度假修身養(yang)性,健康長生已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)“綠色(se)文化”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)道亮麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風景線(xian)。
西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山上村人的(de)婚嫁習俗(su)和(he)生產勞動習俗(su),引起了游人的(de)極大興趣,特別是“半山扒龍舟”,“阿婆扒龍舟”,“新(xin)年獅(shi)藝”等民(min)間游藝活動,更是盛況空前,游人若(ruo)不(bu)以一睹為(wei)快。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山美(mei)譽眾多,自古(gu)以來民(min)間就流傳有(you)(you)“南粵名山數二(er)樵(qiao)(qiao)”的(de)佳話,將西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)與東樵(qiao)(qiao)(羅(luo)浮(fu)山)列為(wei)南粵名山的(de)代(dai)表(biao),更有(you)(you)文人學士寫(xie)詩(shi)矚文,給西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山以更高的(de)評價(jia)。趙樸(pu)初有(you)(you)“古(gu)風(feng)爆竹喧人日,世內桃源現代(dai)家(jia)”的(de)佳句,秦牧有(you)(you)“西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)秀(xiu)(xiu)色美(mei)于(yu)詩(shi)”的(de)贊(zan)譽,黃施民(min)有(you)(you)“西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)若(ruo)問比東樵(qiao)(qiao),秀(xiu)(xiu)倚南天(tian)此最嬌”的(de)吟(yin)詠,更有(you)(you)學者專家(jia)盛贊(zan)其為(wei)“不(bu)上西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山,不(bu)算(suan)到嶺(ling)南”。今天(tian),處(chu)于(yu)新(xin)世紀的(de)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山--這顆綠色的(de)寶(bao)石,正在顯現出(chu)愈(yu)加奪目的(de)光(guang)彩。
廣(guang)東的新石器文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存,自本世紀(ji)的三(san)、四十年代始,在香港、海(hai)(hai)豐、粵東一些地方(fang)有過若(ruo)干(gan)發現①,并提出過“海(hai)(hai)豐沙坑文(wen)化(hua)(SON)”、“海(hai)(hai)豐三(san)角尾文(wen)化(hua)(SAK)”、“海(hai)(hai)豐菝仔園(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)(PAT)”三(san)個文(wen)化(hua)名稱②,以及香港“舶寮(liao)島文(wen)化(hua)”等③。
解放(fang)以來,廣東發現(xian)的新石(shi)器時代遺(yi)址或遺(yi)物地點,約有四、五百處(chu),經試掘(jue)和發掘(jue)的約四、五十處(chu)。清理墓葬二百多座,獲得各(ge)種文化(hua)遺(yi)物數以萬計,為(wei)探索廣東原始(shi)社會的歷史,提供(gong)了珍貴的實物資料。在各(ge)地發現(xian)的文化(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)中,已經提出(chu)了兩個文化(hua)名稱,即西樵(qiao)山文化(hua)和石(shi)峽文化(hua)。
石峽文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)1977年提出(chu)的(de)④。它以曲江縣石峽遺(yi)(yi)址下(xia)層(ceng)和(he)(he)墓(mu)葬代(dai)表,分布(bu)于(yu)粵(yue)北地(di)區(qu),是(shi)一種以稻作(zuo)農業經濟為主的(de)新石器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)晚期文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)物石器(qi)以钁(jue)、鏟、錛、鏃、鉞,陶器(qi)以鼎、釜、甑(zeng)和(he)(he)盤、豆、罐、壺組(zu)合,以及石琮(cong)、璧、環、璜、玦、笄等飾物共存為特征⑤。它與(yu)江西(xi)地(di)區(qu)的(de)“山背(bei)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”(尤其與(yu)樊城堆下(xia)層(ceng))⑥,江浙地(di)區(qu)的(de)良渚(zhu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),山東大汶(wen)口文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),以及湖南湘鄉岱子坪和(he)(he)長(chang)沙月亮山遺(yi)(yi)址等有著密切關系⑦。雖然同類文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)還發現不(bu)多,但(dan)它的(de)特征和(he)(he)年代(dai)是(shi)比較(jiao)明確的(de)。
西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址發現(xian)于1958年,西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文化是1960年提出的(de)。然(ran)而,西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址與西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文化的(de)內(nei)涵、特征、性質、年代及其分布如何?尚缺乏充分討論和專題(ti)探(tan)討。我認為這(zhe)一問題(ti)的(de)深入探(tan)討和解決,不(bu)僅對研(yan)究(jiu)廣東尤其是珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲地區的(de)歷史(shi),而且(qie)對探(tan)索與華南、東南沿海地區有關(guan)原始文化的(de)關(guan)系,都有重要意義。故不(bu)揣淺陋,把個(ge)人的(de)一些初步看(kan)法提出來,求教于同志(zhi)們。
發現及研究
為(wei)了進一步探討西樵山文化(hua),有(you)必要(yao)將西樵山遺址的(de)發(fa)現及其主要(yao)看(kan)法,作一扼要(yao)的(de)介紹。
西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址位于廣東南海縣(xian)官山(shan)鎮西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan),它原(yuan)是一座古火(huo)山(shan)丘,周邊(bian)長約(yue)13公里(li),直徑約(yue)4公里(li)。山(shan)峰高(gao)度一般為100-200米(mi),最高(gao)峰大科峰為300余米(mi)。山(shan)體(ti)主(zhu)要由(you)粗面巖、火(huo)山(shan)碎屑巖和石(shi)英巖構(gou)成(cheng)。在東北(bei)部的(de)火(huo)石(shi)逕等有燧石(shi)、瑪瑙出露;在西(xi)(xi)部的(de)馬鞍山(shan)及山(shan)頂的(de)錦巖等洞穴有霏細巖巖脈。西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)山(shan)麓周圍分布(bu)著新老兩套洪積(ji)沖(chong)積(ji)扇(shan),山(shan)下連接(jie)開(kai)闊的(de)珠(zhu)江三角洲(zhou)沖(chong)積(ji)平原(yuan)。從新石(shi)器以至更早的(de)時(shi)候(hou)起,便有人類在山(shan)上及周圍一帶采石(shi)制器,勞動(dong)生息。
西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)后,經省(sheng)(sheng)內外(wai)許多(duo)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)工作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查、試掘和(he)(he)研(yan)究,先后發(fa)(fa)表了一些調(diao)查報告(gao)和(he)(he)文章。主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)有:中山(shan)(shan)大學(xue)調(diao)查組的(de)(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)初步調(diao)查》(以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)《初步調(diao)查》)⑧,廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)博物館的(de)(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)(sheng)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》(簡稱(cheng)《西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》)⑨,賈(jia)蘭坡的(de)(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)地區古人類學(xue)及考古學(xue)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)未(wei)來(lai)希望(wang)》(簡稱(cheng)《未(wei)來(lai)希望(wang)》)⑩,黃慰文等《廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址(zhi)復查》(簡稱(cheng)《復查》)⑾,曾(ceng)騏《西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)麓(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》⑿,等等。截至1980年年止(zhi),西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)地點已(yi)有二(er)十(shi)多(duo)處,獲得燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)材料(liao)大約(yue)二(er)、三(san)千(qian)件(jian);霏(fei)細(xi)巖大石(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)大約(yue)三(san)、四千(qian)件(jian),以(yi)及一部(bu)分(fen)粗砂陶(tao)和(he)(he)泥質印紋(wen)陶(tao)片(pian)。這些發(fa)(fa)現(xian)和(he)(he)論(lun)述,歸(gui)納起(qi)來(lai)主(zhu)要有兩大問題(ti)。
遺址性質
多數研究者認為,西樵(qiao)山(shan)是一處石器制(zhi)作場(chang),如《未(wei)來希望(wang)》、《山(shan)西懷仁鵝毛口石器制(zhi)造場(chang)遺址(zhi)》⒀、《復查》和《關(guan)于(yu)華南早期新石器的(de)幾個(ge)問題》⒁等(deng)。《初步調查》和《西樵(qiao)山(shan)石器》兩個(ge)報告,則(ze)認為還存(cun)在著與采集(ji)、漁獵(早期的(de))和鋤耕農業(晚期的(de))有(you)關(guan)的(de)遺存(cun)。
我贊成(cheng)西樵山主要是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)處大型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、使用年(nian)代很長(chang)(chang)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品供(gong)給范(fan)圍(wei)很廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法(fa)。只有(you)充分(fen)注意并進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步解決石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作場(chang)這個問題,才(cai)(cai)能(neng)對西樵山許(xu)多(duo)地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)發現大量打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(成(cheng)品、半成(cheng)品、廢品)和(he)巨量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)作出(chu)恰當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解釋,特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)對霏細巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類、定名和(he)年(nian)代,進(jin)行正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi),珠(zhu)江(jiang)三角洲許(xu)多(duo)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)以至(zhi)青銅時代遺(yi)址石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)或石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源問題,才(cai)(cai)能(neng)得到(dao)正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)答案。這一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian),《復查》和(he)《西樵山東麓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作者作出(chu)了(le)比較(jiao)深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)。但我也認為西樵山還應(ying)(ying)有(you)生產(chan)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存,而不僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)造場(chang)。早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)太監(jian)崗和(he)南蛇崗,既有(you)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)堆(dui)積,又(you)發現有(you)使用痕(hen)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi),晚(wan)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就更(geng)為明(ming)顯(xian)。除鎮頭(tou)西坡(po)(第15地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian))保存有(you)長(chang)(chang)20余米,厚1米左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)層(淡水沙蜆等(deng)(deng)貝殼堆(dui)積,可分(fen)兩層,內含大量石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)、部分(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)和(he)陶片(pian))⒂外,第7地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)(佛子(zi)廟)和(he)第11地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng),都(dou)有(you)文(wen)化(hua)堆(dui)積,并非(fei)(fei)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)坡(po)積層。又(you)如(ru)西樵中(zhong)學校(xiao)址(暫編第23地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian))先后出(chu)土過(guo)十(shi)多(duo)件磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)精細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霏細巖(yan)、砂巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、錛、有(you)段石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛,這里是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)坡(po)地(di)(di)(di)或臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di),這些生產(chan)工具應(ying)(ying)與鋤耕農業(ye)有(you)關(guan)(guan)。此外,西樵山遺(yi)址先后發現過(guo)大約近(jin)百件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。有(you)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料如(ru)砂巖(yan)、板(ban)巖(yan)等(deng)(deng)似非(fei)(fei)西樵山所出(chu)產(chan)。這些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi),也應(ying)(ying)與農業(ye)生產(chan)密(mi)切相關(guan)(guan)。
遺址年代
主要有(you)(you)幾種看(kan)法(fa):(1)開始于一萬年(nian)(nian)前(qian)的(de)(de)舊石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)末(mo)期⒃;(2)對(dui)第二地點(dian)(dian)(火(huo)石(shi)逕)或其它細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地點(dian)(dian),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)文(wen)章把它和(he)“沙苑文(wen)化(hua)”作對(dui)比,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)可(ke)能屬于中石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代⒄,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)屬新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)期或更早(zao)⒅,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)推測第二地點(dian)(dian)可(ke)以是(shi)一種陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以前(qian)的(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)⒆;(3)對(dui)西(xi)樵山遺(yi)址總的(de)(de)看(kan)法(fa),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)包涵了(le)舊石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)晚(wan)期和(he)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不同時期的(de)(de)遺(yi)存⒇,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)其年(nian)(nian)代可(ke)能較早(zao)于以印紋陶為(wei)(wei)代表的(de)(de)遺(yi)存(21),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與磨(mo)光(guang)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應是(shi)“同時異相”,早(zao)于增(zeng)城(cheng)金(jin)蘭寺和(he)海豐遺(yi)址,年(nian)(nian)代為(wei)(wei)距(ju)今五、六千年(nian)(nian)前(qian)(22),等(deng)等(deng)。
我贊(zan)成西樵山包涵著新石器(qi)早(zao)、中、晚不(bu)同(tong)時期的遺(yi)存(cun)。早(zao)期的指(zhi)細石器(qi)遺(yi)存(cun),主要(yao)(yao)有火石逕、旋風崗(gang)(gang)、太(tai)(tai)監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)和南(nan)蛇(she)崗(gang)(gang)四處。根據省博物(wu)館對火石逕、中山大學考古(gu)教研(yan)室對太(tai)(tai)監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)的試掘(23),以及筆者陪同(tong)有關專家的多次(ci)觀察(cha)(24),這兩(liang)處山崗(gang)(gang)存(cun)在著不(bu)與磨(mo)光石器(qi)、陶(tao)片共存(cun)的細石器(qi)堆(dui)積層(ceng)。不(bu)過,太(tai)(tai)監(jian)崗(gang)(gang)因(yin)基建取土,火石逕因(yin)有現代(dai)壕溝、墓葬、采石坑,試掘面(mian)積都很小,兩(liang)處的文(wen)化層(ceng)看來并不(bu)典型、清晰。要(yao)(yao)徹底(di)解決這幾(ji)處細石器(qi)地(di)點的文(wen)化層(ceng)及年代(dai)問題(ti),還需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較(jiao)大面(mian)積的發掘。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),其(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料以燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包括小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)四大(da)(da)類。根(gen)據比(bi)較(jiao)分(fen)(fen)析,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與我(wo)國(guo)北(bei)方(fang)一(yi)些年代較(jiao)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)有(you)許(xu)多(duo)相似(si)之處,最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)同(tong)樣(yang)具(ju)有(you)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)及其(qi)(qi)所由(you)剝離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)等(deng)代表(biao)(biao)性器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)。據曾(ceng)騏同(tong)志對旋風崗(gang)等(deng)地(di)點七二(er)四件(jian)(jian)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類統計(ji),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)二(er)七八件(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)九(jiu)十二(er)件(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)十一(yi)件(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)三(san)二(er)三(san)件(jian)(jian)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)又可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)多(duo)種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)式,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)華(hua)北(bei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)底形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)和扇形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)。在三(san)二(er)三(san)件(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),楔形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)一(yi)○五件(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Ⅲ式寬身楔形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)即船(chuan)底形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)有(you)十四件(jian)(jian)。另一(yi)方(fang)面,曾(ceng)騏同(tong)志認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)角形(xing)(xing)楔形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)和帶把石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)(qi)他省區所少見(jian)(jian)。在西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖錐狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),未(wei)見(jian)(jian)華(hua)北(bei)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“鉛筆尖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)”。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)邊緣多(duo)數未(wei)經(jing)第二(er)步(bu)加工(gong)。細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬長(chang)、厚長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)數均偏大(da)(da)。而(er)且(qie)缺乏典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)頭刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(僅八件(jian)(jian))、雕刻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(二(er)件(jian)(jian))和小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(三(san)件(jian)(jian))。不見(jian)(jian)北(bei)方(fang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆。這些,又表(biao)(biao)明西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有(you)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(25)。在西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)這批(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材料發(fa)表(biao)(biao)之前,安志敏(min)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)曾(ceng)經(jing)指出(chu):“以海拉爾石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存,具(ju)有(you)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而(er)沒(mei)有(you)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共生(sheng)(sheng)。同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)也見(jian)(jian)于(yu)陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)大(da)(da)荔(li)沙苑(yuan),河南許(xu)昌靈井,山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)沁水下川和河北(bei)陽原(yuan)虎(hu)(hu)頭梁等(deng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi),特別(bie)(bie)是(shi)下川、虎(hu)(hu)頭梁經(jing)過發(fa)掘,有(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)層證據,屬于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)性較(jiao)大(da)(da),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對年代可(ke)(ke)能(neng)距今(jin)八九(jiu)千(qian)年。”(26)曾(ceng)騏同(tong)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章也談到,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),“總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說(shuo),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點接近(jin)于(yu)沙苑(yuan)、松山(shan)(shan)(即海拉爾——引者(zhe))細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而(er)后兩者(zhe)都被暫定為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代可(ke)(ke)能(neng)與上述遺(yi)(yi)存相去(qu)不遠”。同(tong)時,根(gen)據賈蘭坡先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現場(chang)觀察(cha)、對西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)部分(fen)(fen)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)標本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒別(bie)(bie)及其(qi)(qi)有(you)關文(wen)章,肯(ken)定西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)屬于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)華(hua)北(bei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(27)。此外,細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)復合工(gong)具(ju),多(duo)嵌于(yu)骨、木(mu)工(gong)具(ju)上使用。它往往與早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漁獵經(jing)濟相聯系。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)及其(qi)(qi)周圍數千(qian)年前還是(shi)一(yi)個河涌縱橫、島(dao)丘(qiu)散布、林木(mu)茂盛、沼澤(ze)遍(bian)野的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理環(huan)境(jing),也正符合這種(zhong)經(jing)濟類型(xing)。
如(ru)果(guo)再結(jie)合(he)其它一些現象考慮,如(ru)第3、4、5地點(dian)也(ye)采集過少(shao)量細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),第7地點(dian)也(ye)發(fa)現有幾(ji)件燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)和幾(ji)十(shi)件球形的(de)(de)敲砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),在南(nan)(nan)海螺崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、藤涌崗(gang),觀音(yin)廟(miao)口(kou),佛山(shan)河宕,番(fan)禺喃嘸山(shan)以(yi)及深(shen)圳小梅(mei)沙(sha)等新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚期遺址(zhi)中,也(ye)出有個(ge)別燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或小型打(da)(da)制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(詳見文末(mo)附表)。此外,從(cong)西(xi)樵山(shan)第7、第11地點(dian)等霏細(xi)巖的(de)(de)部(bu)分有肩斧、錛、尖(jian)狀器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜背形砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和細(xi)薄長石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)等的(de)(de)打(da)(da)片(pian)法,也(ye)可以(yi)看到(dao)它們與細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)打(da)(da)片(pian)法有著承襲關系。因此,我認為西(xi)樵山(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺存應(ying)屬(shu)于(yu)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代早(zao)期,其年代大約相當于(yu)距今(jin)七八(ba)千年,下限(xian)可能(neng)還(huan)會延續得晚一些。總而言之,西(xi)樵山(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺存的(de)(de)發(fa)現,填補了(le)(le)華南(nan)(nan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺址(zhi)分布上的(de)(de)空白(bai),提出了(le)(le)廣東石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代研究(jiu)的(de)(de)新(xin)課題。
其次是(shi)(shi)屬于新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)點(dian)或(huo)(huo)(huo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址。這(zhe)類遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)多(duo)分布(bu)(bu)于西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山南、西(xi)、北麓或(huo)(huo)(huo)臺地(di),部分分布(bu)(bu)于較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山岡和(he)洞穴,包(bao)括(kuo)采石(shi)(shi)場(如(ru)(ru)(ru)虎頭巖(yan)(yan)(yan)等)、制石(shi)(shi)場(如(ru)(ru)(ru)第(di)(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)(di)11、15地(di)點(dian)等)、漁獵捕撈和(he)“鋤農(nong)業(ye)”(如(ru)(ru)(ru)貝殼堆積、第(di)(di)(di)23地(di)點(dian)等)。這(zhe)類遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)料,絕大(da)多(duo)數為(wei)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan),器(qi)(qi)形以(yi)有肩石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)代(dai)表,包(bao)括(kuo)斧、錛、鏟等,石(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)刮削器(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)、龜(gui)背(bei)形砍(kan)砸器(qi)(qi)、矛形器(qi)(qi)等。還有一(yi)(yi)些霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、細(xi)(xi)砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、石(shi)(shi)英砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長身、梯形和(he)有段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磨光(guang)錛、鑿、矛等,粗略(lve)估(gu)計在三(san)、四千件左右。其中(zhong)通體磨光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不過(guo)一(yi)(yi)、二(er)百(bai)件,礪石(shi)(shi)不超(chao)過(guo)一(yi)(yi)、二(er)十(shi)件。陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)僅有二(er)、三(san)百(bai)片(pian)(pian),包(bao)括(kuo)繩紋、刻劃(hua)紋夾(jia)砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)和(he)泥質、夾(jia)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)(ji)何印(yin)紋陶(tao)(tao)。石(shi)(shi)環等飾物(wu)偶有發現(第(di)(di)(di)15地(di)點(dian)),動物(wu)(不包(bao)括(kuo)介殼類)或(huo)(huo)(huo)植物(wu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸(hai)至今尚無發現。這(zhe)些現象與一(yi)(yi)般定(ding)居(ju)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址是(shi)(shi)不相稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。幾(ji)(ji)何印(yin)紋陶(tao)(tao)(如(ru)(ru)(ru)方格紋、曲尺紋、重(zhong)圈紋、葉(xie)脈紋等)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現,正說明西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山存(cun)在著新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)。還可從(cong)以(yi)下(xia)三(san)個方面,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步證明西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山存(cun)在過(guo)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)中(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址。第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi),鎮頭西(xi)坡含貝殼層(ceng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試掘,經碳十(shi)四測(ce)定(ding),表明其年(nian)代(dai)相當(dang)于中(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)(詳(xiang)后(hou)年(nian)代(dai)部分)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er),據金蘭寺、石(shi)(shi)峽、河(he)宕(dang)、茅崗等遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發掘和(he)測(ce)定(ding)年(nian)代(dai)可作(zuo)旁證,在西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山諸(zhu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(或(huo)(huo)(huo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)地(di)點(dian))中(zhong),凡(fan)(fan)出細(xi)(xi)繩紋、刻劃(hua)紋而未有印(yin)紋陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),可定(ding)為(wei)中(zhong)期(qi);凡(fan)(fan)已出幾(ji)(ji)何印(yin)紋陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),可定(ding)為(wei)晚(wan)期(qi)。第(di)(di)(di)三(san),從(cong)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有肩石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi))廣泛(fan)分布(bu)(bu)于珠江三(san)角洲地(di)區新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)、晚(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)亦可得(de)到印(yin)征(詳(xiang)見文末附表)。
由(you)此(ci)可見,西樵山(shan)遺(yi)址是(shi)一處大(da)型的、延續年代很長的、供(gong)應(ying)范圍很廣的石器制作場(chang),這是(shi)最(zui)突出(chu)和最(zui)主(zhu)要的。同時也有生產生活的遺(yi)址,這也是(shi)不可否認的。總之,西樵山(shan)遺(yi)址中包涵了新石器各個階段的遺(yi)存(cun),主(zhu)要是(shi)中、晚期遺(yi)存(cun)。
文化內涵
西樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)因1958年(nian)首先發現于(yu)南海縣西樵(qiao)山(shan)而得名。在(zai)一段時(shi)間內,它是專指西樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址本身的(de)(de)遺存。從(cong)發現的(de)(de)材料看,西樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)應當是分布于(yu)珠江三角(jiao)洲地(di)區的(de)(de)一種(zhong)新石器時(shi)代的(de)(de)原始(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)。它區別(bie)(bie)于(yu)封開黃巖(yan)洞(dong)類(lei)型(xing)和英德青塘類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)洞(dong)穴遺址,區別(bie)(bie)于(yu)韓(han)江流域陳橋村類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)貝丘遺址,也不(bu)同于(yu)粵北的(de)(de)石峽文(wen)(wen)化(hua),具有(you)其自(zi)身的(de)(de)特點。
遺址分布
西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)包括(kuo)了以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造場為(wei)紐帶和西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)共(gong)存(cun)為(wei)標(biao)志的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)群古文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)。主要(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于狹義的(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角洲(zhou)地區(qu)(一(yi)般系(xi)指北自(zi)廣(guang)州石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門水(shui)(shui)(shui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia),西(xi)(xi)(xi)北自(zi)三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)思賢滘以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia),西(xi)(xi)(xi)自(zi)潭江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia),東自(zi)東莞(guan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)。包括(kuo)南海、番(fan)禺、順德、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門、三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、新(xin)會、東莞(guan)、高(gao)鶴(he)、寶(bao)安、增城的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)或大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen),以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)廣(guang)州、佛山(shan)(shan)(shan)、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門、深(shen)圳(zhen)、珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)海五(wu)個(ge)市,面積一(yi)萬平(ping)方(fang)公里)。如果(guo)我們(men)(men)以(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)——主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)霏細巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)作為(wei)一(yi)種指示物(wu)來探(tan)索西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu),那么,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)范(fan)圍(wei)可(ke)能及(ji)于廣(guang)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角洲(zhou)地區(qu)(一(yi)般指北自(zi)北江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)飛(fei)(fei)來峽(xia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia),西(xi)(xi)(xi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)三(san)(san)(san)榕峽(xia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia),東江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)劍潭以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)。包括(kuo)清遠、廣(guang)州、花(hua)(hua)縣(xian)、番(fan)禺、增城、三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、南海、佛山(shan)(shan)(shan)、順德、高(gao)鶴(he)、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門、新(xin)會、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門、珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)海、臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)、恩平(ping)、開(kai)平(ping)、博羅、東莞(guan)、寶(bao)安、深(shen)圳(zhen)、肇(zhao)慶、高(gao)要(yao)(yao)、四(si)會等(deng)二十四(si)個(ge)縣(xian)、市,總面積為(wei)三(san)(san)(san)萬四(si)千多平(ping)方(fang)公里)(33)。除花(hua)(hua)縣(xian)、順德、四(si)會、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門、肇(zhao)慶和開(kai)平(ping)等(deng)外(wai),其余各(ge)縣(xian)、市均有(you)發(fa)現。如果(guo)包括(kuo)香(xiang)港沿海島嶼,筆者(zhe)查到有(you)這類(lei)(lei)(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地點已(yi)達(da)一(yi)百處以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(詳見文(wen)(wen)末附表)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角洲(zhou)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址如此廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu),一(yi)方(fang)面正表明它(ta)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)供應(ying)范(fan)圍(wei)很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造場(這與(yu)(yu)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角洲(zhou)這一(yi)沖(chong)積平(ping)原(yuan)缺乏適合制(zhi)造石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好(hao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料有(you)關);另方(fang)面可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)證明當時(shi)(至遲在制(zhi)作有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)時(shi))已(yi)經出現了社(she)會分(fen)(fen)工與(yu)(yu)產(chan)品交換。應(ying)當說(shuo)(shuo)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),我們(men)(men)并不是(shi)(shi)將霏細巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)無(wu)作為(wei)確定西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)同類(lei)(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)標(biao)志,而只是(shi)(shi)把(ba)它(ta)作為(wei)探(tan)求西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)依據和線索。例如,我們(men)(men)并不把(ba)番(fan)禺和廣(guang)州飛(fei)(fei)鵝嶺等(deng)地一(yi)些(xie)與(yu)(yu)夔紋陶共(gong)存(cun)含(han)有(you)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)劃(hua)入西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)。又如,我們(men)(men)之(zhi)所以(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)香(xiang)港一(yi)些(xie)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址歸(gui)入西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun),那不僅是(shi)(shi)蒲(pu)臺島、南丫島的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆須城等(deng)地都發(fa)現過霏細巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi),更重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)那里發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)不少新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面貌都與(yu)(yu)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角洲(zhou)十分(fen)(fen)相象(xiang)或說(shuo)(shuo)一(yi)脈相承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(34)。
遺物特征
文(wen)化遺物(wu)(wu)包括石器(qi)、陶器(qi)、紡輪、骨角牙蠔(hao)蚌質的工具和飾物(wu)(wu)等。這里不準備(bei)逐項(xiang)詳細描述,只略舉其主要器(qi)物(wu)(wu)及其特(te)點。
簡介
所謂(wei)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山類(lei)(lei)型的石(shi)器,一(yi)(yi)指其(qi)石(shi)料,二指其(qi)器形。以(yi)燧(sui)石(shi)為主要(yao)原料的細石(shi)器是(shi)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山文(wen)化(hua)早(zao)期遺址(zhi)(zhi)中具有特點的生產(chan)工具(具體器物及分(fen)類(lei)(lei)參看(kan)曾騏的《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山東麓的細石(shi)器》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)及本文(wen)第一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)的簡述,這(zhe)里從略),除主要(yao)發現于(yu)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山外(wai),珠江(jiang)三角洲一(yi)(yi)些遺址(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)有少量(liang)發現(詳(xiang)見文(wen)末附表)。
以(yi)霏細巖為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要石(shi)料(liao)的有肩(jian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化中、晚期遺址中最富代(dai)表性的生(sheng)產(chan)工具,器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)包(bao)括斧、錛(ben)、鏟(chan)等(deng),以(yi)斧、錛(ben)為(wei)大宗。西樵(qiao)山(shan)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作場出土的多(duo)(duo)為(wei)打制(zhi)(zhi)的(包(bao)括一部(bu)分廢品和殘件(jian)),刃(ren)部(bu)多(duo)(duo)未經磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi),斧或(huo)錛(ben)的器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)難辨;珠江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲遺址發(fa)現的多(duo)(duo)為(wei)磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(刃(ren)部(bu)磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)通(tong)體(ti)磨(mo)光),錛(ben)比(bi)斧多(duo)(duo),還(huan)(huan)常見一種有肩(jian)有段石(shi)器(qi)(qi)。此外,還(huan)(huan)有一些長身、梯形(xing)(xing)或(huo)有段的斧、錛(ben)、鑿以(yi)及(ji)鏃(zu)、矛(mao)等(deng)。西樵(qiao)山(shan)打制(zhi)(zhi)的有肩(jian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi),主(zhu)(zhu)要可分四式:Ⅰ式為(wei)圓(yuan)盤狀(zhuang),柄部(bu)不突(tu)出,應是(shi)從這種圓(yuan)盤狀(zhuang)石(shi)坯打制(zhi)(zhi)出雙肩(jian)的。Ⅱ式略(lve)呈扇形(xing)(xing),短柄,溜(liu)肩(jian),弧刃(ren)
,薄體(ti)。Ⅲ式(shi)器(qi)身(shen)呈梯(ti)形(xing),長柄(bing)或(huo)短(duan)肩(jian)(jian),肩(jian)(jian)角大于(yu)九十度,弧刃(ren)(ren)的多。Ⅳ式(shi)短(duan)身(shen),寬刃(ren)(ren),肩(jian)(jian)多呈直角,平(ping)刃(ren)(ren)的多。西樵山類型的有肩(jian)(jian)石(shi)器(qi),其大小、厚薄相差懸殊(shu),可能(neng)反映(ying)出用途的不同(tong)。最(zui)(zui)大的長達(da)12-14、寬6-8、厚1-2厘(li)米;最(zui)(zui)小的長僅3-4、寬2-3、厚0.3-0.5厘(li)米。
有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)特征是器型大(da)(da),長身(shen)(shen),短柄。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文化(hua)中此類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)發現(xian)(xian)不多(duo),如(ru)中山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)學在(zai)大(da)(da)仙崗采集的(de)(de)一件,器身(shen)(shen)琢制,全長21.5、柄高(gao)3.5、寬(kuan)9-10.6厘米;省博物(wu)館在(zai)第7地(di)點采集的(de)(de)一件,全長17、柄高(gao)3.3、寬(kuan)7-7.5厘米。此外,廣州飛(fei)鵝嶺菠羅山(shan)(shan)、番禺西(xi)(xi)園(yuan)莊、喃嘸山(shan)(shan)也有發現(xian)(xian),但時(shi)代較晚。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)或西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文化(hua)的(de)(de)有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)與(yu)海南島(dao)(dao)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)長身(shen)(shen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),與(yu)粵(yue)西(xi)(xi)封開、德慶、高(gao)要以及湛(zhan)江地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)陽江、海南島(dao)(dao)儋縣等地(di)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(指桂南類(lei)型的(de)(de)大(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan))是否有承襲關(guan)系,是一個值(zhi)得注意的(de)(de)問題(35)。
這(zhe)里再舉幾個數字,以說明西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化遺址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)器與其(qi)(qi)(qi)它形式石(shi)器的(de)共存、比例(li)關系。例(li)一(yi)(yi),1960年前在(zai)廣東中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部低地區(基本上就是珠江三角洲(zhou))發現的(de)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)四(si)處遺址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),獲得各種石(shi)器一(yi)(yi)○二(er)(er)三件(jian)(jian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)鏟(chan)類(lei)九十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)占(zhan)(zhan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian);錛(ben)類(lei)三三四(si)件(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)占(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)三八件(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)占(zhan)(zhan)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)占(zhan)(zhan)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)里四(si)種主(zhu)要(yao)石(shi)器共計(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)四(si)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)占(zhan)(zhan)二(er)(er)七(qi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian),即(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)50%強(36)。例(li)二(er)(er),寶安蚌地山(shan)出(chu)土石(shi)器二(er)(er)○○件(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)、錛(ben)、鑿九十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)件(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)占(zhan)(zhan)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian),即(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)62%,而有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)僅(jin)有(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(37)。例(li)三,佛(fo)山(shan)河(he)宕舊墟(xu)出(chu)土石(shi)器(不(bu)計(ji)礪石(shi)和裝飾品)二(er)(er)一(yi)(yi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)(十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)件(jian)(jian))、錛(ben)(八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)件(jian)(jian))、鏟(chan)(三件(jian)(jian)),共九十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斧(fu)八件(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)錛(ben)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八件(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)九件(jian)(jian)。三種合計(ji)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian),占(zhan)(zhan)斧(fu)錛(ben)鏟(chan)總(zong)數的(de)58.7%。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci),在(zai)河(he)宕遺址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),西樵(qiao)山(shan)石(shi)料的(de)有(you)(you)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(霏細(xi)巖(yan)的(de)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)件(jian)(jian)、燧石(shi)的(de)二(er)(er)件(jian)(jian)),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)
六(liu)件(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)三件(jian);錛類(lei)三十件(jian)、雙肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)八件(jian)、單肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)三件(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)三件(jian)。如此(ci)斧錛三十六(liu)件(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)約占(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)半(38)。例四,廣州(zhou)飛鵝嶺九處遺址發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)五(wu)○件(jian),占(zhan)(zhan)各類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)總數的(de)(de)(de)80%左右(you)。在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),以斧最多(duo),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)錛只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三件(jian)。其中(zhong)(zhong)Ⅳ式石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(短身寬(kuan)肩(jian)(jian)(jian))和長身石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟也(ye)(ye)與西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)相近。霏(fei)細巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料也(ye)(ye)占(zhan)(zhan)很大(da)比(bi)例,證明(ming)其石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料應(ying)來自西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)(39),不(bu)(bu)過,年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)應(ying)當較(jiao)(jiao)晚(wan)。以上數例可以說(shuo)明(ming),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)生產工具中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相當大(da)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(大(da)約占(zhan)(zhan)60%以上)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)并不(bu)(bu)多(duo),它遠不(bu)(bu)如石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)那樣典(dian)型、精制。但在(zai)(zai)珠江三角洲晚(wan)期遺址中(zhong)(zhong),普遍出現(xian)一(yi)(yi)種中(zhong)(zhong)小型的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛,它是(shi)(shi)否(fou)反映(ying)著(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)與有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者溶為一(yi)(yi)體呢尚未見到詳細論證的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章。與此(ci)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個問(wen)題是(shi)(shi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)與有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)孰早(zao)(zao)孰晚(wan)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。就(jiu)兩(liang)廣地區——我(wo)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)祥地和最流行的(de)(de)(de)地區之一(yi)(yi)來看(kan),我(wo)認為有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)早(zao)(zao)于有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)理由是(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)遺址是(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)獨一(yi)(yi)無二的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制造場,其次(ci),在(zai)(zai)增城金蘭(lan)寺下層(ceng)、東(dong)莞萬福庵下層(ceng)、新會(hui)羅山(shan)咀、高(gao)要(yao)(yao)永安夏江村這些(xie)(xie)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)期的(de)(de)(de)遺址中(zhong)(zhong),已(yi)經出現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。這些(xie)(xie)遺址或層(ceng)位一(yi)(yi)般定(ding)在(zai)(zai)距今五(wu)、六(liu)千年(nian)(nian)(nian)。而(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛在(zai)(zai)廣東(dong)出現(xian)地層(ceng)明(ming)確、年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)較(jiao)(jiao)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)曲(qu)江石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽遺址下層(ceng)及墓(mu)葬(zang)。共存的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)及幾(ji)何(he)(he)印(yin)紋陶(tao)(tao)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)墓(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)為距今四千五(wu)百年(nian)(nian)(nian)上下,下層(ceng)前(qian)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)較(jiao)(jiao)早(zao)(zao),大(da)致也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)超過距今六(liu)千年(nian)(nian)(nian)。就(jiu)全(quan)省調查發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘情況看(kan),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)多(duo)與幾(ji)何(he)(he)形印(yin)紋陶(tao)(tao)共存。
陶器
西樵山遺址(zhi)發現的(de)陶(tao)器很少(前后(hou)出土估(gu)計(ji)不過(guo)二、三(san)百片),且缺乏完整器。可分兩類(lei)(lei):一(yi)類(lei)(lei)是(shi)夾(jia)砂陶(tao),器形有(you)圜底釜(fu)等,這(zhe)里的(de)一(yi)部分陶(tao)釜(fu)片,具有(you)早期陶(tao)器的(de)特征,如黃褐色(se)或紅(hong)褐色(se),胎薄,火候低,飾(shi)繩紋、劃紋或壓點紋,有(you)的(de)帶紅(hong)色(se)、白色(se)陶(tao)衣,年代應當(dang)較(jiao)早。另一(yi)類(lei)(lei)是(shi)泥質素面陶(tao)和幾何(he)印紋陶(tao),后(hou)者也有(you)夾(jia)砂的(de)(胎較(jiao)厚),紋有(you)方格紋、葉(xie)脈(mo)紋、曲尺紋、半重圈紋等,年代當(dang)較(jiao)晚(wan)。
我們(men)可以(yi)從西樵山周圍如南海、佛山以(yi)至(zhi)珠江三角洲(zhou)的其他遺(yi)址,看到西樵山文化陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器的特(te)征。新(xin)石器時代中期遺(yi)址,如南海觀音(yin)廟口、新(xin)會羅(luo)山咀、增(zeng)城(cheng)金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺下層(ceng)(ceng)、東莞(guan)萬福庵(an)下層(ceng)(ceng)、高要(yao)永安夏江、深(shen)圳(zhen)大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙(40)、以(yi)至(zhi)香港深(shen)灣(wan)F層(ceng)(ceng)等(deng)。這(zhe)(zhe)類遺(yi)址夾砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器占很大(da)比重(zhong)(如羅(luo)山咀、大(da)、小(xiao)梅沙都(dou)(dou)達(da)95%以(yi)上)。主要(yao)器形是(shi)圜底釜,還有(you)罐、缽(碗)、盤(pan)、杯(bei)、豆和“器座(zuo)”等(deng)。紋(wen)飾以(yi)各種繩紋(wen)和刻(ke)劃紋(wen)、篦點(dian)紋(wen)為主。器形一(yi)(yi)般較(jiao)小(xiao),手制或模(mo)制。泥(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)罐、鏤孔矮圈足(zu)盤(pan)、平底盆和淺盤(pan)、豆、杯(bei)等(deng)。泥(ni)質(zhi)磨光紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(或橙(cheng)黃(huang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao))占一(yi)(yi)定比例(li),并出現了彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)西樵山文化陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器的一(yi)(yi)個特(te)點(dian)。如金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺、萬福庵(an)、深(shen)灣(wan)等(deng)泥(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)都(dou)(dou)占有(you)一(yi)(yi)定比例(li)。金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺下層(ceng)(ceng)的夾砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)占82.5%、磨光紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)占13.6%、彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)占3.9%便是(shi)一(yi)(yi)例(li)。
彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)已知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you),金蘭(lan)寺(41)、萬福庵(an)、小(xiao)梅(mei)殺(sha)(42)、香港舂(chong)坎灣、銅鼓(gu)灣、大灣和蟹地(di)灣等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(43)。金蘭(lan)寺和萬福庵(an)多為(wei)(wei)殘片,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)矮(ai)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。金蘭(lan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)在磨(mo)光紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)表(biao)面繪(hui)(hui)赭(zhe)紅(hong)色(se)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)),或(huo)(huo)在盤(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)葉脈(mo)狀(zhuang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。東(dong)莞(guan)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)表(biao)里均(jun)(jun)(jun)繪(hui)(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),泥質(zhi)(zhi)黃灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)先(xian)涂白地(di),再繪(hui)(hui)暗紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)(huo)弧形紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。在金蘭(lan)寺還(huan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)可復(fu)原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽(bo),泥質(zhi)(zhi)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)堅硬,斂(lian)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)小(xiao)平(ping)底(di),底(di)部有(you)(you)(you)旋(xuan)轉痕跡,口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(寬(kuan)(kuan)1.2厘米)紅(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)徑17.5、高(gao)5.7厘米。舂(chong)坎灣(Chung Hom Wan)有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)件(jian)復(fu)原器(qi),均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)淺底(di)盤(pan)(Shallow Dish)器(qi)形略有(you)(you)(you)差別。一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)斂(lian)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou),圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)向內弧;另一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)敞(chang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)斜腹(fu),圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)外(wai)(wai)撇,飾小(xiao)圓(yuan)(yuan)鏤(lou)孔,紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)白衣(yi),盤(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)紅(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)波浪(lang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。同出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏤(lou)孔圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)直(zhi)腹(fu)細泥紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)杯,器(qi)身刻曲(qu)折紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(44)舂(chong)坎灣出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同類(lei)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)矮(ai)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)殘件(jian),省博物館也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)藏(zang)品(45)。1980年,深圳小(xiao)梅(mei)沙遺(yi)址(zhi)發現一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan),經復(fu)原其(qi)形制(zhi)與(yu)(yu)舂(chong)坎灣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)幾(ji)乎完全一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,唯器(qi)形稍(shao)大,彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案更為(wei)(wei)清(qing)晰(xi),美觀(46)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)均(jun)(jun)(jun)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)新(xin)石(shi)時代中期。此外(wai)(wai),在我(wo)館藏(zang)品中,筆(bi)者找到一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)粗紗陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)釜或(huo)(huo)罐(guan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)殘片,口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道紅(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),以(yi)(yi)(yi)下為(wei)(wei)刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),出(chu)(chu)(chu)于(yu)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)縣(xian),編號為(wei)(wei)“NKG”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這(zhe)表(biao)明西(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)所在地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)發現。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you),在佛(fo)山(shan)河宕(dang)下層(ceng)也(ye)發現過(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥質(zhi)(zhi)橙黃色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan),在口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)短條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)腹(fu)繪(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)筆(bi)流暢(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)赭(zhe)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。另外(wai)(wai)在下層(ceng)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土有(you)(you)(you)十多件(jian)(殘片)泥質(zhi)(zhi)磨(mo)光彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan),圖案是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種紅(hong)色(se)或(huo)(huo)赭(zhe)紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)(kuan)窄并列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),繪(hui)(hui)于(yu)盤(pan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)外(wai)(wai)或(huo)(huo)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面,花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)簡單(47)。總之,珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)、香港沿(yan)(yan)(yan)海(hai)島嶼(以(yi)(yi)(yi)及韓江三(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)海(hai)豐等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)(48))新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代中、晚(wan)期遺(yi)存中發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),數量還(huan)不多,圖案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)樣比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)簡單。器(qi)形主要是(shi)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)平(ping)底(di)缽(bo)、圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)和夾砂釜或(huo)(huo)罐(guan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)圖案屬(shu)于(yu)幾(ji)何形花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)系統(帶(dai)(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)行線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈(mo)狀(zhuang)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾連弧線(xian)或(huo)(huo)勾連云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)),比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)小(xiao)梅(mei)沙那種近似勾連弧線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)加(jia)圓(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),至今(jin)未發現動植(zhi)物圖案花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格與(yu)(yu)我(wo)國東(dong)南(nan)(nan)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)海(hai)省區新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)中期陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),因此可以(yi)(yi)(yi)說具有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方特點(dian);但又與(yu)(yu)青蓮崗文(wen)化、曇石(shi)山(shan)文(wen)化、鳳鼻頭(tou)文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)相(xiang)似之處。例如(ru),南(nan)(nan)京(jing)北陰(yin)陽營有(you)(you)(you)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)繪(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)碗,邳(pi)縣(xian)大墩子彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)缽(bo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)繪(hui)(hui)勾連弧線(xian)加(jia)圓(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(49)。臺灣鳳鼻頭(tou)文(wen)化圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)類(lei)似舂(chong)坎灣弧線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。臺中社(she)腳也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)類(lei)似河宕(dang)那種在口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)窄排(pai)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(50),等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。廣東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)與(yu)(yu)它(ta)們(men)可能有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系。
相當于(yu)新石器時(shi)代晚期的代表性遺(yi)址,有(you)金蘭寺(si)中層、東莞龍江(jiang)村(cun)、南海通心(xin)崗、灶崗、佛山(shan)河宕、高要茅(mao)崗、深圳鶴地山(shan)、赤(chi)灣村(cun)、寶安蚌地山(shan)(51)、西樵山(shan)鎮頭西坡,以及(ji)香港深灣cb層等。
廣東新石(shi)(shi)器晚期(qi)根據(ju)石(shi)(shi)峽(xia)下層(ceng)(ceng)和中層(ceng)(ceng)等遺址的(de)層(ceng)(ceng)位疊壓和器物的(de)特點變化關系,可以分為前、后兩個階(jie)段(或(huo)稱晚期(qi)和末期(qi))。上述珠江(jiang)三角洲的(de)遺址雖然本身(shen)還有(you)早晚之別,如金蘭(lan)寺中層(ceng)(ceng)分有(you)2A層(ceng)(ceng)和2B層(ceng)(ceng),河宕遺址可分第2層(ceng)(ceng)和第3層(ceng)(ceng),鎮頭西坡貝殼層(ceng)(ceng)也可分上、下層(ceng)(ceng),但它們在(zai)文(wen)化面貌(mao)和年(nian)代(dai)上大(da)多屬于末期(qi),即(ji)大(da)體(ti)與石(shi)(shi)峽(xia)中層(ceng)(ceng)、始(shi)興澄陂村窯址相當。
這個時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi),一(yi)個特(te)點(dian)是(shi)幾何形(xing)(xing)印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盛(sheng)行,泥質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)(he)夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)都(dou)拍印紋(wen)(wen)飾,而且(qie)具(ju)有(you)特(te)點(dian)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)河(he)宕、灶崗與石(shi)峽中(zhong)層(ceng)比較,前兩(liang)者印紋(wen)(wen)深而清(qing)晰,單位結構(gou)粗(cu)疏,如對角(jiao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重方格(ge)(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(大小由四至(zhi)五重組成)一(yi)個單位直徑達4-6厘米(mi)。印紋(wen)(wen)種(zhong)類(lei)也(ye)多(duo)(duo)(duo),河(he)宕一(yi)處就有(you)二(er)十多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)不同花紋(wen)(wen)。另一(yi)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)器(qi)形(xing)(xing)承襲(xi)、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了本區前期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。如炊(chui)煮(zhu)器(qi)仍以(yi)(yi)(yi)釜為(wei)主(zhu),三(san)足(zu)器(qi)(如鼎等(deng)(deng)(deng))極少發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(佛山河(he)宕出土四萬(wan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)片(pian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian),僅見一(yi)件實足(zu))。深圳(zhen)赤灣(wan)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)粗(cu)砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐(lu)箅形(xing)(xing)”器(qi),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)面(mian)(mian)支墊器(qi)座,應為(wei)烤魚類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)物,過去寶安、香(xiang)港深灣(wan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)殘(can)件,不明用途(52)。另外(wai)深圳(zhen)還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)帶兩(liang)個鏤(lou)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐(lu)座”(暫名)。這里僅舉(ju)河(he)宕為(wei)例,河(he)宕舊墟遺址較大面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)揭露及其出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi),在西樵(qiao)山附近(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)至(zhi)珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲地(di)(di)區具(ju)有(you)相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表性,使我們比較清(qing)楚地(di)(di)看到晚期(qi)(末(mo)期(qi))陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)和(he)(he)幾何印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富多(duo)(duo)(duo)彩。如盛(sheng)行圜底釜、矮圈(quan)足(zu)罐,缺乏三(san)足(zu)器(qi)類(lei)。釜多(duo)(duo)(duo)寬沿敞口(棱角(jiao)明顯(xian))、扁(bian)圓(yuan)腹。夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印紋(wen)(wen)除(chu)繩紋(wen)(wen)、條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(籃紋(wen)(wen))、劃紋(wen)(wen)(以(yi)(yi)(yi)水波狀為(wei)多(duo)(duo)(duo))外(wai),還有(you)曲尺紋(wen)(wen)、梯(ti)子(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)格(ge)(ge)紋(wen)(wen)、云雷紋(wen)(wen)、對角(jiao)線重方格(ge)(ge)、凸(tu)圓(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)(deng)二(er)十多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)。泥質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)主(zhu)要有(you)罐壺類(lei)和(he)(he)盤豆(dou)類(lei)。罐壺類(lei)都(dou)附圈(quan)足(zu),形(xing)(xing)式多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣,主(zhu)要是(shi)圓(yuan)腹和(he)(he)折肩兩(liang)類(lei)。圓(yuan)腹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)素面(mian)(mian)磨(mo)光,地(di)(di)層(ceng)和(he)(he)墓(mu)葬中(zhong)都(dou)有(you)出土,是(shi)石(shi)峽中(zhong)層(ceng)未見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。小口折肩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),肩以(yi)(yi)(yi)上無紋(wen)(wen),肩以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)有(you)云雷紋(wen)(wen)一(yi)至(zhi)三(san)周,以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)曲尺紋(wen)(wen)組合,是(shi)末(mo)期(qi)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)典型器(qi)。石(shi)峽中(zhong)層(ceng)也(ye)有(you),但數(shu)量很少。盤豆(dou)類(lei)數(shu)量多(duo)(duo)(duo),以(yi)(yi)(yi)鏤(lou)孔(kong)矮圈(quan)足(zu)為(wei)主(zhu)。圈(quan)足(zu)盤有(you)斂口、子(zi)(zi)母口和(he)(he)展(zhan)唇(chun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)不同形(xing)(xing)式,質(zhi)地(di)(di)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)細泥磨(mo)光紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)或橙黃(huang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)。一(yi)
種(zhong)斂口的(de)(de)(de)磨光紅陶(tao)(tao)盤(pan),很象(xiang)仰韶式的(de)(de)(de)紅陶(tao)(tao)缽(bo),但(dan)下面附有(you)(you)圈足,同時在圈足盤(pan)中(zhong)還有(you)(you)一(yi)部(bu)分彩陶(tao)(tao)。泥質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)種(zhong)類(lei)將(jiang)近有(you)(you)三(san)十種(zhong),主要(yao)拍印(yin)于罐壺類(lei)上(shang)。此外,河(he)宕(dang)還發現有(you)(you)六、七十片陶(tao)(tao)片上(shang)有(you)(you)刻(ke)劃(hua)符號(hao)(hao),二(er)件器(qi)底部(bu)刻(ke)劃(hua)魚(yu)紋(wen)(wen),符號(hao)(hao)多刻(ke)于圈足盤(pan)的(de)(de)(de)底部(bu)。石峽下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)沒有(you)(you)發現刻(ke)劃(hua)符號(hao)(hao),中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)僅見一(yi)個“米”字形符號(hao)(hao)。而與河(he)宕(dang)年代相當的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)要(yao)茅崗也發現有(you)(you)十個左右的(de)(de)(de)刻(ke)劃(hua)符號(hao)(hao)。河(he)宕(dang)下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)紡輪有(you)(you)明(ming)顯(xian)區別,中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)多為(wei)素面。下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)其底面多有(you)(you)刻(ke)劃(hua)花紋(wen)(wen),為(wei)單線或復(fu)線的(de)(de)(de)圓弧線,把底面分成三(san)、四、五等(deng)分。還應提(ti)到,增城(cheng)金蘭寺中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),出土過(guo)一(yi)件形象(xiang)逼真的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)祖(zu)(且(qie)),它反映了(le)這一(yi)時期父權制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)確立。(53)
工具飾物
在(zai)珠(zhu)江三角洲(zhou),港澳沿海島嶼的貝丘(qiu)和(he)沙丘(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中,出(chu)土有(you)一(yi)部分以動物、介(jie)殼(ke)類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸制作(zuo)的工具和(he)飾(shi)物,這(zhe)也是西樵山(shan)文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存的一(yi)個不可忽視的特(te)點。例如,在(zai)萬福庵、河宕(dang)獅子(zi)橋、王借崗等遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi),都發現(xian)(xian)有(you)蠔殼(ke)磨成的穿(chuan)(chuan)孔工具。河宕(dang)舊(jiu)墟出(chu)有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)特(te)殊形(xing)式的穿(chuan)(chuan)孔骨針(zhen)(疑即(ji)織(zhi)(zhi)魚(yu)(yu)網(wang)織(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen))。河宕(dang)的骨鏃(zu)(zu)比石鏃(zu)(zu)多幾倍。新會羅山(shan)咀發現(xian)(xian)穿(chuan)(chuan)孔蚶(han)殼(ke)、深灣下(xia)層有(you)穿(chuan)(chuan)孔鯊魚(yu)(yu)牙飾(shi)。有(you)些遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)還出(chu)土魚(yu)(yu)脊骨串(chuan)飾(shi)等。
墓葬特點
西樵山文化的(de)早期(qi)墓(mu)葬(zang)尚無發(fa)現(xian)。中(zhong)期(qi)的(de)如新(xin)會羅山咀發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)座(zuo)二次甕(weng)棺葬(zang),葬(zang)具為兩件相套(tao)的(de)粗砂陶厚胎(tai)折(zhe)肩甕(weng),肩上(shang)刻劃一(yi)周(zhou)三角形(內加斜線)劃紋,還有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)刻劃符號。人骨從頭到下(xia)肢有(you)(you)序地疊置(zhi)于甕(weng)內,隨葬(zang)品有(you)(you)骨簪(zan)、穿孔麻龜板飾物各(ge)一(yi)件(54)。據《深(shen)灣》發(fa)掘報告(gao),在F層(ceng)及晚期(qi)cb層(ceng)都(dou)發(fa)現(xian)過(guo)火葬(zang)及土(tu)葬(zang)。引人注目(mu)的(de)是火葬(zang),這種火葬(zang)是從文化層(ceng)中(zhong)零(ling)星散(san)見(jian)的(de)許多(duo)碎骨,包括(kuo)頭骨及肢骨等,經過(guo)八百度高溫火化跡象(xiang)而(er)判定的(de)(55)。
晚(wan)期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)。1961年(nian)金蘭(lan)寺2A層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝殼(ke)堆積中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)四座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),淺坑(keng)(keng)(keng)或墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)不明(ming)顯(xian),人骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)(jia)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)東(dong)(dong)腳(jiao)(jiao)西,仰臥(wo)直(zhi)肢,基本并行排列(lie)。鑒定(ding)(ding)(ding)為一(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(老(lao))、兩(liang)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(青(qing))、一(yi)(yi)兒(er)童,兒(er)童緊依女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)(jia)。其中(zhong)M2(男(nan)(nan)(nan),25歲(sui)±),有(you)(you)(you)人工(gong)(gong)拔(ba)牙(56)。僅M4女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),有(you)(you)(you)長(chang)方(fang)(fang)格(ge)印紋(wen)陶缶、骨(gu)(gu)飾(shi)各一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)。1978年(nian),南(nan)海灶崗貝丘遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)多(duo)(duo)不明(ming)顯(xian),頭(tou)(tou)(tou)向東(dong)(dong)南(nan),腳(jiao)(jiao)向西北,仰臥(wo)直(zhi)肢,經(jing)鑒定(ding)(ding)(ding)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)少(shao)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)。僅三(san)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石錛一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。1977年(nian),筆者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在河宕獅子(zi)橋遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)調查,發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)人頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蓋骨(gu)(gu)、顎骨(gu)(gu)、肢骨(gu)(gu)殘骸,推測應(ying)為墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。獅子(zi)橋的(de)年(nian)代與(yu)河宕舊(jiu)墟的(de)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)相當。1977-1978年(nian),河宕舊(jiu)墟發(fa)(fa)掘760平方(fang)(fang)米(mi),發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)七十七座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)五十一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝殼(ke)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)二(er)十六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo))。這批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在文化層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong),多(duo)(duo)數(shu)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)(keng),一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)淺坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(如(ru)M15打(da)破紅燒土居址(zhi))。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式(shi)主要是一(yi)(yi)次單(dan)人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),仰臥(wo)直(zhi)肢,但下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)可能為二(er)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),仍(reng)為仰臥(wo)直(zhi)肢。M12發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)架(jia)(jia)兩(liang)具,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)不明(ming)顯(xian),經(jing)鑒定(ding)(ding)(ding)同(tong)為中(zhong)年(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing),還(huan)不能肯定(ding)(ding)(ding)為合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)為東(dong)(dong)西向,經(jing)鑒定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)五十六(liu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)少(shao)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you),幼(you)童占十座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)幼(you)都是間錯(cuo)排列(lie)(還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些疊壓(ya)打(da)破關系),并非同(tong)輩的(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)有(you)(you)(you)序地排列(lie)。經(jing)鑒定(ding)(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)重(zhong)要現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang),即成年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)律頭(tou)(tou)(tou)西腳(jiao)(jiao)東(dong)(dong),成年(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)律頭(tou)(tou)(tou)東(dong)(dong)腳(jiao)(jiao)西(57)。二(er)十八座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)成年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin),占成年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)總數(shu)的(de)42%,隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)共四十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),每墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)三(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),少(shao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)(xing)多(duo)(duo)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶紡(fang)輪(lun)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),男(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing)多(duo)(duo)為一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)小(xiao)石錛或鏃(zu)、矛,或許仍(reng)然反映著(zhu)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)自然分(fen)工(gong)(gong)。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you),下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器,九件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)陶器均(jun)出(chu)于中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或打(da)破中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。其中(zhong)甲區M1(女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)年(nian)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(泥質(zhi)(zhi)黑皮圈足盤二(er)、夾砂方(fang)(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)圈足罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))。M19(男(nan)(nan)(nan),青(qing)年(nian)),泥質(zhi)(zhi)薄胎方(fang)(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)敞(chang)口凹底罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。M23(女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv),青(qing)年(nian)),肩有(you)(you)(you)雙鋬(shi)磨光黑皮小(xiao)陶罐(guan)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。M24(男(nan)(nan)(nan),成年(nian)),似水(shui)晶質(zhi)(zhi)地的(de)玦和(he)紅陶圈足小(xiao)罐(guan)各一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)除了隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石錛、骨(gu)(gu)鏃(zu)、石鏃(zu)、石環(huan)(huan)(huan)、陶紡(fang)輪(lun)外,有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)象(xiang)(xiang)牙器。兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)均(jun)為青(qing)年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)(xing),M25(30歲(sui)±,人工(gong)(gong)拔(ba)牙),人骨(gu)(gu)右手腕上(shang)戴大象(xiang)(xiang)牙環(huan)(huan)(huan)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),頭(tou)(tou)(tou)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)半環(huan)(huan)(huan)形(xing)一(yi)(yi)側帶凹槽的(de)骨(gu)(gu)飾(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),長(chang)10厘米(mi)余(yu);M65(25歲(sui)±,拔(ba)牙),頭(tou)(tou)(tou)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)大小(xiao)相若的(de)亞腰筒(tong)形(xing)器兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),高7.6、上(shang)徑6.2、下(xia)(xia)徑8.2厘米(mi)。制作精致,薄如(ru)蛋殼(ke)。
更為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),這(zhe)(zhe)批(pi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)骨(gu)架在(zai)可供觀察的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)二(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)成(cheng)年個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong),發(fa)現(xian)有(you)十(shi)(shi)九個(ge)(ge)(ge)(男(nan)十(shi)(shi),女九)生(sheng)前人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya),未拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)出(chu)現(xian)率占82.6%。拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong),最小年齡為(wei)22-25歲(sui)(甲區M63),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)絕(jue)大(da)多數是(shi)上(shang)(shang)頜兩側(ce)(也有(you)單側(ce))第(di)二(er)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi),還(huan)有(you)五例(li)是(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除上(shang)(shang)頜中(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)、中(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)左右側(ce)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)(de)(de),研(yan)究人(ren)(ren)(ren)員指出(chu)“這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)值得(de)注意”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(58),因為(wei)我(wo)國山東(dong)(dong)大(da)汶口文(wen)(wen)化、江蘇(su)邳縣(xian)大(da)墩(dun)子、福(fu)建曇石(shi)(shi)(shi)山等(deng)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器時(shi)代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)材(cai)料中(zhong),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除或敲去的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)絕(jue)大(da)多數(據(ju)統計占90%強(qiang))是(shi)上(shang)(shang)頜側(ce)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi),一(yi)般忌拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)及(ji)下門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi),同(tong)(tong)時(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong),往往反映著不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。河(he)宕(dang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)骨(gu)架體(ti)(ti)質形態,鑒定接近(jin)于蒙(meng)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)南(nan)亞類型。發(fa)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究報告又指出(chu)。雖然“顯示(shi)出(chu)一(yi)些同(tong)(tong)赤道人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征”,“但他們還(huan)應該屬于蒙(meng)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)部邊(bian)緣類型”(59)。男(nan)性(xing)(xing)平(ping)均身高約(yue)為(wei)166厘(li)米(mi)(mi),女性(xing)(xing)約(yue)154厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。比黃河(he)流(liu)域新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器時(shi)代(dai)居(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)估算身高(168.4-172.3厘(li)米(mi)(mi))矮一(yi)些。上(shang)(shang)述(shu)金蘭寺墓葬經鑒定認為(wei)“這(zhe)(zhe)批(pi)頭(tou)骨(gu)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征”,并(bing)指出(chu)“有(you)些形態如圓頭(tou)、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)可能對探討我(wo)國沿(yan)海的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)族(zu)起源和(he)(he)遷移有(you)一(yi)定意義”(60)。如上(shang)(shang)所述(shu),廣東(dong)(dong)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti),都發(fa)現(xian)于珠江三(san)角洲沿(yan)海的(de)(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺(yi)址(zhi),文(wen)(wen)化性(xing)(xing)質和(he)(he)年代(dai)也相(xiang)當,均屬距(ju)今四千年左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器末期,結合《山海經》、《淮南(nan)子》、和(he)(he)《唐大(da)和(he)(he)上(shang)(shang)東(dong)(dong)征傳》(61)等(deng)文(wen)(wen)獻有(you)關記(ji)述(shu)以及(ji)民(min)族(zu)學材(cai)料,特(te)別是(shi)結合從山東(dong)(dong)至廣東(dong)(dong),我(wo)國東(dong)(dong)方和(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)沿(yan)海地區(包括臺灣(wan))考古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類體(ti)(ti)質形態、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(鑿齒(chi)(chi)(chi))材(cai)料,不難看出(chu)廣東(dong)(dong)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)批(pi)墓葬及(ji)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)資(zi)料,具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值。
總之,上述(shu)河(he)宕、灶崗(gang)、金(jin)蘭寺等貝(bei)(bei)丘遺(yi)址的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)有(you)(you)幾個共同特點:(1)墓(mu)葬(zang)或墓(mu)地分布于遺(yi)址中;(2)墓(mu)坑不(bu)明顯或挖淺坑,用貝(bei)(bei)殼填埋(mai);(3)墓(mu)坑或人(ren)骨架以(yi)東西向為(wei)主(zhu),實行一次單人(ren)葬(zang)為(wei)主(zhu)(河(he)宕可能也有(you)(you)二次單人(ren)葬(zang)),未見明確(que)的(de)(de)合葬(zang)墓(mu);(4)多數(shu)墓(mu)沒有(you)(you)隨葬(zang)品(約占墓(mu)葬(zang)總數(shu)的(de)(de)三分之二),有(you)(you)隨葬(zang)品的(de)(de)每座墓(mu)多為(wei)一件,也有(you)(you)二、三件的(de)(de)。這(zhe)些情況,可能在很(hen)大程度上反映了珠江三角洲一帶當時(shi)居民的(de)(de)葬(zang)制和(he)葬(zang)俗(su)。
地理環境
西樵山(shan)文(wen)化分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)江三(san)角洲(zhou),是(shi)一個地(di)(di)勢坦蕩,河(he)涌縱橫,山(shan)崗臺地(di)(di)(一說(shuo)是(shi)島丘)棋布(bu),又有不少低洼沼澤地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖積平原(yuan)(yuan)(62)。這(zhe)種(zhong)復合三(san)角洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)理(li)環境,亞熱帶(dai)或(huo)熱帶(dai)氣候及自然(ran)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,必然(ran)給西樵山(shan)文(wen)化原(yuan)(yuan)始居(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟來源(yuan)和生活習俗,帶(dai)來很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。這(zhe)可(ke)從遺(yi)(yi)址類型、自然(ran)遺(yi)(yi)物及居(ju)住(zhu)遺(yi)(yi)跡(如“干(gan)闌式”建筑(zhu))等方面(mian)得到說(shuo)明。
遺址類型
在各種(zhong)類型的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)-山崗(或(huo)島(dao)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu))、臺地、土墩、貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)沙洲(zhou))遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong),貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)占半數以上,總(zong)數不少(shao)于(yu)一百(bai)處。廣東新(xin)石器中(zhong)期的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)多是貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi),也多分(fen)布于(yu)珠(zhu)江三角洲(zhou)沿海地區。沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)沙洲(zhou))遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)如(ru)深圳大、小梅沙,香港深灣F層第。屬于(yu)晚期的(de)(de)貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(或(huo)文化層)就(jiu)更(geng)多了(le)(參看(kan)本(ben)文附表)。這類貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和(he)沙丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(主(zhu)要(yao)是貝(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)),堆積著大量成層的(de)(de)介殼(ke)類和(he)水陸棲動物遺(yi)(yi)骸。如(ru)河(he)宕舊墟發掘面(mian)積760平方米(mi),就(jiu)出土有三千(qian)五百(bai)多件(jian)各種(zhong)動物的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)骨,以及數以噸計(ji)的(de)(de)介殼(ke)(主(zhu)要(yao)是下層)。下面(mian)列舉(ju)一些比較重要(yao)的(de)(de)種(zhong)屬,以供(gong)研究參考。
象(xiang)(南(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)民樂(le)、河(he)(he)宕(dang)、茅崗等,民樂(le)象(xiang)頭(tou)骨(gu)鑒定為“西樵山亞洲象(xiang)新亞種)(63)”,牛(河(he)(he)宕(dang)中層(ceng)(ceng)、金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺、增(zeng)城石(shi)灘仙村、新塘、博羅(luo)鐵(tie)場墟、民樂(le)龍船田、觀音廟(miao)口、深(shen)灣(wan)(wan)[Bos]),豬(河(he)(he)宕(dang),茅崗,龍江(jiang)村,深(shen)灣(wan)(wan)等,茅崗、河(he)(he)宕(dang)經鑒定有(you)小(xiao)部(bu)分屬家養),彌猴([Macca sp.]河(he)(he)宕(dang)下層(ceng)(ceng)),馬來(lai)鱷([Tomistoma sp.]河(he)(he)宕(dang)、東莞龍江(jiang)村等),硬頭(tou)海(hai)(hai)(hai)鯰(俗(su)稱赤魚(yu)[Arius Leiotetoce phalos]深(shen)灣(wan)(wan)數量(liang)多(duo),還河(he)(he)宕(dang),金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺)(64),據《深(shen)灣(wan)(wan)》報告說是(shi)一種深(shen)海(hai)(hai)(hai)魚(yu)類,產卵時(shi)可游至(zhi)淺海(hai)(hai)(hai)或(huo)(huo)河(he)(he)口),斷斑石(shi)鱸(俗(su)稱頭(tou)鱸,也深(shen)海(hai)(hai)(hai)魚(yu)類,深(shen)灣(wan)(wan)有(you)大(da)量(liang)出(chu)(chu)土),海(hai)(hai)(hai)豚、大(da)魟魚(yu)(深(shen)灣(wan)(wan)),麗蚌或(huo)(huo)河(he)(he)蚌(Lamprotula sp.)蘭(lan)蜆或(huo)(huo)河(he)(he)蜆(Corbicula sp.),蚶(han)(新會羅(luo)山咀、環(huan)城牛頭(tou)山、茶坑(keng)、外(wai)(wai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)潮蓮富崗、青瀾(lan)、高(gao)鶴古椰村、博羅(luo)馬嘶村、上(shang)南(nan)村、惠(hui)陽潼湖(hu)下里(li)村等),牡蠣(li)(俗(su)稱蠓,有(you)長(chang)牡蠣(li)、僧帽牡蠣(li)等,河(he)(he)宕(dang)舊墟、獅(shi)子橋、南(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)大(da)瀝梁邊村,增(zeng)城仙村、新塘、石(shi)灘、博羅(luo)鐵(tie)場圩,新會環(huan)城、外(wai)(wai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)、羅(luo)山咀等)(65)。此(ci)外(wai)(wai),有(you)些(xie)遺(yi)址還有(you)石(shi)、陶網墜。以上(shang)這些(xie)發(fa)(fa)現(xian),一方面(mian)充(chong)分證明漁(yu)獵、捕撈業(ye)(ye)是(shi)當時(shi)居民生活的(de)(de)主要來(lai)源;另(ling)方面(mian),對(dui)探討珠三角洲平原的(de)(de)形(xing)成和(he)(he)變遷(qian)及是(shi)否(fou)有(you)過海(hai)(hai)(hai)浸等問題,也有(you)參考價值(zhi)。至(zhi)于山岡和(he)(he)臺地遺(yi)址,從大(da)量(liang)磨(mo)制石(shi)斧、錛、鏟和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)陶器看,晚期(qi)應有(you)原始農業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)。但至(zhi)今似未發(fa)(fa)現(xian)過農作物,因此(ci)無法作進(jin)一步的(de)(de)推斷。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)獅藝武(wu)(wu)(wu)術館位于(yu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)出生地南海(hai)市(shi)西(xi)樵山(shan)下的(de)祿舟村(cun),距西(xi)樵官山(shan)城(cheng)區(qu)僅(jin)三公里。武(wu)(wu)(wu)術館籌建于(yu)一(yi)九九六(liu)年,占地面積五點(dian)二三畝,綠瓦(wa)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)檐,建筑(zhu)別致,具有(you)清末古建筑(zhu)風(feng)格。館內分設有(you)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)故(gu)居、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)練功休息(xi)室、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)史跡陳列影(ying)視室、寶芝林(lin)堂(tang)、百草堂(tang)、關(guan)德(de)興(xing)紀念堂(tang)等。另有(you)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)影(ying)視城(cheng),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)武(wu)(wu)(wu)術村(cun)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水寨等正在規劃中。
黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻于道光二(er)十七年(一八四七年)出生于祿舟村,其祖父(fu)黃(huang)泰(tai)、父(fu)親黃(huang)麒英均是南(nan)拳高手,黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻五歲(sui)學父(fu)習(xi)武(wu),父(fu)嚴子專、進步很快,十二(er)歲(sui)時(shi)擊敗廣州鄭(zheng)大雄,頓時(shi)名聲大噪,時(shi)稱“少年英雄”,后開館授徒。黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻武(wu)藝高強,卻(que)從不恃強凌弱,他一生行俠(xia)仗義,并開設(she)寶芝林懸壺濟世(shi),以(yi)其高尚(shang)的醫(yi)德(de)、武(wu)德(de)深受人們愛(ai)戴。
黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)獅藝武術館系黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)家(jia)鄉父老(lao)為弘揚黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)醫(yi)德、武德而建。館內(nei)除陳列(lie)黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)、關德興等事跡(ji)圖片實物外,還(huan)定時表(biao)(biao)演(yan)功(gong)夫、舞龍、舞獅等傳統(tong)項目,黃(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)高樁醒獅有世(shi)界(jie)獅王之稱(cheng),其表(biao)(biao)演(yan)精彩(cai)絕(jue)倫,讓(rang)你大開眼界(jie),堪(kan)稱(cheng)世(shi)界(jie)一絕(jue)。吸引眾多海內(nei)外游客前來(lai)欣(xin)賞。
2019年(nian)2月2日,被文化和(he)旅游(you)部命(ming)名為2018-2020年(nian)度“中國民(min)間文化藝術之鄉”。
2019年9月11日,西樵鎮(zhen)入(ru)選“2018中國鄉鎮(zhen)綜合競爭力100強(qiang)”。