西(xi)樵鎮位于珠江三角(jiao)洲(zhou)腹(fu)地(di)的(de)佛山市南(nan)海區西(xi)南(nan)部,是國(guo)家(jia)“AAAAA”級(ji)風景名(ming)勝區、國(guo)家(jia)森林公園、中國(guo)面(mian)料名(ming)鎮、廣東省中心鎮,面(mian)積 176.63平方(fang)公里,轄(xia)4個城區、27個行政(zheng)村,常住人口292776人(2017年),流(liu)動人口6萬多人。
經過多年努力,西樵鎮正式(shi)跨入“全國(guo)文明鎮”行列。2012年3月20日,該(gai)鎮舉(ju)行揭(jie)牌儀式(shi),市委常委、宣(xuan)傳部部長馮(feng)德良向西樵鎮頒(ban)發證書,并(bing)與南海區、西樵鎮領導共同為西樵“全國(guo)文明鎮”揭(jie)牌。
全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)城市、文(wen)(wen)明(ming)村鎮(zhen)、文(wen)(wen)明(ming)單(dan)位每三年(nian)表彰一次。西樵鎮(zhen)于正式獲評第(di)三批(pi)“全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)鎮(zhen)”稱號(hao),成為繼北滘鎮(zhen)后第(di)二個、南海區首(shou)個“全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)鎮(zhen)”,南海區“文(wen)(wen)化引領”戰略再添“國(guo)字號(hao)”平臺(tai)。
西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)風景(jing)區面積14.2平(ping)方公里(li),鐘靈(ling)毓(yu)秀(xiu),素有“南粵名(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)數二樵(qiao)(qiao)”之(zhi)美譽。西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)還是(shi)華(hua)南地區石器時代規模最大的(de)(de)制造工場,“西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)”為(wei)中華(hua)文(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)發展(zhan)作(zuo)出(chu)了巨大貢獻,被考古學(xue)者譽為(wei)“珠江文(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)燈塔”。曾孕(yun)育了康(kang)有為(wei)、陳(chen)啟沅、詹天佑、黃飛鴻、黃君(jun)璧、冼玉(yu)清等(deng)一(yi)批時賢俊杰(jie)。西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)自然(ran)風光綺妮(ni)秀(xiu)麗,人文(wen)(wen)景(jing)觀豐富多姿,交通四通八達(da),是(shi)旅游(you)度假(jia)、探險獵奇、考古尋秘的(de)(de)好去處。西樵(qiao)(qiao)鎮轄下的(de)(de)西岸風景(jing)區位(wei)于西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)西南面,是(shi)一(yi)個自然(ran)生態保護得非常完好的(de)(de)風景(jing)區。這里(li)群山(shan)(shan)(shan)環抱、綠(lv)樹成(cheng)林,流泉(quan)飛瀑(pu)終年不絕,是(shi)度假(jia)休閑和(he)(he)觀光旅游(you)的(de)(de)理想(xiang)之(zhi)選。鎮內有大小賓館(guan)、酒店(dian)25家(jia),擁(yong)有四星(xing)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)云(yun)影瓊(qiong)樓和(he)(he)多家(jia)星(xing)級(ji)(ji)酒店(dian)。2005年,共接(jie)待游(you)客278萬人次,實現旅游(you)收(shou)入4.87億(yi)元。
西(xi)樵的(de)(de)景色,絢麗多彩;西(xi)樵的(de)(de)發展(zhan),欣欣向榮。新的(de)(de)世(shi)紀,新的(de)(de)挑(tiao)戰,新的(de)(de)思路(lu),西(xi)樵將繼續發揮區位(wei)、人文、環(huan)境優勢(shi),依托科技創新和體制創新,大力推(tui)廣(guang)應用信息化,推(tui)進工業化、現(xian)代(dai)化發展(zhan),譜(pu)寫新的(de)(de)篇章。
西樵(qiao)山(shan)位于廣(guang)東省(sheng)南(nan)海市的西南(nan)部,是廣(guang)東四(si)大名(ming)山(shan)之(zhi)一,自然風光清幽秀麗,旅(lv)(lv)游文(wen)(wen)化底(di)蘊(yun)厚重(zhong),民(min)俗風情古樸自然。自明清以來(lai),文(wen)(wen)人雅士,趨(qu)之(zhi)若(ruo)鶩,旅(lv)(lv)人游子,紛(fen)至沓來(lai),使(shi)秀美(mei)的西樵(qiao)山(shan)成為名(ming)噪南(nan)粵的旅(lv)(lv)游熱點。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)自然(ran)(ran)風光美(mei)輪美(mei)奐(huan),山(shan)上(shang)72峰(feng)峰(feng)峰(feng)皆奇,42洞洞洞皆幽,更(geng)有湖(hu)、瀑(pu)(pu)、泉(quan)、澗、巖(yan)、壁(bi)、潭、臺(tai)點綴其間,成為這(zhe)座熄滅了億萬年的(de)死(si)火山(shan)的(de)曠世佳作。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)林深苔厚,郁郁蔥(cong)蔥(cong),洞壁(bi)巖(yan)縫,儲水(shui)豐富,古人贊之(zhi)為“誰信匡(kuang)廬千(qian)嶂瀑(pu)(pu),移來(lai)一半在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵”。今人稱(cheng)之(zhi)是:“綠色水(shui)庫(ku)”,“固(gu)體水(shui)庫(ku)”。正(zheng)是因為西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)有如此(ci)高品味(wei)的(de)自然(ran)(ran)旅(lv)游資源,國(guo)務院、國(guo)家(jia)林業部(bu)才相繼(ji)授予它“國(guo)家(jia)級風景名勝(sheng)區”和“國(guo)家(jia)森林公園”兩頂桂冠,還通過(guo)國(guo)家(jia)AAAAA級旅(lv)游區的(de)評定(ding)。
西(xi)樵(qiao)民風淳樸,古(gu)俗猶(you)存。山間(jian)有(you)7個(ge)古(gu)村落,個(ge)個(ge)具有(you)原汁(zhi)原味的(de)的(de)嶺(ling)南農(nong)(nong)家特(te)色(se)。走(zou)進農(nong)(nong)家采(cai)茶種菜,別有(you)風味;參(can)加(jia)西(xi)樵(qiao)婚嫁禮儀,奇趣無窮。一(yi)種以(yi)“吃(chi)農(nong)(nong)家飯,住農(nong)(nong)家屋,走(zou)農(nong)(nong)家路(lu),干農(nong)(nong)家活(huo)”為特(te)點(dian)的(de)“做一(yi)天西(xi)樵(qiao)山民”山村農(nong)(nong)家樂活(huo)動(dong)因(yin)其山野(ye)之趣,傾倒了(le)眾多都市旅(lv)游者。此外,西(xi)樵(qiao)山歡(huan)樂節等(deng)節慶(qing)活(huo)動(dong),以(yi)及“半(ban)山扒龍舟(zhou)”,“阿婆扒龍舟(zhou)”,“新(xin)年獅藝”等(deng)民俗活(huo)動(dong),頗(po)具地方特(te)色(se)。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)素(su)有“珠江文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燈(deng)塔”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美譽(yu),早在6000多年前,勤(qin)勞智慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)人(ren)(ren),就(jiu)在這塊土地(di)上創造了(le)燦爛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“雙肩(jian)石(shi)器”文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua);明(ming)(ming)(ming)清時(shi)期,以(yi)(yi)湛若水、何白(bai)云、康有為為代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大批(pi)文(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)學(xue)子隱居西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao),探求理學(xue),錘煉心性,使(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)獲得了(le)“南(nan)粵(yue)理學(xue)名山(shan)(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雅號,西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)“理學(xue)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)”自(zi)此聲譽(yu)雀起;西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特色(se)(se)鮮明(ming)(ming)(ming),她不僅以(yi)(yi)佛、儒、道(dao)三教(jiao)融合(he)為其(qi)(qi)特點,更以(yi)(yi)具有中國特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)海(hai)觀(guan)音(yin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)令人(ren)(ren)矚目,聳立于西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)第八(ba)高(gao)峰上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世界第一(yi)觀(guan)音(yin)座像(xiang)已(yi)成(cheng)為人(ren)(ren)們(men)研究(jiu)觀(guan)音(yin)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必到之所;作為國家(jia)森林公園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan),其(qi)(qi)綠(lv)色(se)(se)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)尤為突出,西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以(yi)(yi)其(qi)(qi)美好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態環境和優(you)越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理位置,被稱(cheng)為整(zheng)個“珠江三角洲”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“前花園(yuan)”成(cheng)為在改(gai)革開放和經濟(ji)發展中逐(zhu)步走(zou)向“都市化(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)粵(yue)民(min)眾遠離塵囂,回歸自(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)塊福地(di)。在這里,游人(ren)(ren)可盡(jin)情(qing)吞吐西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)翠色(se)(se),肆意吸納(na)山(shan)(shan)川靈氣(qi),休閑(xian)度假修身養性,健康長生(sheng)已(yi)成(cheng)為西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)“綠(lv)色(se)(se)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)道(dao)亮麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風景線。
西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)村人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)婚(hun)嫁習俗和(he)生(sheng)產勞動習俗,引(yin)起了游(you)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)極大興趣,特別是“半(ban)山(shan)(shan)扒龍舟(zhou)”,“阿婆扒龍舟(zhou)”,“新年獅藝(yi)”等(deng)民(min)間游(you)藝(yi)活動,更(geng)是盛況空前,游(you)人(ren)(ren)若不(bu)以(yi)一(yi)睹為(wei)快。西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)美(mei)譽眾多,自(zi)古以(yi)來民(min)間就(jiu)流(liu)傳有“南(nan)粵名山(shan)(shan)數二(er)樵(qiao)(qiao)”的(de)(de)(de)佳話,將西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)與東(dong)樵(qiao)(qiao)(羅浮山(shan)(shan))列為(wei)南(nan)粵名山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)代表,更(geng)有文人(ren)(ren)學士寫詩矚文,給西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以(yi)更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)評價。趙樸初有“古風(feng)爆竹喧(xuan)人(ren)(ren)日(ri),世內桃源現代家”的(de)(de)(de)佳句,秦牧有“西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)秀色美(mei)于詩”的(de)(de)(de)贊譽,黃(huang)施民(min)有“西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)若問(wen)比東(dong)樵(qiao)(qiao),秀倚南(nan)天此最嬌”的(de)(de)(de)吟詠,更(geng)有學者專家盛贊其為(wei)“不(bu)上(shang)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan),不(bu)算到嶺南(nan)”。今天,處于新世紀的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)--這顆綠色的(de)(de)(de)寶石,正在顯(xian)現出愈(yu)加奪目的(de)(de)(de)光彩。
廣東的(de)新石器文(wen)化遺存(cun),自本世紀的(de)三(san)(san)(san)、四十(shi)年代始(shi),在香港、海豐(feng)、粵東一些地方有過(guo)若干發(fa)現(xian)①,并提出過(guo)“海豐(feng)沙(sha)坑文(wen)化(SON)”、“海豐(feng)三(san)(san)(san)角尾文(wen)化(SAK)”、“海豐(feng)菝仔園文(wen)化(PAT)”三(san)(san)(san)個文(wen)化名稱②,以及香港“舶(bo)寮島文(wen)化”等(deng)③。
解放(fang)以來,廣(guang)東發現的(de)新石器時代遺址或遺物地(di)點,約(yue)有四、五百(bai)處,經試掘(jue)和(he)發掘(jue)的(de)約(yue)四、五十處。清理(li)墓葬二百(bai)多座,獲得各種文(wen)化(hua)遺物數以萬計(ji),為探索(suo)廣(guang)東原始社會的(de)歷史,提(ti)供了珍貴的(de)實物資料(liao)。在(zai)各地(di)發現的(de)文(wen)化(hua)遺存(cun)中(zhong),已經提(ti)出了兩(liang)個文(wen)化(hua)名稱,即西樵山文(wen)化(hua)和(he)石峽(xia)文(wen)化(hua)。
石(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)1977年提出的(de)(de)④。它(ta)(ta)以(yi)曲江縣石(shi)(shi)峽遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)下層(ceng)和墓葬代表,分布于粵北地(di)(di)區(qu),是(shi)一(yi)種以(yi)稻(dao)作農業經濟為(wei)主的(de)(de)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代晚期文(wen)化(hua)(hua)。文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)以(yi)钁、鏟(chan)、錛、鏃、鉞,陶器(qi)(qi)以(yi)鼎(ding)、釜、甑和盤、豆、罐(guan)、壺組合,以(yi)及(ji)(ji)石(shi)(shi)琮、璧、環、璜、玦、笄等(deng)飾(shi)物共存(cun)為(wei)特征(zheng)⑤。它(ta)(ta)與江西地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)“山背文(wen)化(hua)(hua)”(尤其與樊城堆下層(ceng))⑥,江浙地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)良渚文(wen)化(hua)(hua),山東(dong)大汶口文(wen)化(hua)(hua),以(yi)及(ji)(ji)湖南湘鄉岱子坪和長(chang)沙月亮(liang)山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)等(deng)有著密切關系(xi)⑦。雖然同類文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)還發現不多,但它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)特征(zheng)和年代是(shi)比較(jiao)明確的(de)(de)。
西(xi)樵山遺(yi)址發現于(yu)1958年(nian),西(xi)樵山文化(hua)(hua)是1960年(nian)提出的(de)(de)。然而,西(xi)樵山遺(yi)址與西(xi)樵山文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)內涵(han)、特(te)征、性質(zhi)、年(nian)代及其分(fen)布如何?尚(shang)缺乏充分(fen)討論和專題(ti)探討。我(wo)認為這(zhe)一問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)深入探討和解決,不僅對研究廣東(dong)尤(you)其是珠江三角洲地區的(de)(de)歷史(shi),而且對探索與華南(nan)(nan)、東(dong)南(nan)(nan)沿海地區有關原(yuan)始文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)關系,都有重要意(yi)義。故不揣淺(qian)陋,把個(ge)人的(de)(de)一些初(chu)步看法提出來,求教(jiao)于(yu)同志們。
發現及研究
為(wei)了進(jin)一步探討西樵山文化,有(you)必要(yao)將(jiang)西樵山遺(yi)址的發現及其主要(yao)看法,作一扼要(yao)的介(jie)紹。
西樵山(shan)(shan)遺址位于(yu)廣東南海縣官山(shan)(shan)鎮西樵山(shan)(shan),它原是一座古火(huo)山(shan)(shan)丘,周邊長約(yue)13公(gong)里,直徑約(yue)4公(gong)里。山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)高度(du)一般為100-200米,最高峰(feng)大科峰(feng)為300余米。山(shan)(shan)體主要由粗面(mian)巖(yan)(yan)、火(huo)山(shan)(shan)碎屑巖(yan)(yan)和石(shi)英巖(yan)(yan)構成。在東北部的火(huo)石(shi)逕等有燧石(shi)、瑪瑙出露(lu);在西部的馬鞍山(shan)(shan)及山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)的錦巖(yan)(yan)等洞穴有霏細巖(yan)(yan)巖(yan)(yan)脈(mo)。西樵山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)麓周圍(wei)分布著新老兩套洪積(ji)沖(chong)積(ji)扇,山(shan)(shan)下連接開闊的珠(zhu)江(jiang)三(san)角洲沖(chong)積(ji)平原。從(cong)新石(shi)器以至更(geng)早的時候起,便有人類(lei)在山(shan)(shan)上及周圍(wei)一帶采石(shi)制(zhi)器,勞動(dong)生息。
西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址發現后,經省內外許(xu)多單位的(de)科學(xue)(xue)工作者的(de)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)、試(shi)掘和(he)(he)研究,先后發表了(le)一些調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)報告和(he)(he)文章。主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)有(you):中(zhong)山(shan)大學(xue)(xue)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)組的(de)《廣(guang)東南海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)石器(qi)的(de)初步調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)》(以(yi)下簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)《初步調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)》)⑧,廣(guang)東省博物館的(de)《廣(guang)東省南海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)出土(tu)的(de)石器(qi)》(簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)石器(qi)》)⑨,賈蘭(lan)坡(po)的(de)《廣(guang)東地(di)區古人類(lei)學(xue)(xue)及(ji)考(kao)古學(xue)(xue)研究的(de)未來(lai)希(xi)望》(簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)《未來(lai)希(xi)望》)⑩,黃慰文等(deng)(deng)《廣(guang)東南海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址復查(cha)(cha)(cha)》(簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)《復查(cha)(cha)(cha)》)⑾,曾騏《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)東麓(lu)的(de)細(xi)(xi)石器(qi)》⑿,等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。截至1980年年止,西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)發現的(de)石器(qi)地(di)點已有(you)二十多處(chu),獲得燧石細(xi)(xi)石器(qi)材料大約二、三千件(jian);霏細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)大石片石器(qi)大約三、四千件(jian),以(yi)及(ji)一部分(fen)粗砂陶和(he)(he)泥質印紋陶片。這些發現和(he)(he)論述,歸納(na)起來(lai)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)兩大問題。
遺址性質
多數研究者(zhe)認為,西樵山是一處石器(qi)(qi)(qi)制作(zuo)場,如《未(wei)來希望》、《山西懷仁鵝毛口石器(qi)(qi)(qi)制造場遺(yi)(yi)址》⒀、《復查(cha)》和《關于華南早期(qi)(qi)新石器(qi)(qi)(qi)的幾個(ge)問題》⒁等。《初步調查(cha)》和《西樵山石器(qi)(qi)(qi)》兩個(ge)報告,則(ze)認為還(huan)存在(zai)著(zhu)與采集、漁獵(早期(qi)(qi)的)和鋤(chu)耕農業(晚期(qi)(qi)的)有關的遺(yi)(yi)存。
我(wo)贊成西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)主(zhu)要是(shi)一(yi)(yi)處大型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、使(shi)用(yong)年(nian)(nian)代很長、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)供給范圍很廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法。只有(you)(you)充分(fen)注意并(bing)進一(yi)(yi)步解決石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作場(chang)這(zhe)(zhe)個問題,才能(neng)(neng)對(dui)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)許多地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)現大量打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(成品(pin)(pin)、半(ban)成品(pin)(pin)、廢(fei)品(pin)(pin))和(he)巨量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)作出恰(qia)當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解釋,特別是(shi)對(dui)霏細巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)打制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類、定(ding)名和(he)年(nian)(nian)代,進行正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析,珠江(jiang)三角洲許多新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以至(zhi)青銅時代遺(yi)址石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源問題,才能(neng)(neng)得到正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)答(da)案。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)(dian),《復查(cha)》和(he)《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)東麓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作者作出了比較深入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析。但我(wo)也(ye)認(ren)為西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)還應(ying)有(you)(you)生(sheng)產(chan)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun),而不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)造場(chang)。早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如太(tai)監崗和(he)南蛇(she)崗,既(ji)有(you)(you)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化堆積(ji),又(you)發(fa)(fa)現有(you)(you)使(shi)用(yong)痕跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就更為明顯。除(chu)鎮頭西(xi)(xi)坡(第(di)15地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian))保存(cun)有(you)(you)長20余(yu)米(mi),厚1米(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化層(ceng)(淡水沙蜆等(deng)貝殼堆積(ji),可分(fen)兩層(ceng),內含大量石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)、部(bu)分(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶片(pian)(pian))⒂外,第(di)7地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)(佛子廟)和(he)第(di)11地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian)等(deng),都有(you)(you)文(wen)化堆積(ji),并(bing)非都是(shi)坡積(ji)層(ceng)。又(you)如西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)中學校址(暫編第(di)23地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)(dian))先后出土過(guo)十(shi)多件(jian)(jian)磨(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霏細巖、砂巖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、錛、有(you)(you)段石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛,這(zhe)(zhe)里是(shi)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)(pian)坡地(di)(di)(di)或(huo)臺地(di)(di)(di),這(zhe)(zhe)些生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)具應(ying)與鋤耕農業有(you)(you)關。此外,西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址先后發(fa)(fa)現過(guo)大約近百(bai)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。有(you)(you)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料如砂巖、板巖等(deng)似非西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)所出產(chan)。這(zhe)(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),也(ye)應(ying)與農業生(sheng)產(chan)密切相關。
遺址年代
主要(yao)有(you)(you)幾種(zhong)(zhong)看法:(1)開始于(yu)一萬年(nian)(nian)前的(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)末期(qi)⒃;(2)對(dui)第(di)二地點(火石(shi)(shi)逕)或其(qi)它(ta)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地點,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)章把它(ta)和(he)“沙苑文(wen)化”作對(dui)比,認為(wei)可能屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)中石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代⒄,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)認為(wei)屬(shu)(shu)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)或更早(zao)(zao)⒅,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)推測第(di)二地點可以是一種(zhong)(zhong)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)以前的(de)(de)(de)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)化⒆;(3)對(dui)西樵山(shan)遺(yi)(yi)址總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)看法,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)認為(wei)包涵了舊石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)和(he)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)不同時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)⒇,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)認為(wei)其(qi)年(nian)(nian)代可能較早(zao)(zao)于(yu)以印紋陶為(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)(21),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)認為(wei)細石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與磨光石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)應是“同時異(yi)相(xiang)”,早(zao)(zao)于(yu)增城金蘭寺和(he)海豐遺(yi)(yi)址,年(nian)(nian)代為(wei)距(ju)今五、六千年(nian)(nian)前(22),等(deng)等(deng)。
我(wo)贊成(cheng)西樵山包涵著新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)早、中、晚不同(tong)時期的(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)(cun)。早期的(de)(de)指細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存(cun)(cun),主要(yao)(yao)有(you)火石(shi)逕、旋風崗、太監(jian)(jian)崗和南蛇(she)崗四處(chu)。根(gen)據省(sheng)博物(wu)館對(dui)火石(shi)逕、中山大學(xue)考古教研室對(dui)太監(jian)(jian)崗的(de)(de)試(shi)掘(jue)(jue)(23),以(yi)及(ji)筆者陪同(tong)有(you)關專家的(de)(de)多次觀(guan)察(24),這(zhe)兩處(chu)山崗存(cun)(cun)在著不與磨光(guang)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶片共存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)堆積層。不過,太監(jian)(jian)崗因(yin)基建取土,火石(shi)逕因(yin)有(you)現代壕溝、墓葬、采石(shi)坑,試(shi)掘(jue)(jue)面積都很(hen)小,兩處(chu)的(de)(de)文化層看來并(bing)不典型、清晰。要(yao)(yao)徹底解決這(zhe)幾處(chu)細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)地點的(de)(de)文化層及(ji)年代問題,還需要(yao)(yao)較大面積的(de)(de)發掘(jue)(jue)。
西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),其石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料以(yi)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為主,細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包括小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)四(si)大(da)(da)(da)類。根據(ju)比(bi)(bi)較分析,西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)我國(guo)北方(fang)(fang)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)較早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)有(you)許多(duo)相似之處(chu),最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)同樣具(ju)有(you)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉(xie)及(ji)其所由剝(bo)離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)等(deng)代(dai)表性器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)。據(ju)曾騏(qi)同志對(dui)(dui)旋風崗等(deng)地點七(qi)二(er)(er)四(si)件(jian)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分類統(tong)計,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)二(er)(er)七(qi)八件(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)九十(shi)二(er)(er)件(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)(san)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)三(san)(san)二(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)又(you)可(ke)(ke)分多(duo)種(zhong)形(xing)式,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)華(hua)北細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船底形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)扇形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。在(zai)三(san)(san)二(er)(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),楔(xie)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占一(yi)(yi)○五件(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Ⅲ式寬身楔(xie)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)即(ji)(ji)船底形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)有(you)十(shi)四(si)件(jian)。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面,曾騏(qi)同志認(ren)為,西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)角形(xing)楔(xie)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)帶把石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)為其他省區所少見。在(zai)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖(jian)錐狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),未見華(hua)北常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“鉛(qian)筆尖(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)”。西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)邊緣(yuan)多(duo)數(shu)未經第二(er)(er)步(bu)加(jia)工。細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬長、厚長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)數(shu)均偏(pian)大(da)(da)(da)。而且缺乏典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頭刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(僅八件(jian))、雕刻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(二(er)(er)件(jian))和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(zu)(三(san)(san)件(jian))。不見北方(fang)(fang)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆。這些(xie),又(you)表明西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(25)。在(zai)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)這批細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材料發表之前,安志敏(min)先生(sheng)曾經指(zhi)出:“以(yi)海拉爾(er)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存,具(ju)有(you)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而沒有(you)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共生(sheng)。同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象也見于(yu)陜西大(da)(da)(da)荔沙苑,河(he)南(nan)許昌(chang)靈(ling)井(jing),山(shan)(shan)西沁水下(xia)川和(he)河(he)北陽(yang)原虎頭梁(liang)等(deng)遺(yi)址(zhi),特別(bie)(bie)是(shi)下(xia)川、虎頭梁(liang)經過發掘,有(you)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地層證(zheng)據(ju),屬于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)能性較大(da)(da)(da),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對(dui)(dui)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)可(ke)(ke)能距(ju)今八九千(qian)年(nian)(nian)。”(26)曾騏(qi)同志的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章(zhang)也談(tan)到,西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),“總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)說,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點接(jie)近于(yu)沙苑、松山(shan)(shan)(即(ji)(ji)海拉爾(er)——引者)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而后兩者都被暫定為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai),西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)可(ke)(ke)能與(yu)上(shang)(shang)述遺(yi)存相去不遠”。同時,根據(ju)賈蘭坡先生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現場觀察(cha)、對(dui)(dui)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)(da)部分細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)標本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒別(bie)(bie)及(ji)其有(you)關文章(zhang),肯定西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)屬于(yu)我國(guo)華(hua)北細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(27)。此外,細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)復合工具(ju),多(duo)嵌于(yu)骨、木工具(ju)上(shang)(shang)使(shi)用(yong)。它往往與(yu)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漁獵(lie)經濟(ji)相聯(lian)系(xi)。西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)及(ji)其周圍數(shu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)前還是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個河(he)涌縱橫、島丘散(san)布、林木茂盛、沼澤遍(bian)野(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理環境,也正(zheng)符合這種(zhong)經濟(ji)類型(xing)。
如果再結合其它一些(xie)現象考慮,如第(di)(di)3、4、5地點(dian)也采集過少(shao)量(liang)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),第(di)(di)7地點(dian)也發現有(you)幾(ji)件(jian)燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)核和幾(ji)十(shi)件(jian)球形的(de)敲砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),在(zai)南海螺崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、藤涌崗(gang),觀音廟口,佛(fo)山(shan)河宕(dang),番禺喃嘸(fu)山(shan)以(yi)及深圳小(xiao)梅沙等新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中、晚期遺(yi)(yi)址中,也出有(you)個別燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)小(xiao)型打制石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(詳(xiang)見(jian)文(wen)末附表)。此(ci)外,從(cong)西樵(qiao)山(shan)第(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)11地點(dian)等霏細(xi)巖(yan)的(de)部分(fen)有(you)肩斧、錛、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜背形砍砸器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和細(xi)薄長石(shi)(shi)片等的(de)打片法,也可(ke)以(yi)看到它們與細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)片的(de)打片法有(you)著承襲關系。因此(ci),我(wo)認為(wei)西樵(qiao)山(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)存應屬(shu)于(yu)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)早期,其年(nian)代(dai)大(da)約相當于(yu)距今七(qi)八千年(nian),下限可(ke)能還會延續得晚一些(xie)。總而言之,西樵(qiao)山(shan)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)存的(de)發現,填補了(le)華南細(xi)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址分(fen)布上的(de)空白(bai),提出了(le)廣東(dong)石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)研究的(de)新(xin)課題。
其次是屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)地(di)點(dian)或(huo)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。這(zhe)(zhe)類遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)多分(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)(yu)西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)南(nan)、西(xi)、北麓(lu)或(huo)臺地(di),部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)(yu)較高的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)岡和(he)(he)洞穴,包(bao)(bao)(bao)括采石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(如(ru)虎頭(tou)巖(yan)等(deng)(deng))、制石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(如(ru)第7、第11、15地(di)點(dian)等(deng)(deng))、漁獵捕撈和(he)(he)“鋤農業(ye)”(如(ru)貝殼堆積、第23地(di)點(dian)等(deng)(deng))。這(zhe)(zhe)類遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料,絕大多數為(wei)霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan),器(qi)(qi)形以(yi)有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao),包(bao)(bao)(bao)括斧、錛(ben)、鏟(chan)等(deng)(deng),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)如(ru)刮削器(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)、龜背形砍(kan)砸器(qi)(qi)、矛(mao)形器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)。還有一(yi)(yi)些霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)、細(xi)(xi)砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)的(de)(de)長身(shen)、梯形和(he)(he)有段(duan)的(de)(de)磨光錛(ben)、鑿、矛(mao)等(deng)(deng),粗略估計在(zai)(zai)三(san)、四(si)(si)千(qian)件左右。其中通體(ti)磨光的(de)(de)不(bu)過(guo)一(yi)(yi)、二百件,礪石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)超過(guo)一(yi)(yi)、二十件。陶片僅有二、三(san)百片,包(bao)(bao)(bao)括繩(sheng)(sheng)紋、刻劃紋夾砂(sha)(sha)陶和(he)(he)泥(ni)質(zhi)、夾砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)幾何(he)印(yin)(yin)紋陶。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環等(deng)(deng)飾物(wu)偶有發(fa)現(第15地(di)點(dian)),動(dong)物(wu)(不(bu)包(bao)(bao)(bao)括介殼類)或(huo)植物(wu)遺(yi)(yi)骸至(zhi)今尚無發(fa)現。這(zhe)(zhe)些現象(xiang)與一(yi)(yi)般定居遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是不(bu)相稱的(de)(de)。幾何(he)印(yin)(yin)紋陶(如(ru)方格紋、曲尺(chi)紋、重圈紋、葉脈紋等(deng)(deng))的(de)(de)出(chu)現,正說明(ming)西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)的(de)(de)文化遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)。還可(ke)(ke)從以(yi)下三(san)個方面(mian),進一(yi)(yi)步證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)過(guo)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。第一(yi)(yi),鎮(zhen)頭(tou)西(xi)坡含貝殼層遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)試掘(jue),經碳十四(si)(si)測定,表(biao)明(ming)其年代(dai)(dai)(dai)相當于(yu)(yu)(yu)中、晚期(qi)(詳后年代(dai)(dai)(dai)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen))。第二,據(ju)金蘭寺、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽、河宕、茅(mao)崗(gang)等(deng)(deng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)掘(jue)和(he)(he)測定年代(dai)(dai)(dai)可(ke)(ke)作旁證(zheng)(zheng),在(zai)(zai)西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)諸(zhu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(或(huo)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)地(di)點(dian))中,凡出(chu)細(xi)(xi)繩(sheng)(sheng)紋、刻劃紋而未有印(yin)(yin)紋陶的(de)(de),可(ke)(ke)定為(wei)中期(qi);凡已出(chu)幾何(he)印(yin)(yin)紋陶的(de)(de),可(ke)(ke)定為(wei)晚期(qi)。第三(san),從西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)類型的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(主(zhu)要是霏(fei)細(xi)(xi)巖(yan)的(de)(de)有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi))廣泛分(fen)(fen)布于(yu)(yu)(yu)珠江三(san)角洲地(di)區新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中、晚期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中亦可(ke)(ke)得到印(yin)(yin)征(詳見文末附表(biao))。
由此可見,西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是一(yi)處大型的(de)(de)、延(yan)續年代很長(chang)的(de)(de)、供應(ying)范圍很廣的(de)(de)石(shi)器(qi)制作場,這是最突出和最主要的(de)(de)。同時也有生產(chan)生活的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi),這也是不可否認的(de)(de)。總之,西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)包涵了新石(shi)器(qi)各(ge)個階段的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)存,主要是中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)(yi)存。
文化內涵
西樵(qiao)山文(wen)化因1958年首先發(fa)現于(yu)南(nan)海縣西樵(qiao)山而得名。在(zai)一段時間內,它(ta)是專指(zhi)西樵(qiao)山遺(yi)址本身(shen)的遺(yi)存。從發(fa)現的材料(liao)看,西樵(qiao)山文(wen)化應當是分布于(yu)珠江三角洲地區的一種新石器時代的原始文(wen)化。它(ta)區別于(yu)封開(kai)黃(huang)巖洞(dong)(dong)類(lei)型和英德青塘(tang)類(lei)型的洞(dong)(dong)穴遺(yi)址,區別于(yu)韓江流域陳橋村類(lei)型的貝丘(qiu)遺(yi)址,也不同于(yu)粵北的石峽文(wen)化,具(ju)有其自身(shen)的特點(dian)。
遺址分布
西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化包括(kuo)了以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)場為(wei)紐帶(dai)和西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)等(deng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)物共存為(wei)標(biao)志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)群古(gu)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存。主要分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于狹義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)般系指北(bei)自(zi)(zi)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)水(shui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)自(zi)(zi)三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)思賢滘以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,西(xi)(xi)(xi)自(zi)(zi)潭江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,東自(zi)(zi)東莞(guan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)龍以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)南(nan)海(hai)(hai)、番(fan)禺(yu)、順德、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)、新(xin)會、東莞(guan)、高鶴、寶(bao)安(an)、增城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)或大部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)、佛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門(men)(men)、深圳、珠(zhu)海(hai)(hai)五個市(shi),面積(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)萬平(ping)方公里(li))。如(ru)果我(wo)們(men)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)——主要是(shi)(shi)霏細巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種指示物來探索(suo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu),那么,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)范圍(wei)可(ke)能及于廣(guang)(guang)(guang)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)般指北(bei)自(zi)(zi)北(bei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)飛(fei)來峽(xia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,西(xi)(xi)(xi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)(zi)三(san)(san)(san)榕峽(xia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下,東江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)(zi)劍潭以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。包括(kuo)清遠、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)、花縣(xian)(xian)、番(fan)禺(yu)、增城、三(san)(san)(san)水(shui)、南(nan)海(hai)(hai)、佛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、順德、高鶴、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、新(xin)會、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門(men)(men)、珠(zhu)海(hai)(hai)、臺(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、恩(en)平(ping)、開(kai)平(ping)、博羅(luo)、東莞(guan)、寶(bao)安(an)、深圳、肇慶、高要、四(si)(si)(si)會等(deng)二十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)個縣(xian)(xian)、市(shi),總面積(ji)(ji)為(wei)三(san)(san)(san)萬四(si)(si)(si)千多平(ping)方公里(li))(33)。除花縣(xian)(xian)、順德、四(si)(si)(si)會、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)門(men)(men)、肇慶和開(kai)平(ping)等(deng)外,其余各縣(xian)(xian)、市(shi)均有(you)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。如(ru)果包括(kuo)香(xiang)港沿海(hai)(hai)島(dao)(dao)嶼,筆者查到有(you)這(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)已達一(yi)(yi)(yi)百處(chu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(詳(xiang)見文(wen)(wen)末附(fu)表)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)在珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址如(ru)此廣(guang)(guang)(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu),一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面正表明(ming)它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個供應范圍(wei)很廣(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、大型(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)場(這(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)沖積(ji)(ji)平(ping)原缺乏適合制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好石(shi)(shi)(shi)料有(you)關);另方面可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)證明(ming)當時(shi)(shi)(至遲在制(zhi)作有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)之(zhi)時(shi)(shi))已經出現(xian)(xian)了社會分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)工與(yu)產(chan)品(pin)交換(huan)。應當說明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),我(wo)們(men)并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)將霏細巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)無作為(wei)確(que)定西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化同類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)(yi)標(biao)志(zhi),而只是(shi)(shi)把它作為(wei)探求西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據和線(xian)索(suo)。例如(ru),我(wo)們(men)并不(bu)把番(fan)禺(yu)和廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)飛(fei)鵝嶺等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些與(yu)夔紋陶共存含有(you)西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)型(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅時(shi)(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存劃(hua)入西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化。又如(ru),我(wo)們(men)之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把香(xiang)港一(yi)(yi)(yi)些遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址歸入西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化類(lei)型(xing)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)存,那不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)蒲臺(tai)島(dao)(dao)、南(nan)丫(ya)島(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆須城等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)都發(fa)現(xian)(xian)過(guo)霏細巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)肩(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi),更重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)那里(li)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)少新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)中、晚期(qi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化面貌都與(yu)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)洲(zhou)十(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)相象或說一(yi)(yi)(yi)脈相承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(34)。
遺物特征
文化遺物包括石器、陶器、紡輪、骨角牙蠔蚌(bang)質的工具和飾物等。這(zhe)里不準備逐項詳細描述,只(zhi)略舉(ju)其主要(yao)器物及其特點。
簡介
所謂(wei)西樵山(shan)(shan)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)器,一(yi)(yi)指(zhi)其石(shi)(shi)料,二指(zhi)其器形。以燧石(shi)(shi)為主(zhu)要原料的(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)器是西樵山(shan)(shan)文化(hua)早(zao)期(qi)遺址中具(ju)有特點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)生產工具(ju)(具(ju)體器物及分類(lei)參看曾騏(qi)的(de)(de)(de)《西樵山(shan)(shan)東麓(lu)的(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)器》一(yi)(yi)文及本文第一(yi)(yi)部分的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)述,這里從略),除(chu)主(zhu)要發現于西樵山(shan)(shan)外,珠(zhu)江三角洲一(yi)(yi)些遺址也有少量(liang)發現(詳見文末(mo)附表)。
以(yi)霏細巖為(wei)主要石料的(de)有(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石器(qi)是西樵(qiao)山(shan)文化(hua)中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)最富代(dai)表(biao)性(xing)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)工具,器(qi)形(xing)(xing)包括(kuo)斧(fu)(fu)、錛(ben)(ben)、鏟等(deng),以(yi)斧(fu)(fu)、錛(ben)(ben)為(wei)大宗。西樵(qiao)山(shan)石器(qi)制作場出(chu)土的(de)多(duo)為(wei)打(da)制的(de)(包括(kuo)一(yi)部(bu)分廢品(pin)和殘(can)件),刃(ren)部(bu)多(duo)未(wei)經磨(mo)(mo)制,斧(fu)(fu)或(huo)錛(ben)(ben)的(de)器(qi)形(xing)(xing)難辨(bian);珠江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲遺(yi)址(zhi)發現的(de)多(duo)為(wei)磨(mo)(mo)制(刃(ren)部(bu)磨(mo)(mo)制或(huo)通體(ti)磨(mo)(mo)光),錛(ben)(ben)比斧(fu)(fu)多(duo),還常見一(yi)種(zhong)有(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)段石器(qi)。此外(wai),還有(you)一(yi)些長身(shen)、梯形(xing)(xing)或(huo)有(you)段的(de)斧(fu)(fu)、錛(ben)(ben)、鑿以(yi)及鏃、矛等(deng)。西樵(qiao)山(shan)打(da)制的(de)有(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石器(qi),主要可分四(si)式(shi):Ⅰ式(shi)為(wei)圓(yuan)盤(pan)狀(zhuang),柄部(bu)不(bu)突出(chu),應是從(cong)這種(zhong)圓(yuan)盤(pan)狀(zhuang)石坯打(da)制出(chu)雙肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)。Ⅱ式(shi)略呈扇(shan)形(xing)(xing),短柄,溜(liu)肩(jian)(jian)(jian),弧刃(ren)
,薄體。Ⅲ式器身呈(cheng)梯(ti)形,長(chang)柄或(huo)短(duan)肩(jian),肩(jian)角大于九十(shi)度,弧刃的(de)多(duo)(duo)。Ⅳ式短(duan)身,寬(kuan)刃,肩(jian)多(duo)(duo)呈(cheng)直角,平刃的(de)多(duo)(duo)。西樵(qiao)山類型的(de)有(you)肩(jian)石器,其大小(xiao)、厚薄相差懸(xuan)殊,可能反映出用途的(de)不同。最大的(de)長(chang)達12-14、寬(kuan)6-8、厚1-2厘米;最小(xiao)的(de)長(chang)僅3-4、寬(kuan)2-3、厚0.3-0.5厘米。
有(you)肩石鏟(chan)(chan)的(de)特征是器(qi)型(xing)大(da),長身,短柄。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)文(wen)化中此類石鏟(chan)(chan)發現不多,如中山(shan)大(da)學在(zai)大(da)仙崗采(cai)集(ji)(ji)的(de)一件,器(qi)身琢(zhuo)制,全長21.5、柄高3.5、寬9-10.6厘米;省博物館在(zai)第7地(di)點采(cai)集(ji)(ji)的(de)一件,全長17、柄高3.3、寬7-7.5厘米。此外,廣州飛鵝嶺菠羅山(shan)、番(fan)禺西(xi)(xi)(xi)園(yuan)莊、喃(nan)嘸山(shan)也(ye)有(you)發現,但時代(dai)較晚。西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)或西(xi)(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)文(wen)化的(de)有(you)肩石鏟(chan)(chan)與海(hai)南(nan)島(dao)發現的(de)長身石鏟(chan)(chan),與粵西(xi)(xi)(xi)封開、德(de)慶、高要以及湛江地(di)區的(de)陽江、海(hai)南(nan)島(dao)儋縣等地(di)發現的(de)大(da)石鏟(chan)(chan)(指(zhi)桂(gui)南(nan)類型(xing)的(de)大(da)石鏟(chan)(chan))是否(fou)有(you)承襲關系,是一個(ge)值得注(zhu)意的(de)問題(35)。
這里再舉幾個數(shu)字,以(yi)說明西樵山(shan)文化遺址(zhi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)與其(qi)(qi)(qi)它形式石(shi)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)共存、比例關系(xi)。例一(yi)(yi),1960年前在廣東中(zhong)部低地區(基本(ben)上就是珠江三(san)(san)角洲)發現的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)四(si)處遺址(zhi)中(zhong),獲得各(ge)種石(shi)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)○二(er)三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)鏟(chan)(chan)類(lei)九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)五(wu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);錛(ben)類(lei)三(san)(san)三(san)(san)四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)三(san)(san)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)八(ba)(ba)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)二(er)十(shi)五(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這里四(si)種主要石(shi)器(qi)(qi)共計五(wu)四(si)五(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)二(er)七(qi)(qi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),即占(zhan)(zhan)50%強(36)。例二(er),寶安蚌地山(shan)出土(tu)(tu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)二(er)○○件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)、錛(ben)、鑿九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)五(wu)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),即占(zhan)(zhan)62%,而有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)僅有(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(37)。例三(san)(san),佛山(shan)河(he)宕舊墟出土(tu)(tu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(不(bu)計礪石(shi)和裝(zhuang)飾品)二(er)一(yi)(yi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)(十(shi)二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、錛(ben)(八(ba)(ba)十(shi)二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、鏟(chan)(chan)(三(san)(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),共九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)斧(fu)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)錛(ben)三(san)(san)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)九(jiu)(jiu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。三(san)(san)種合計五(wu)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),占(zhan)(zhan)斧(fu)錛(ben)鏟(chan)(chan)總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)58.7%。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次,在河(he)宕遺址(zhi)中(zhong),西樵山(shan)石(shi)料的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)四(si)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(霏細巖的(de)(de)(de)四(si)十(shi)五(wu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、燧石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)斧(fu)
六(liu)件(jian)、雙(shuang)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)三(san)件(jian);錛(ben)類(lei)三(san)十件(jian)、雙(shuang)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)八件(jian)、單(dan)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)件(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)件(jian)。如此(ci)斧(fu)錛(ben)三(san)十六(liu)件(jian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)半(38)。例(li)四,廣州飛鵝嶺(ling)九處遺址(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)五(wu)○件(jian),占(zhan)(zhan)各(ge)類(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80%左(zuo)右。在(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),以斧(fu)最多(duo),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)錛(ben)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)件(jian)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)Ⅳ式(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)(短身(shen)寬肩(jian)(jian)(jian))和長身(shen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟也與(yu)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)近。霏細巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)也占(zhan)(zhan)很大比(bi)例(li),證明其(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)應來自西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(39),不(bu)(bu)過,年(nian)(nian)代應當較晚(wan)。以上(shang)數(shu)例(li)可以說明,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要生(sheng)產工具中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相(xiang)當大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)(大約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)60%以上(shang))。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)特別是(shi)典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)多(duo),它遠不(bu)(bu)如石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)(wen)化墓葬(zang)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣典型、精制。但在(zai)珠江(jiang)三(san)角洲晚(wan)期遺址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),普遍出現(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)小型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben),它是(shi)否反映(ying)著有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者溶為一(yi)(yi)體呢尚未見到(dao)詳細論證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)章(zhang)。與(yu)此(ci)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)問題(ti)是(shi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孰早(zao)(zao)孰晚(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。就(jiu)兩廣地區(qu)(qu)——我(wo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要發(fa)(fa)祥地和最流行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)(qu)之一(yi)(yi)來看,我(wo)認為有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要早(zao)(zao)于有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。主(zhu)要理(li)由是(shi)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山遺址(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨一(yi)(yi)無二(er)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制造場,其(qi)(qi)次,在(zai)增城金蘭寺下層(ceng)、東(dong)莞(guan)萬福庵下層(ceng)、新會羅山咀、高要永安夏(xia)江(jiang)村(cun)這些新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),已經出現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。這些遺址(zhi)(zhi)或層(ceng)位(wei)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)定在(zai)距(ju)今(jin)五(wu)、六(liu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)。而(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)在(zai)廣東(dong)出現(xian)(xian)地層(ceng)明確、年(nian)(nian)代較早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)曲(qu)江(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽遺址(zhi)(zhi)下層(ceng)及墓葬(zang)。共存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少量有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及幾何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)(wen)化墓葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代為距(ju)今(jin)四千(qian)五(wu)百(bai)年(nian)(nian)上(shang)下,下層(ceng)前一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代較早(zao)(zao),大致也不(bu)(bu)超過距(ju)今(jin)六(liu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)。就(jiu)全省(sheng)調查發(fa)(fa)掘情況看,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)與(yu)幾何(he)形印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)共存。
陶器
西樵(qiao)山遺址發現的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器很(hen)少(前(qian)后出土估計(ji)不過二、三百片(pian)),且缺乏完整器。可分兩類(lei)(lei):一類(lei)(lei)是夾砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao),器形有圜底(di)釜(fu)等,這里的(de)(de)一部分陶(tao)(tao)(tao)釜(fu)片(pian),具有早期(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器的(de)(de)特征,如黃褐(he)色或紅褐(he)色,胎薄,火候低,飾繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)或壓點紋(wen)(wen)(wen),有的(de)(de)帶紅色、白(bai)色陶(tao)(tao)(tao)衣,年代(dai)應(ying)當較(jiao)早。另一類(lei)(lei)是泥(ni)質素面陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)幾何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),后者(zhe)也有夾砂的(de)(de)(胎較(jiao)厚(hou)),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)有方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、曲尺(chi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、半重圈紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等,年代(dai)當較(jiao)晚。
我們可以(yi)從(cong)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)周圍如南海(hai)、佛山(shan)(shan)以(yi)至珠江三角(jiao)洲的其他遺址(zhi),看到西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化陶(tao)器(qi)的特(te)征。新(xin)石器(qi)時代中期遺址(zhi),如南海(hai)觀(guan)音廟口、新(xin)會羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)咀(ju)、增城(cheng)金(jin)(jin)蘭寺下(xia)層、東莞萬(wan)福庵下(xia)層、高要永安夏江、深(shen)圳大(da)、小(xiao)梅(mei)沙(sha)(sha)(40)、以(yi)至香港深(shen)灣F層等。這(zhe)類遺址(zhi)夾砂陶(tao)器(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)很(hen)大(da)比重(如羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)咀(ju)、大(da)、小(xiao)梅(mei)沙(sha)(sha)都達95%以(yi)上)。主要器(qi)形是圜底釜,還有罐(guan)、缽(bo)(碗)、盤(pan)、杯(bei)、豆(dou)和“器(qi)座”等。紋(wen)飾以(yi)各(ge)種繩紋(wen)和刻劃紋(wen)、篦(bi)點紋(wen)為主。器(qi)形一(yi)(yi)般較小(xiao),手制或模制。泥質(zhi)(zhi)陶(tao)有罐(guan)、鏤孔(kong)矮(ai)圈足(zu)盤(pan)、平底盆和淺盤(pan)、豆(dou)、杯(bei)等。泥質(zhi)(zhi)磨(mo)(mo)光紅陶(tao)(或橙(cheng)黃(huang)陶(tao))占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)定比例,并出現了彩陶(tao),這(zhe)是西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化陶(tao)器(qi)的一(yi)(yi)個特(te)點。如金(jin)(jin)蘭寺、萬(wan)福庵、深(shen)灣等泥質(zhi)(zhi)陶(tao)都占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有一(yi)(yi)定比例。金(jin)(jin)蘭寺下(xia)層的夾砂陶(tao)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)82.5%、磨(mo)(mo)光紅陶(tao)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)13.6%、彩陶(tao)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.9%便是一(yi)(yi)例。
彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)已知的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you),金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺(41)、萬福(fu)庵(an)、小(xiao)(xiao)梅(mei)殺(42)、香(xiang)港舂(chong)(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)、銅(tong)鼓灣(wan)(wan)、大(da)灣(wan)(wan)和蟹(xie)地(di)灣(wan)(wan)等(deng)(43)。金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺和萬福(fu)庵(an)多為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)殘(can)片(pian),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)矮圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)等(deng)。金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)磨(mo)光紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)赭紅(hong)色(se)寬(kuan)帶紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足上(shang)),或(huo)在(zai)(zai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)葉脈狀紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。東(dong)莞彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)里均繪(hui)(hui)(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),泥(ni)質黃(huang)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)先(xian)涂(tu)白地(di),再繪(hui)(hui)(hui)暗紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)帶紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。在(zai)(zai)金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺還(huan)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)可(ke)復原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缽(bo)(bo)(bo),泥(ni)質灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao),質地(di)較堅硬,斂口(kou)(kou)(kou)小(xiao)(xiao)平底(di),底(di)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)旋(xuan)轉痕(hen)跡,口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(寬(kuan)1.2厘米)紅(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)帶紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。口(kou)(kou)(kou)徑17.5、高5.7厘米。舂(chong)(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)(Chung Hom Wan)有(you)(you)(you)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)復原(yuan)器(qi),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足淺底(di)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(Shallow Dish)器(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)略(lve)有(you)(you)(you)差(cha)別。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斂口(kou)(kou)(kou),圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足向內弧(hu);另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)敞(chang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)斜腹,圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足外(wai)(wai)撇,飾(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)圓鏤孔(kong),紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)白衣(yi),盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)紅(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)波浪(lang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。同(tong)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)鏤孔(kong)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足直(zhi)腹細泥(ni)紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)杯(bei),器(qi)身刻(ke)曲折紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(44)舂(chong)(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)類彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)矮圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)殘(can)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),省博(bo)物館(guan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)藏品(45)。1980年,深圳(zhen)小(xiao)(xiao)梅(mei)沙遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan),經復原(yuan)其形(xing)(xing)(xing)制與(yu)舂(chong)(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)幾(ji)乎完全(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,唯器(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)稍(shao)大(da),彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圖(tu)案更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)清晰(xi),美觀(46)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)均定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)石(shi)時代(dai)中期。此(ci)外(wai)(wai),在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)館(guan)藏品中,筆者找到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)粗紗陶(tao)(tao)(tao)釜或(huo)罐(guan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)殘(can)片(pian),口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道紅(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)帶紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),以(yi)(yi)(yi)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)刻(ke)劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),出(chu)于南海(hai)縣,編號為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“NKG”的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這表(biao)(biao)明西(xi)樵山遺(yi)址(zhi)所在(zai)(zai)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)南海(hai)縣也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)發(fa)現(xian)。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you),在(zai)(zai)佛山河(he)宕下層也(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)現(xian)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)質橙黃(huang)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足小(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan),在(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)三條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)短(duan)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),上(shang)腹繪(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)筆流暢的(de)(de)(de)赭色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。另外(wai)(wai)在(zai)(zai)下層出(chu)土有(you)(you)(you)十多件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(殘(can)片(pian))泥(ni)質磨(mo)光彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan),圖(tu)案是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種紅(hong)色(se)或(huo)赭紅(hong)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)帶紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)或(huo)寬(kuan)窄并列的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),繪(hui)(hui)(hui)于盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)外(wai)(wai)或(huo)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)面(mian),花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)比較簡(jian)單(47)。總之,珠江三角(jiao)洲、香(xiang)港沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)島嶼(以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)韓(han)江三角(jiao)洲海(hai)豐等(deng)地(di)(48))新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)中、晚期遺(yi)存(cun)中發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),數量(liang)還(huan)不多,圖(tu)案紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)樣比較簡(jian)單。器(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)(xiao)平底(di)缽(bo)(bo)(bo)、圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足小(xiao)(xiao)罐(guan)和夾(jia)砂(sha)釜或(huo)罐(guan)等(deng),彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圖(tu)案屬于幾(ji)何形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)系統(帶狀條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、平行線(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈狀條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾(gou)(gou)連弧(hu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)勾(gou)(gou)連云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)),比較復雜的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)梅(mei)沙那種近似(si)(si)勾(gou)(gou)連弧(hu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)加(jia)圓點(dian)(dian)等(deng),至今未(wei)發(fa)現(xian)動植(zhi)物圖(tu)案花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。總的(de)(de)(de)風格與(yu)我(wo)(wo)國東(dong)南沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)省區新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)中期陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)上(shang)刻(ke)劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)特征是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de),因此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)說具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方特點(dian)(dian);但又與(yu)青蓮崗(gang)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、曇石(shi)山文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、鳳鼻(bi)頭文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)相似(si)(si)之處。例如(ru),南京北陰(yin)陽營有(you)(you)(you)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)帶紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足碗,邳縣大(da)墩子彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缽(bo)(bo)(bo)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)勾(gou)(gou)連弧(hu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)加(jia)圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(49)。臺灣(wan)(wan)鳳鼻(bi)頭文(wen)化(hua)(hua)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)足上(shang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)類似(si)(si)舂(chong)(chong)坎灣(wan)(wan)弧(hu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。臺中社腳也(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)類似(si)(si)河(he)宕那種在(zai)(zai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)面(mian)上(shang)繪(hui)(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)窄排(pai)列的(de)(de)(de)短(duan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(50),等(deng)等(deng)。廣東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)與(yu)它們(men)可(ke)能有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)關系。
相當(dang)于(yu)新石(shi)器時代晚期的代表性遺(yi)址,有金蘭寺(si)中層(ceng)、東(dong)莞龍江村、南海通心崗、灶(zao)崗、佛山河宕(dang)、高要(yao)茅崗、深圳(zhen)鶴地山、赤灣村、寶安(an)蚌地山(51)、西(xi)樵(qiao)山鎮(zhen)頭西(xi)坡(po),以及香(xiang)港深灣cb層(ceng)等。
廣東(dong)新(xin)石(shi)器晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)根據石(shi)峽下層(ceng)和(he)(he)中層(ceng)等遺(yi)址的(de)層(ceng)位疊(die)壓和(he)(he)器物的(de)特(te)點變化(hua)關系,可以分(fen)為前、后兩個(ge)階段(或稱晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)和(he)(he)末期(qi))。上述珠江三角(jiao)洲的(de)遺(yi)址雖然本身還有早晚(wan)(wan)之別,如金蘭寺中層(ceng)分(fen)有2A層(ceng)和(he)(he)2B層(ceng),河(he)宕遺(yi)址可分(fen)第(di)2層(ceng)和(he)(he)第(di)3層(ceng),鎮頭西坡貝殼層(ceng)也可分(fen)上、下層(ceng),但它(ta)們(men)在(zai)文(wen)化(hua)面貌和(he)(he)年代上大多(duo)屬于末期(qi),即大體與(yu)石(shi)峽中層(ceng)、始興澄陂村窯址相當。
這個時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)幾何形(xing)(xing)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)盛行(xing),泥質(zhi)(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)和(he)夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)都(dou)拍印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)飾,而且(qie)具有(you)(you)(you)特點(dian)。以(yi)(yi)河(he)(he)(he)(he)宕(dang)、灶崗(gang)與石(shi)峽(xia)(xia)中層比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),前兩(liang)者(zhe)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)深(shen)(shen)而清晰(xi),單(dan)位結構粗疏,如對角(jiao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)重方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(大小由(you)四(si)至(zhi)五重組(zu)(zu)成)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個單(dan)位直徑達4-6厘米(mi)。印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類也(ye)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),河(he)(he)(he)(he)宕(dang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)處就有(you)(you)(you)二十多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不同花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)器形(xing)(xing)承襲、發(fa)展了本區前期的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。如炊煮(zhu)器仍(reng)以(yi)(yi)釜為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),三足(zu)(zu)(zu)器(如鼎(ding)等(deng)(deng))極少發(fa)現(xian)(佛山(shan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)宕(dang)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)四(si)萬多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)片(pian)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian),僅(jin)見一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件實足(zu)(zu)(zu))。深(shen)(shen)圳赤灣(wan)發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粗砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐(lu)(lu)箅形(xing)(xing)”器,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下面(mian)支(zhi)墊器座(zuo),應為(wei)(wei)烤魚類的(de)(de)(de)(de)器物,過去寶(bao)安、香港深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)等(deng)(deng)地發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)殘件,不明用(yong)途(tu)(52)。另外深(shen)(shen)圳還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶兩(liang)個鏤孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐(lu)(lu)座(zuo)”(暫(zan)名)。這里僅(jin)舉河(he)(he)(he)(he)宕(dang)為(wei)(wei)例,河(he)(he)(he)(he)宕(dang)舊墟遺址較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)揭露及(ji)其出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富陶(tao)(tao)器,在西樵山(shan)附近以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲地區具有(you)(you)(you)相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)代表性(xing),使我們比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)清楚地看到晚期(末(mo)期)陶(tao)(tao)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類和(he)幾何印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)彩。如盛行(xing)圜(yuan)底釜、矮圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)罐,缺乏三足(zu)(zu)(zu)器類。釜多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)寬沿敞口(kou)(棱角(jiao)明顯)、扁圓腹(fu)。夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)除(chu)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)、條紋(wen)(wen)(籃紋(wen)(wen))、劃紋(wen)(wen)(以(yi)(yi)水(shui)波狀為(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo))外,還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)曲尺(chi)紋(wen)(wen)、梯(ti)子形(xing)(xing)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)、云雷(lei)紋(wen)(wen)、對角(jiao)線重方(fang)格(ge)、凸(tu)圓點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)二十多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。泥質(zhi)(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)罐壺(hu)類和(he)盤(pan)(pan)豆類。罐壺(hu)類都(dou)附圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu),形(xing)(xing)式多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang),主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)圓腹(fu)和(he)折肩(jian)兩(liang)類。圓腹(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)素面(mian)磨(mo)光,地層和(he)墓葬中都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)出(chu)土(tu)(tu),是(shi)(shi)石(shi)峽(xia)(xia)中層未見的(de)(de)(de)(de)。小口(kou)折肩(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de),肩(jian)以(yi)(yi)上無紋(wen)(wen),肩(jian)以(yi)(yi)下有(you)(you)(you)云雷(lei)紋(wen)(wen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至(zhi)三周,以(yi)(yi)下多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)曲尺(chi)紋(wen)(wen)組(zu)(zu)合,是(shi)(shi)末(mo)期出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)典型器。石(shi)峽(xia)(xia)中層也(ye)有(you)(you)(you),但數量很(hen)少。盤(pan)(pan)豆類數量多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo),以(yi)(yi)鏤孔矮圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)有(you)(you)(you)斂口(kou)、子母口(kou)和(he)展唇(chun)等(deng)(deng)不同形(xing)(xing)式,質(zhi)(zhi)地多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)細泥磨(mo)光紅陶(tao)(tao)或橙(cheng)黃(huang)陶(tao)(tao)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)
種斂口的(de)(de)磨光紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)盤,很象仰韶式的(de)(de)紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缽(bo),但下(xia)面(mian)附(fu)有(you)圈(quan)足(zu),同時在圈(quan)足(zu)盤中(zhong)還(huan)有(you)一(yi)部(bu)分彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)。泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)印紋種類將近有(you)三(san)十(shi)種,主要拍印于罐壺類上(shang)。此外,河(he)宕(dang)(dang)還(huan)發現有(you)六、七十(shi)片(pian)(pian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)上(shang)有(you)刻(ke)(ke)劃(hua)(hua)符號,二(er)件器(qi)底(di)部(bu)刻(ke)(ke)劃(hua)(hua)魚(yu)紋,符號多刻(ke)(ke)于圈(quan)足(zu)盤的(de)(de)底(di)部(bu)。石(shi)峽下(xia)層沒有(you)發現刻(ke)(ke)劃(hua)(hua)符號,中(zhong)層僅(jin)見(jian)一(yi)個“米(mi)”字形(xing)符號。而與(yu)河(he)宕(dang)(dang)年代相當的(de)(de)高要茅崗(gang)也(ye)發現有(you)十(shi)個左(zuo)右的(de)(de)刻(ke)(ke)劃(hua)(hua)符號。河(he)宕(dang)(dang)下(xia)層與(yu)中(zhong)層的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪有(you)明顯區別,中(zhong)層多為(wei)(wei)素面(mian)。下(xia)層的(de)(de)其底(di)面(mian)多有(you)刻(ke)(ke)劃(hua)(hua)花紋,為(wei)(wei)單線或(huo)復線的(de)(de)圓弧線,把底(di)面(mian)分成三(san)、四、五等分。還(huan)應提到(dao),增城金蘭寺中(zhong)層,出(chu)土過一(yi)件形(xing)象逼真的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)祖(且),它反映了這一(yi)時期(qi)父權制的(de)(de)確立。(53)
工具飾物
在(zai)珠江三(san)角洲,港澳沿海島嶼的貝(bei)丘和(he)沙丘遺(yi)址(zhi)中,出(chu)土有(you)(you)一部分(fen)以動(dong)物、介殼類遺(yi)骸制(zhi)作的工具和(he)飾物,這也是西樵山(shan)文化(hua)遺(yi)存的一個(ge)不(bu)可(ke)忽視(shi)的特(te)點。例如,在(zai)萬福(fu)庵、河宕(dang)(dang)獅子橋、王借(jie)崗等遺(yi)址(zhi),都發現有(you)(you)蠔(hao)殼磨成的穿孔(kong)(kong)工具。河宕(dang)(dang)舊(jiu)墟出(chu)有(you)(you)一種特(te)殊(shu)形式的穿孔(kong)(kong)骨針(zhen)(疑即(ji)織(zhi)魚(yu)網織(zhi)針(zhen))。河宕(dang)(dang)的骨鏃比石鏃多幾(ji)倍(bei)。新會羅山(shan)咀(ju)發現穿孔(kong)(kong)蚶殼、深灣下層有(you)(you)穿孔(kong)(kong)鯊魚(yu)牙(ya)飾。有(you)(you)些(xie)遺(yi)址(zhi)還出(chu)土魚(yu)脊骨串飾等。
墓葬特點
西樵(qiao)山文化的早期(qi)(qi)墓葬(zang)尚無發(fa)(fa)現(xian)。中期(qi)(qi)的如新會(hui)羅(luo)山咀發(fa)(fa)現(xian)一(yi)座二次(ci)甕棺葬(zang),葬(zang)具為(wei)兩(liang)件(jian)相套的粗砂陶厚胎折肩甕,肩上刻劃一(yi)周三角形(內加斜線)劃紋(wen),還(huan)有一(yi)個刻劃符號。人骨從頭(tou)到下肢有序地疊置(zhi)于甕內,隨葬(zang)品有骨簪、穿(chuan)孔麻龜板(ban)飾物(wu)各一(yi)件(jian)(54)。據《深(shen)灣》發(fa)(fa)掘報告(gao),在F層(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)晚期(qi)(qi)cb層(ceng)(ceng)都發(fa)(fa)現(xian)過(guo)火(huo)葬(zang)及(ji)土葬(zang)。引人注目的是火(huo)葬(zang),這種火(huo)葬(zang)是從文化層(ceng)(ceng)中零星散見的許多碎(sui)骨,包括頭(tou)骨及(ji)肢骨等,經過(guo)八百度高(gao)溫(wen)火(huo)化跡象(xiang)而判定的(55)。
晚期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較多發現(xian)。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)金(jin)蘭寺(si)2A層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)殼(ke)(ke)堆積中發現(xian)四座(zuo)(zuo),淺(qian)坑(keng)(keng)或(huo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯,人(ren)(ren)骨(gu)(gu)架頭東腳(jiao)西(xi)(xi),仰(yang)臥直(zhi)(zhi)肢,基本并行(xing)排(pai)列(lie)。鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(老)、兩男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(青(qing))、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兒童(tong),兒童(tong)緊依(yi)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)骨(gu)(gu)架。其中M2(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),25歲(sui)±),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)拔(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(56)。僅(jin)M4女(nv)(nv)性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)長方格印紋陶(tao)(tao)缶、骨(gu)(gu)飾各(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian),南海灶崗貝(bei)丘遺(yi)址發現(xian)六座(zuo)(zuo),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)多不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯,頭向(xiang)東南,腳(jiao)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)北,仰(yang)臥直(zhi)(zhi)肢,經鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)老少(shao)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。僅(jin)三(san)座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)(ge)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石(shi)錛一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。1977年(nian)(nian)(nian),筆(bi)者在(zai)河(he)宕獅子橋(qiao)遺(yi)址調查,發現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)頭蓋骨(gu)(gu)、顎骨(gu)(gu)、肢骨(gu)(gu)殘骸,推測(ce)應為墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。獅子橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)與河(he)宕舊墟的(de)(de)(de)中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)相當。1977-1978年(nian)(nian)(nian),河(he)宕舊墟發掘760平(ping)方米(mi),發現(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)七十(shi)(shi)七座(zuo)(zuo)(中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)五十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)貝(bei)殼(ke)(ke)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)二(er)十(shi)(shi)六座(zuo)(zuo))。這(zhe)(zhe)批(pi)(pi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)文化層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中,多數(shu)(shu)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)淺(qian)坑(keng)(keng)(如M15打(da)破(po)紅燒土(tu)居址)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式主要是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次單(dan)人(ren)(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang),仰(yang)臥直(zhi)(zhi)肢,但下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)可能(neng)為二(er)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang),仍為仰(yang)臥直(zhi)(zhi)肢。M12發現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)架兩具,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑(keng)(keng)不(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯,經鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)同為中年(nian)(nian)(nian)女(nv)(nv)性(xing),還(huan)(huan)不(bu)能(neng)肯定(ding)(ding)為合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)(zhe)批(pi)(pi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)為東西(xi)(xi)向(xiang),經鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)五十(shi)(shi)六座(zuo)(zuo),男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)老少(shao)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),幼童(tong)占(zhan)十(shi)(shi)座(zuo)(zuo)。中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)老幼都是間錯排(pai)列(lie)(還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些疊(die)壓打(da)破(po)關系),并非同輩(bei)的(de)(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)序地排(pai)列(lie)。經鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重要現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),即成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭西(xi)(xi)腳(jiao)東,成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)女(nv)(nv)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭東腳(jiao)西(xi)(xi)(57)。二(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)座(zuo)(zuo)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin),占(zhan)成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)42%,隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)(pin)共(gong)四十(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian),每(mei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多者三(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian),少(shao)者一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。女(nv)(nv)性(xing)多隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)紡輪一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian),男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)多為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)小(xiao)石(shi)錛或(huo)鏃、矛(mao),或(huo)許仍然反映著男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)兩性(xing)自然分(fen)工(gong)。還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)器,九件(jian)(jian)(jian)陶(tao)(tao)器均(jun)出(chu)于中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)打(da)破(po)中層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。其中甲區M1(女(nv)(nv)老年(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(泥(ni)質黑皮圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤二(er)、夾砂方格紋圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian))。M19(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),青(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)),泥(ni)質薄(bo)胎方格紋敞口凹(ao)底罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。M23(女(nv)(nv),青(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)),肩有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雙鋬磨光黑皮小(xiao)陶(tao)(tao)罐(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。M24(男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)),似水晶質地的(de)(de)(de)玦和紅陶(tao)(tao)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)(guan)各(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)除了隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小(xiao)石(shi)錛、骨(gu)(gu)鏃、石(shi)鏃、石(shi)環(huan)(huan)、陶(tao)(tao)紡輪外,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)(ya)器。兩座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)均(jun)為青(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing),M25(30歲(sui)±,人(ren)(ren)工(gong)拔(ba)牙(ya)(ya)),人(ren)(ren)骨(gu)(gu)右(you)手腕上(shang)戴大象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)(ya)環(huan)(huan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian),頭上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)半環(huan)(huan)形一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)側帶(dai)凹(ao)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)飾一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian),長10厘(li)米(mi)余;M65(25歲(sui)±,拔(ba)牙(ya)(ya)),頭上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大小(xiao)相若的(de)(de)(de)亞腰筒(tong)形器兩件(jian)(jian)(jian),高7.6、上(shang)徑6.2、下(xia)徑8.2厘(li)米(mi)。制作精致,薄(bo)如蛋(dan)殼(ke)(ke)。
更為重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi),這批人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)骨(gu)架在可供觀察的(de)(de)(de)(de)二十(shi)二個(ge)成年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong),發(fa)(fa)(fa)現有(you)(you)(you)十(shi)九(jiu)個(ge)(男十(shi),女九(jiu))生(sheng)前(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya),未(wei)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)個(ge),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)出現率占(zhan)82.6%。拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong),最小年(nian)齡為22-25歲(甲區M63),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)除的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)種(zhong)絕大(da)多(duo)數是(shi)上(shang)頜(he)兩側(也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)單(dan)側)第二門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi),還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)五例是(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)除上(shang)頜(he)中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)、中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)與左(zuo)右側門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)(de)(de),研(yan)(yan)究人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)指(zhi)出“這是(shi)值得注意(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(58),因為我國山(shan)東(dong)大(da)汶口文化、江蘇邳縣大(da)墩子、福建曇石(shi)山(shan)等新(xin)石(shi)器時代遺址發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)材料中(zhong),拔(ba)(ba)(ba)除或(huo)敲去的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)種(zhong)絕大(da)多(duo)數(據統計占(zhan)90%強)是(shi)上(shang)頜(he)側門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi),一般忌(ji)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)及下門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi),同時拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同,往往反映著不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。河(he)宕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)骨(gu)架體(ti)(ti)質(zhi)形(xing)態(tai),鑒定(ding)接近于蒙(meng)古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)南亞(ya)類型(xing)。發(fa)(fa)(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究報告(gao)又(you)指(zhi)出。雖然“顯(xian)示出一些同赤道人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)相(xiang)似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征”,“但他們還(huan)應該(gai)屬(shu)于蒙(meng)古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南部(bu)邊緣類型(xing)”(59)。男性平均(jun)身高(gao)約為166厘米(mi),女性約154厘米(mi)。比黃河(he)流域(yu)新(xin)石(shi)器時代居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)估算身高(gao)(168.4-172.3厘米(mi))矮(ai)一些。上(shang)述金(jin)蘭寺墓葬經鑒定(ding)認為“這批頭(tou)骨(gu)有(you)(you)(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征”,并指(zhi)出“有(you)(you)(you)些形(xing)態(tai)如圓頭(tou)、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)可能對探(tan)討我國沿(yan)海的(de)(de)(de)(de)民族起源(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)遷移有(you)(you)(you)一定(ding)意(yi)義”(60)。如上(shang)所述,廣(guang)東(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)二十(shi)個(ge)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)個(ge)體(ti)(ti),都發(fa)(fa)(fa)現于珠江三(san)角洲沿(yan)海的(de)(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺址,文化性質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)年(nian)代也(ye)相(xiang)當,均(jun)屬(shu)距今四(si)千(qian)年(nian)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)器末期,結合《山(shan)海經》、《淮南子》、和(he)(he)(he)《唐大(da)和(he)(he)(he)上(shang)東(dong)征傳》(61)等文獻有(you)(you)(you)關記述以及民族學(xue)材料,特(te)別是(shi)結合從山(shan)東(dong)至廣(guang)東(dong),我國東(dong)方和(he)(he)(he)東(dong)南沿(yan)海地(di)區(包括臺(tai)灣)考古發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)器時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類體(ti)(ti)質(zhi)形(xing)態(tai)、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)(鑿齒(chi)(chi))材料,不難看出廣(guang)東(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)這批墓葬及拔(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(ya)資料,具有(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值。
總之,上(shang)述(shu)河(he)宕、灶崗(gang)、金蘭寺等貝丘遺址(zhi)的(de)墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)幾個(ge)共同特點(dian):(1)墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)或(huo)(huo)墓地分布于遺址(zhi)中;(2)墓坑不明顯或(huo)(huo)挖淺坑,用貝殼填埋;(3)墓坑或(huo)(huo)人骨架以東西向為主,實行一次(ci)單(dan)人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)為主(河(he)宕可能(neng)也(ye)有(you)二次(ci)單(dan)人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)),未見明確(que)的(de)合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓;(4)多數墓沒有(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(約占墓葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)總數的(de)三(san)分之二),有(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品的(de)每座(zuo)墓多為一件,也(ye)有(you)二、三(san)件的(de)。這些情(qing)況,可能(neng)在很大程度上(shang)反(fan)映了珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲一帶(dai)當時居民的(de)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)制(zhi)和葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗。
地理環境
西樵山(shan)文化分布的(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)三角洲,是(shi)一個地勢坦(tan)蕩,河涌(yong)縱(zong)橫,山(shan)崗臺地(一說(shuo)是(shi)島丘)棋布,又有不少低(di)洼沼澤地的(de)沖積平(ping)原(62)。這(zhe)種復合三角洲的(de)地理(li)環(huan)境,亞熱帶(dai)或熱帶(dai)氣候(hou)及(ji)自(zi)然資(zi)源的(de)特點,必然給西樵山(shan)文化原始居民(min)的(de)經濟來(lai)源和生活(huo)習俗,帶(dai)來(lai)很大(da)的(de)影響。這(zhe)可從(cong)遺(yi)址類型、自(zi)然遺(yi)物及(ji)居住(zhu)遺(yi)跡(如“干(gan)闌式”建筑)等方面得到說(shuo)明。
遺址類型
在各種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)-山(shan)崗(或(huo)島丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu))、臺地、土(tu)墩、貝(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)沙(sha)(sha)洲)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中,貝(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)占半數以(yi)上,總數不少于一百處。廣東新(xin)石器中期(qi)的(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)多(duo)(duo)是(shi)貝(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi),也多(duo)(duo)分布于珠江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲沿海地區。沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(或(huo)沙(sha)(sha)洲)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)如深(shen)圳大(da)、小梅(mei)沙(sha)(sha),香港深(shen)灣(wan)F層第。屬(shu)于晚期(qi)的(de)貝(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(或(huo)文化(hua)層)就更多(duo)(duo)了(le)(參看本(ben)文附表)。這類(lei)貝(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和沙(sha)(sha)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(主要(yao)是(shi)貝(bei)(bei)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)),堆積著大(da)量(liang)成層的(de)介殼類(lei)和水陸棲動(dong)物遺(yi)(yi)骸(hai)。如河宕(dang)舊墟發掘面積760平方米,就出土(tu)有三千五百多(duo)(duo)件(jian)各種(zhong)(zhong)動(dong)物的(de)遺(yi)(yi)骨,以(yi)及數以(yi)噸計的(de)介殼(主要(yao)是(shi)下(xia)層)。下(xia)面列舉一些比較重要(yao)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu),以(yi)供研究參考。
象(xiang)(南海民(min)樂、河(he)宕(dang)(dang)、茅崗等,民(min)樂象(xiang)頭(tou)(tou)骨鑒(jian)定為“西樵(qiao)山(shan)亞(ya)洲(zhou)象(xiang)新亞(ya)種)(63)”,牛(河(he)宕(dang)(dang)中層、金蘭(lan)寺(si)、增(zeng)城石灘仙(xian)村(cun)(cun)、新塘、博(bo)羅鐵場墟、民(min)樂龍(long)船田、觀音廟口(kou)、深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)[Bos]),豬(河(he)宕(dang)(dang),茅崗,龍(long)江村(cun)(cun),深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)等,茅崗、河(he)宕(dang)(dang)經(jing)鑒(jian)定有小部分屬家養),彌猴([Macca sp.]河(he)宕(dang)(dang)下層),馬(ma)(ma)來鱷([Tomistoma sp.]河(he)宕(dang)(dang)、東(dong)莞龍(long)江村(cun)(cun)等),硬(ying)頭(tou)(tou)海鯰(俗稱赤魚(yu)[Arius Leiotetoce phalos]深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)數(shu)量多(duo),還(huan)河(he)宕(dang)(dang),金蘭(lan)寺(si))(64),據(ju)《深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)》報告說是(shi)一種深(shen)(shen)海魚(yu)類,產卵(luan)時可游至淺海或(huo)河(he)口(kou)),斷斑石鱸(俗稱頭(tou)(tou)鱸,也(ye)(ye)深(shen)(shen)海魚(yu)類,深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)有大量出(chu)土),海豚(tun)、大魟(hong)魚(yu)(深(shen)(shen)灣(wan)),麗(li)蚌或(huo)河(he)蚌(Lamprotula sp.)蘭(lan)蜆(xian)或(huo)河(he)蜆(xian)(Corbicula sp.),蚶(新會(hui)羅山(shan)咀(ju)、環城牛頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)、茶坑、外海潮蓮(lian)富崗、青瀾、高(gao)鶴古椰村(cun)(cun)、博(bo)羅馬(ma)(ma)嘶村(cun)(cun)、上南村(cun)(cun)、惠陽潼湖下里村(cun)(cun)等),牡蠣(li)(俗稱蠓,有長牡蠣(li)、僧帽牡蠣(li)等,河(he)宕(dang)(dang)舊墟、獅子橋、南海大瀝梁邊村(cun)(cun),增(zeng)城仙(xian)村(cun)(cun)、新塘、石灘、博(bo)羅鐵場圩,新會(hui)環城、外海、羅山(shan)咀(ju)等)(65)。此外,有些遺址還(huan)有石、陶網墜。以上這些發現(xian),一方(fang)(fang)面充分證明漁(yu)獵、捕撈(lao)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)當時居民(min)生活的(de)主要來源(yuan);另方(fang)(fang)面,對探(tan)討珠(zhu)三角洲(zhou)平原的(de)形成和(he)變遷及是(shi)否有過海浸等問題,也(ye)(ye)有參考價值。至于山(shan)岡(gang)和(he)臺地遺址,從(cong)大量磨制石斧(fu)、錛、鏟和(he)發達的(de)陶器看,晚期(qi)應(ying)有原始農(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)出(chu)現(xian)。但至今似未發現(xian)過農(nong)作物,因(yin)此無法作進一步的(de)推(tui)斷。
黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)獅(shi)藝武術(shu)館位于黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)的出生(sheng)地南(nan)海市西樵山(shan)下(xia)的祿舟村,距西樵官(guan)山(shan)城區僅三(san)公里。武術(shu)館籌建于一九九六年,占(zhan)地面積五點二三(san)畝,綠瓦飛(fei)檐,建筑別致,具有清末古建筑風格。館內分(fen)設有黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)故居、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)練功休息室(shi)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)史跡陳列(lie)影視室(shi)、寶芝林堂(tang)、百草堂(tang)、關德興紀念(nian)堂(tang)等。另(ling)有黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)影視城,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)武術(shu)村、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)水寨(zhai)等正在(zai)規劃(hua)中(zhong)。
黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)于(yu)道光二(er)十七(qi)年(一(yi)八(ba)四七(qi)年)出生于(yu)祿舟村(cun),其(qi)祖父(fu)黃(huang)泰(tai)、父(fu)親(qin)黃(huang)麒英均是南拳高(gao)手,黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)五歲(sui)學父(fu)習(xi)武,父(fu)嚴(yan)子(zi)專、進步(bu)很快(kuai),十二(er)歲(sui)時擊敗廣州鄭大(da)雄,頓時名聲(sheng)大(da)噪,時稱“少年英雄”,后(hou)開館(guan)授徒(tu)。黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)武藝高(gao)強,卻從不(bu)恃強凌弱,他一(yi)生行俠仗(zhang)義(yi),并開設寶芝(zhi)林懸壺濟世(shi),以其(qi)高(gao)尚(shang)的醫德、武德深受人們愛戴。
黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)獅藝武術館系黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)家鄉父老為弘(hong)揚(yang)黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)醫德、武德而建。館內除陳列黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)、關德興等事跡圖片實物外(wai),還定時表演(yan)功夫(fu)、舞(wu)龍、舞(wu)獅等傳統(tong)項目,黃飛(fei)鴻(hong)(hong)高(gao)樁(zhuang)醒獅有世界(jie)獅王之稱,其表演(yan)精彩(cai)絕倫,讓你大開(kai)眼(yan)界(jie),堪(kan)稱世界(jie)一(yi)絕。吸引眾多海內外(wai)游客(ke)前來欣賞。
2019年2月2日,被文化和旅(lv)游部命(ming)名為2018-2020年度“中國民間文化藝術之(zhi)鄉”。
2019年9月11日,西(xi)樵鎮入選“2018中國鄉鎮綜合競爭力100強”。