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朝那古城
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朝那古城位于寧夏彭陽縣城西16公里處的古城鎮人民政府駐地,朝那城因其年代久遠,故名古城,為秦漢朝那縣治所。朝那城址居古城川正中,茹河北岸,這里三面環山,峰巒疊嶂,為通往古長安的要沖。朝那古城歷史悠久,是寧夏境內設置最早的四個縣治之一。公元前272年,秦昭襄王伐滅義渠戎國,以朝那邑為中心,有縣治達1200多年,明降為東山里,清為古城川堡。漢文帝十四年匈奴單于14萬騎入朝那蕭關,北地都尉孫卬碧血撒疆場,朝野震動。1949年中國人民解放軍任山河戰斗驚天地、泣鬼神。幾經滄桑,朝那古城已殘缺嚴重,但朝那城址至今輪廓清晰,氣勢雄偉。1985年被縣人民政府公布為縣級重點文物保護單位。
  • 所在地/隸屬: 寧(ning)夏回族自治區固(gu)原(yuan)市彭陽縣城西16公里處的古城鎮人民(min)政府駐地
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基本介紹

朝那古城地勢平坦,其平面呈長方形,東西長682米、南北寬480米(mi),占地面積32.7萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。朝那(nei)城(cheng)墻殘高1-13米(mi)不等,基寬14米(mi),夯土(tu)層14~20米(mi)。朝那(nei)城(cheng)依(yi)東西南北開(kai)四門,今彭固(gu)公路穿(chuan)東西城(cheng)門而過(guo)。沿朝那(nei)城(cheng)墻外四周(zhou)辟有深3米(mi)、寬20米(mi)的護(hu)城(cheng)壕塹,至今猶存。

一、朝(chao)那設縣始未

“朝那(nei)(nei)”二字連(lian)用,無任(ren)何(he)意義(yi),顯然是少數民族(zu)方言(yan)音譯而成(cheng)。地名不讀作(zuo)“zhāonà或cháo nǎ”,而讀作(zuo)“zhūnuò”,彭(peng)陽(yang)方言(yan)讀作(zuo)“株諾”,靈臺方言(yan)將(jiang)“東朝那(nei)(nei)”讀作(zuo)“東株老”。辭(ci)海解釋:①古(gu)(gu)縣名,西漢置,在今寧(ning)夏固原(yuan)東南(nan)北魏(wei)末廢。②西魏(wei)大統元(yuan)年(公(gong)元(yuan)535年)置,治今甘肅靈臺西北,隋(sui)廢。從方言(yan)習俗(su)考(kao)證,朝那(nei)(nei)是一(yi)個古(gu)(gu)部族(zu)名。我認為朝那(nei)(nei)是先秦戎(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)的(de)一(yi)支(zhi)。先秦戎(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)大約十(shi)幾(ji)個部落,一(yi)個部落一(yi)種方言(yan),今鎮原(yuan)為古(gu)(gu)“彭(peng)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)國(guo)(guo)”,彭(peng)陽(yang)為“朝那(nei)(nei)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)國(guo)(guo)”之地,戰國(guo)(guo)時(shi)都(dou)歸附“義(yi)渠戎(rong)(rong)(rong)”。

朝(chao)那(nei)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個很早的(de)地名,戰國時(shi)就出名,是(shi)(shi)否立縣(xian)(xian)(xian),無明文(wen)記載,漢以(yi)后(hou)為縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi),史學界公認。秦昭王(wang)三十五年(nian)(公元前272年(nian)),秦滅義渠戎國置(zhi)北地郡,以(yi)彭陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)古城(cheng)(cheng)鎮為中心設置(zhi)朝(chao)那(nei)邑(yi)(塞(sai)),這(zhe)里稱(cheng)邑(yi)(后(hou)又稱(cheng)塞(sai))未(wei)見立縣(xian)(xian)(xian)之記載,但肯定以(yi)“朝(chao)那(nei)”為中心,對周(zhou)邊進行(xing)統治(zhi)。“朝(chao)那(nei)”一(yi)名,周(zhou)邊十余縣(xian)(xian)(xian)競(jing)相爭搶,但一(yi)鼎(ding)(ding)定乾(qian)坤。彭陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)古城(cheng)(cheng)鎮1979年(nian)出土(tu)的(de)“朝(chao)那(nei)鼎(ding)(ding)”足以(yi)證明“朝(chao)那(nei)”就在今天的(de)彭陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)古城(cheng)(cheng)鎮,當年(nian)挖出寶鼎(ding)(ding)的(de)人就是(shi)(shi)原彭陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)政協教科(ke)文(wen)衛委員會主任劉世富(fu)妻(qi)子鄭(zheng)月(yue)蓮。鼎(ding)(ding)上已有銘文(wen),說明古城(cheng)(cheng)就是(shi)(shi)漢代安定朝(chao)那(nei)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)址(zhi)。至(zhi)于秦代置(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)否,史書(shu)記載不(bu)明,不(bu)等于沒有行(xing)政建(jian)治(zhi)。

眾所周(zhou)知,殷商西周(zhou)實行(xing)(xing)分(fen)封(feng)制,但(dan)隨著(zhu)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)逐漸(jian)強大(da)(da)(da)(da),新開拓的(de)(de)疆土不(bu)再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)封(feng),進(jin)而(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)生郡(jun)(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。確切說(shuo)先有(you)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)后(hou)有(you)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)。“縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”,《說(shuo)文解字》說(shuo):“縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”為(wei)“從(cong)系(xi)持懸”,其(qi)原(yuan)義或(huo)為(wei)“掛(gua)”或(huo)為(wei)“系(xi)”。“縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”轉義為(wei)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)區劃(hua)名,最(zui)初設置(zhi)(zhi)在邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)(di),帶(dai)有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)防重地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,意(yi)為(wei)懸掛(gua)在遠離(li)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)都的(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)疆重地(di)(di)(di)(di)。初在邦畿和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都的(de)(de)千里之(zhi)外(wai)設“縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”,后(hou)亦稱邦畿內都邑和諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內地(di)(di)(di)(di)都邑為(wei)“縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”。其(qi)最(zui)初的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)比(bi)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)還(huan)(huan)要高些(xie)。戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)期,秦(qin)廢分(fen)封(feng)制,以(yi)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)統(tong)(tong)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),兩漢因之(zhi),后(hou)世(shi)相(xiang)隨,一(yi)直(zhi)到(dao)今(jin)(jin)。《說(shuo)文解字》說(shuo)的(de)(de)一(yi)清二楚:縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)“本是懸掛(gua)之(zhi)懸,借為(wei)州(zhou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”。“郡(jun)(jun)(jun)”的(de)(de)誕生雖晚于(yu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),但(dan)兩者都是春秋時期的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)物。一(yi)般(ban)認為(wei),春秋時“縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)于(yu)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)”,“上大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)受(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),下(xia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)受(shou)(shou)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)”,由(you)于(yu)離(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都“郡(jun)(jun)(jun)遠而(er)(er)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)近,縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)聚富(fu)庶,而(er)(er)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)荒陋,郡(jun)(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)并不(bu)相(xiang)統(tong)(tong)屬(shu)”,即(ji)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)邊(bian)(bian)遠荒僻(pi)之(zhi)處(chu),地(di)(di)(di)(di)廣(guang)人(ren)稀(xi),經濟不(bu)發達,所以(yi)上大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)受(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),下(xia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)夫(fu)受(shou)(shou)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)。戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時,諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)爭霸,邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)與內地(di)(di)(di)(di)差異(yi)縮小(xiao),少數強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)斷向外(wai)拓展(zhan),邊(bian)(bian)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)益(yi)增大(da)(da)(da)(da),地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)提高,郡(jun)(jun)(jun)下(xia)分(fen)置(zhi)(zhi)數縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),逐漸(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)管縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),郡(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)而(er)(er)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)小(xiao)。聯(lian)系(xi)到(dao)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制的(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng),秦(qin)昭王滅義渠戎國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),筑長城(cheng)(cheng)置(zhi)(zhi)北地(di)(di)(di)(di)郡(jun)(jun)(jun),他一(yi)定分(fen)置(zhi)(zhi)若(ruo)干縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),以(yi)加強邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)統(tong)(tong)治。況且,“朝那戎”又是最(zui)早(zao)歸附于(yu)秦(qin)的(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)戎族,它已完全進(jin)入農耕(geng)生活(huo)。其(qi)轄(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)包括彭陽(yang)全部,今(jin)(jin)涇(jing)源蒿店大(da)(da)(da)(da)灣(wan)、平(ping)涼大(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)路河、鎮(zhen)原(yuan)陳坪一(yi)帶(dai),原(yuan)州(zhou)河川等地(di)(di)(di)(di),跨今(jin)(jin)彭、固、涇(jing)、平(ping)、鎮(zhen)五縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)區。皇(huang)(huang)甫家(jia)族,梁氏(shi)家(jia)族均是朝那的(de)(de)望族。現今(jin)(jin)古城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)還(huan)(huan)有(you)一(yi)個村(cun)莊叫“黃寺”(應(ying)為(wei)“皇(huang)(huang)甫寺”的(de)(de)異(yi)稱,上世(shi)紀(ji)七十年(nian)代曾挖出(chu)過石(shi)碑(bei),可惜被毀(hui)掉。),北山坡(po)有(you)十幾(ji)處(chu)漢墓,從(cong)外(wai)形(xing)看,顯系(xi)貴族墓群。古城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)城(cheng)(cheng)址是古“朝那”,史學界(jie)無爭議。爭議的(de)(de)是朝那幾(ji)次遷移留下(xia)的(de)(de)移民歸屬(shu)問題。

二(er)、朝(chao)那縣治的幾次(ci)遷(qian)移

公元前(qian)(qian)(qian)272年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),秦昭(zhao)王三十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秦滅義(yi)渠戎(rong)國置北地(di)郡,以彭陽古城(cheng)為(wei)中心設置朝(chao)那(nei)邑(縣),這是當地(di)最早的政治中心,距今(jin)已二千(qian)二百多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。秦為(wei)加強邊(bian)境防御,修一條縱(zong)貫東西的長城(cheng),至(zhi)今(jin)仍(reng)有城(cheng)堡(bao)遺跡。朝(chao)那(nei)在西漢初期歸北地(di)郡管轄。漢武帝(di)(di)元鼎三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)(qian)114年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))劃歸安定郡(從北地(di)郡分設安定郡),是一個重(zhong)要邊(bian)關(guan)縣地(di)。文帝(di)(di)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元前(qian)(qian)(qian)166年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))匈奴(nu)14萬騎入蕭關(guan)朝(chao)那(nei),殺北地(di)都(dou)尉孫卬,燒回中宮。漢武帝(di)(di)執(zhi)政后,從公元前(qian)(qian)(qian)114年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到公元前(qian)(qian)(qian)88年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(后元元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、后元二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)武帝(di)(di)去逝)止,漢武帝(di)(di)先后六(liu)次北巡安定蕭關(guan)路過(guo)朝(chao)那(nei),充分說明朝(chao)那(nei)縣治重(zhong)要。

東漢(han)(han)建武八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元32年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),光(guang)武帝(di)親征隗(wei)囂,命伏波(bo)將軍(jun)馬援(yuan)收降高峻等,安置于(yu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)。(伏波(bo)將軍(jun)印(yin)在(zai)彭陽草廟出土,現存寧夏博物(wu)館)。從公(gong)元89年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)公(gong)元101年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),經過反復剿撫,先后三(san)(san)(san)次(ci)(ci)安置姜(jiang)族(zu)、匈(xiong)奴降眾于(yu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)。公(gong)元111年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),安帝(di)永(yong)初(chu)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)姜(jiang)族(zu)大起義,安定郡(jun)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)美(mei)陽(陜西武功),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)縣(xian)(xian)也隨之東遷(qian)(qian)(qian),史書(shu)記載郡(jun)吏(li)割禾毀屋,強迫(po)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)徙(xi),百姓隨道(dao)死亡,喪其大半。順(shun)帝(di)永(yong)建四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元129年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),尚(shang)書(shu)仆(pu)射虞(yu)詡上疏順(shun)帝(di)稱安定郡(jun)“沃野千里(li),谷稼(jia)殷(yin)積(ji)”,“水草肥美(mei),牛馬銜尾(wei),群羊(yang)塞道(dao)”,“北阻山(shan)河,乘阻據(ju)險,不(bu)可久廢”。九月,安定郡(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)回高平(ping),同時縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也遷(qian)(qian)(qian)回朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)。但東漢(han)(han)豪強官吏(li)慘暴統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),釀成(cheng)姜(jiang)族(zu)多次(ci)(ci)起義,東漢(han)(han)王朝(chao)(chao)(chao)先后鎮撫60余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),同時迫(po)使安定郡(jun)、朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)縣(xian)(xian)三(san)(san)(san)次(ci)(ci)喬遷(qian)(qian)(qian)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)到(dao)今(jin)華亭與(yu)靈臺(tai)的接(jie)合部,史書(shu)僅記郡(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)址(zhi),未(wei)記縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)址(zhi)。郡(jun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)移順(shun)序是永(yong)初(chu)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一遷(qian)(qian)(qian)美(mei)陽,永(yong)和六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元141年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))二遷(qian)(qian)(qian)扶風,初(chu)平(ping)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元190年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)(san)(san)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)臨涇(今(jin)鎮原縣(xian)(xian))。西晉時,戰亂不(bu)止,縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)徙(xi)不(bu)詳。十六國前(qian)趙光(guang)初(chu)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元320年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))烏氏縣(xian)(xian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)今(jin)涇川縣(xian)(xian)東,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)縣(xian)(xian)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)今(jin)華亭縣(xian)(xian)境。西魏大統(tong)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元535年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))朝(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)遷(qian)(qian)(qian)良原今(jin)靈臺(tai)縣(xian)(xian)西北再未(wei)歸建,直(zhi)到(dao)隨朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廢止。

正因為有了這(zhe)幾(ji)次遷徙,才引出周邊(bian)十余縣對方志人物的爭議,具體細節(jie)還(huan)有文史資料挖掘,地下文物佐(zuo)證。

朝那湫(qiu)位于(yu)古城鎮(zhen)海口村,常年流(liu)(liu)水不斷。源頭處有(you)兩眼泉(quan),四(si)季(ji)常流(liu)(liu),泉(quan)水清澈(che)甘甜,富含(han)多種天然(ran)礦物(wu)。

朝那鼎

1977年(nian)春(chun)天(tian),固原縣管轄的(de)古(gu)城公社古(gu)城大(da)隊的(de)農民(min)鄭月蓮(lian)在(zai)村莊外(wai)的(de)黑土梁山麓田(tian)埂旁修挖(wa)(wa)水渠,在(zai)距離地面60—70厘米(mi)的(de)地層,她的(de)鐵(tie)鍬突然碰(peng)上一個(ge)硬物(wu),并且發出(chu)(chu)了(le)金屬碰(peng)撞的(de)聲(sheng)音,她試著繼續(xu)往下挖(wa)(wa),卻(que)挖(wa)(wa)不(bu)動。沿著硬物(wu)的(de)邊緣再挖(wa)(wa),慢慢地,一個(ge)她一點都不(bu)認(ren)(ren)識的(de)“怪物(wu)”出(chu)(chu)現了(le):像(xiang)鍋但有(you)三個(ge)腳(jiao),像(xiang)香爐卻(que)很大(da)。將它帶回(hui)家后,在(zai)公社工作的(de)丈夫(fu)劉世富看(kan)了(le)半(ban)天(tian),一樣不(bu)知(zhi)道這個(ge)“怪物(wu)”是什么,至于腹部雕刻的(de)古(gu)怪花紋說是文字卻(que)無從(cong)辨認(ren)(ren),他(ta)們(men)一致認(ren)(ren)為這是個(ge)做壞了(le)的(de)廢品。

兩年后,經(jing)鑒定這是一件西漢的(de)鼎。

整個銅鼎通高(gao)23厘米,口(kou)徑17.5厘米,腹深13.2厘米,兩邊伸出的(de)鼎耳高(gao)達7厘米,周(zhou)邊的(de)線條非常流暢,三個鼎足像是比例(li)適中的(de)動物(wu)腿,有力而具(ju)有曲線美。

公元(yuan)前220年,也就是(shi)秦始皇(huang)登基后的第二年,這(zhe)位權傾天下(xia)的皇(huang)帝想知(zhi)道自己掌控(kong)的秦帝國(guo)疆域到底(di)多大,哪(na)些國(guo)家和部落(luo)才是(shi)帝國(guo)安全的真正威脅,于是(shi),他決定出(chu)巡全國(guo)。第一站就指向了帝國(guo)邊境較不安全的西(xi)北部。他帶領大臣沿著新修的馳道,向西(xi)進(jin)入六盤山(shan)地區。

司馬遷在《史記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)對這(zhe)次出(chu)巡做(zuo)了如此記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“二十(shi)七年,始皇巡隴西、北地,出(chu)雞頭(tou)山(shan),過(guo)回中(zhong)。”

這是(shi)(shi)中國封(feng)(feng)建(jian)帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)首(shou)次進(jin)(jin)入寧夏(xia)、進(jin)(jin)入六盤(pan)山(shan)(shan)地區(qu)(qu)。始皇帝(di)(di)在六盤(pan)山(shan)(shan)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統的(de)帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)祭山(shan)(shan)活(huo)動(dong),以(yi)祈(qi)江山(shan)(shan)永固。隨后,他又進(jin)(jin)入今(jin)天(tian)寧夏(xia)的(de)彭陽地區(qu)(qu)(當時這里(li)被稱(cheng)為朝那(nei)(nei)),秦(qin)始皇見到(dao)了(le)(le)他出巡(xun)以(yi)來遇見的(de)第一面大湖—朝那(nei)(nei)湫(qiu)。波光粼粼的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面四周(zhou),卻不(bu)長草木,對這個(ge)奇特的(de)現象,大臣上奏(zou)解釋說:“此乃異象,自古帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)在名山(shan)(shan)圣水(shui)(shui)(shui)前要祭祀,如(ru)此浩淼(miao)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)域在我朝邊(bian)境之(zhi)(zhi)地,不(bu)可不(bu)祭祀。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi),秦(qin)始皇在這里(li)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)他登基以(yi)來的(de)第一次祭水(shui)(shui)(shui)活(huo)動(dong),秦(qin)始皇的(de)朝那(nei)(nei)湫(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)祭,拉開了(le)(le)中國封(feng)(feng)建(jian)帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)祭水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)序幕。在一年后的(de)泰山(shan)(shan)封(feng)(feng)禪活(huo)動(dong)中,他將(jiang)朝那(nei)(nei)湫(qiu)列入四大名川之(zhi)(zhi)中。

“朝(chao)那(nei)”是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國地(di)理歷史(shi)上一個非常重要的地(di)名(ming)。從《史(shi)記》到《新唐書(shu)》,史(shi)書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)反復出現“朝(chao)那(nei)”,稱(cheng)其為“關中(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)屏(ping)和漢絲綢之(zhi)路的咽喉(hou)”。但朝(chao)那(nei)縣設于何時(shi),治所(suo)在哪(na)里一直(zhi)是(shi)學術界爭論的謎(mi)。

寧夏固原挖出的(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)腹(fu)部(bu)的(de)銘文被(bei)破譯(yi),專(zhuan)家指出—是(shi)(shi)“朝(chao)那(nei)”二字無(wu)疑!銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)腹(fu)部(bu)周(zhou)身(shen)陰刻三(san)段(duan)銘文,其中第(di)一段(duan)就(jiu)明明白白地寫著“第(di)廿(nian)九五年(nian)朝(chao)那(nei)容二斗(dou)二升(sheng)重十(shi)二斤四兩”,學(xue)術界遂將(jiang)此(ci)鼎(ding)(ding)稱為(wei)“朝(chao)那(nei)銘文鼎(ding)(ding)”,“第(di)廿(nian)九”可能是(shi)(shi)指它是(shi)(shi)當時鑄造的(de)第(di)二十(shi)九座(zuo)鼎(ding)(ding)。

鼎乃立國之器,《左傳》記載:皇帝鑄三鼎,象征天地(di)人;禹鑄九鼎,象征九州之地(di);武王克商,遷九鼎于洛邑,象征政(zheng)權歸(gui)周。

固原出現漢(han)朝(chao)(chao)時期鑄(zhu)(zhu)造的第二十九只(zhi)古鼎(ding),指(zhi)明了朝(chao)(chao)那的具(ju)體位(wei)置就在(zai)固原,而且(qie)也不(bu)難(nan)看出這個地(di)方在(zai)當時具(ju)有怎樣重(zhong)要的地(di)位(wei)。從秦皇西(xi)巡到漢(han)王朝(chao)(chao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)鼎(ding),固原就像中(zhong)國西(xi)北戰略版圖(tu)上(shang)一處(chu)插旗之地(di),兵家(jia)必爭(zheng)。

這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為固原控扼著西域與關(guan)中的(de)西部孔(kong)道。“關(guan)中”—四(si)關(guan)之中,這(zhe)個概念更大程(cheng)度(du)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)在一個巨(ju)大軍(jun)事背景下出(chu)現的(de)。固原方向的(de)關(guan)隘乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)寧夏南(nan)部六盤山地(di)區的(de)蕭關(guan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)關(guan)之一。西周(zhou)、秦、漢政(zheng)權的(de)疆域較嚴重的(de)威(wei)脅正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)來自這(zhe)里。

六盤山以北地(di)區生活著剽悍的北方游牧民族,所(suo)謂“南有秦漢,北有強胡”。“朝那”之所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)歷史上如此重(zhong)要,就(jiu)因為它既要在(zai)(zai)軍事地(di)理(li)上扮演“中(zhong)國”邊(bian)界的角色,又要在(zai)(zai)文化(hua)地(di)理(li)中(zhong)充(chong)當關隴文化(hua)和游牧文化(hua)的分界線。

人們猜想,鑄鼎的(de)那一(yi)年冬日,叱咤(zha)風云的(de)漢(han)武帝(di)也(ye)翻越(yue)隴(long)山西巡(xun)而來,朝那的(de)人們為了迎接帝(di)王的(de)到來隆(long)重(zhong)鑄造了這只渾圓如天的(de)銅鼎,它應該是一(yi)只禮器。

專家們的(de)研(yan)究還(huan)在繼續,鼎上的(de)三(san)段銘文中還(huan)有(you)兩段:

“今(?)二(er)斗一(yi)升烏氏”;

“今二斗一升(sheng)十(shi)一斤十(shi)五兩(liang)”。

這顯然是(shi)個計量(liang)(liang)值。從這兩(liang)段銘文來(lai)看(kan),這只漢(han)(han)(han)鼎在(zai)當時(shi)也可(ke)能是(shi)作為量(liang)(liang)器使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。那么(me)(me)它還(huan)見證了(le)鼎從禮器向量(liang)(liang)器過渡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)。中國是(shi)在(zai)進入農(nong)耕時(shi)期(qi),農(nong)祀并重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,將鼎作為量(liang)(liang)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。那么(me)(me)說(shuo)這只漢(han)(han)(han)鼎身上(shang)承載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)有兩(liang)漢(han)(han)(han)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度量(liang)(liang)衡變化(hua),它至少說(shuo)明了(le)兩(liang)漢(han)(han)(han)政權對(dui)寧夏(xia)及西(xi)北地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視,說(shuo)明這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)耕經濟(ji)在(zai)當時(shi)已經占據了(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比重。

朝那雞

朝(chao)那雞(ji)又(you)名固(gu)原(yuan)雞(ji),是在黃土高原(yuan)丘陵溝壑(he)區(qu),干旱(han)、半干旱(han)、陰濕、半陰濕這樣(yang)一個復雜多(duo)樣(yang)型氣候和(he)自(zi)(zi)由散(san)養(yang)的條件下,經過群眾(zhong)自(zi)(zi)繁自(zi)(zi)育、長(chang)期選育而形

成的優良地方肉蛋(dan)兼用雞,是寧(ning)夏僅有的地方雞品種資源。

固原雞的(de)(de)飼養(yang)有著(zhu)悠久的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)。早在漢唐時期,固原一帶(dai)即設置了軍事行政(zheng)機構(gou),是(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)軍馬飼養(yang)基地(di)。靜寧、隆(long)德等縣(xian)及(ji)六盤山一帶(dai)又是(shi)絲綢之路(lu)北(bei)路(lu)的(de)(de)必經(jing)之地(di),歷代交通、商(shang)貿較為發達,對(dui)禽產(chan)品需求量很大,致使不少(shao)地(di)方(fang)以經(jing)營燒雞而(er)得名。燒雞的(de)(de)制(zhi)做有較高的(de)(de)加工技藝和悠久的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)。產(chan)區回民(min)較多,傳統(tong)的(de)(de)開齋(zhai)節及(ji)親友(you)往來均需要(yao)大量的(de)(de)雞肉和蛋品,養(yang)雞已成為當(dang)地(di)民(min)眾(zhong)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)家庭副業之一。由(you)于以上特定的(de)(de)條件及(ji)人民(min)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)需要(yao),對(dui)形成耐高寒、耐干旱和體質(zhi)結(jie)實(shi)的(de)(de)靜原雞均起到重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)作用。

固原雞體格中等,公雞頭(tou)頸(jing)昂舉,尾羽高聳,胸部發達(da),背(bei)部寬長,脛粗壯;母(mu)雞頭(tou)小清秀,背(bei)寬腹圓。

歷史沿革

朝那古(gu)城歷史悠久,是寧夏境內設置最早的四個縣治之一。公元前(qian)272年(nian),秦昭(zhao)襄王(wang)伐滅義渠戎國,以朝那邑為中心,有縣治達1200多年(nian),明降為東山里,清為古(gu)城川(chuan)堡。

漢文帝十四年匈奴單于14萬騎入朝那蕭關,北地都尉孫(sun)卬碧血撒疆場,朝野(ye)震動。1949年中(zhong)國人民(min)解放(fang)軍任山河戰斗(dou)驚天地、泣(qi)鬼(gui)神。幾經滄桑,朝那古(gu)城已殘缺(que)嚴重,但朝那城址至今輪廓清(qing)晰,氣(qi)勢雄偉。

1985年(nian)被(bei)縣人民政府(fu)公布(bu)為縣級重(zhong)點文物保護(hu)單位。

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