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馮從吾
0 票數:0 #人物明星榜#
馮從吾(1557~1627),字仲好,號少墟,晚明西安府長安(今陜西西安人),著名思想家、教育家,著名學者。萬歷十七年(1589)進士,與袁可立、高盤龍同科,官至工部尚書,創辦關中書院,人稱“關西夫子”。馮從吾是明代關學把程朱理學和陸王心學融合的集大成者,并是東林黨在西北的領袖。
  • 中文名: 馮從吾(wu)
  • 出生日期: 1557年
  • 性別:
  • 國籍: 中國
  • 民族: 漢族(zu)
  • 出生地: 西(xi)(xi)安府長安縣(今陜西(xi)(xi)省西(xi)(xi)安市)
  • 生肖:
  • 去世日期: 1627年
  • 職業職位: 思(si)想家,教育家
  • 代表作品: 《馮少墟集》,《元(yuan)儒(ru)考(kao)略(lve)》,《馮子節要》等
  • 主要成就: 創辦關(guan)中書(shu)院,傳播關(guan)學
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人物簡介

[明(ming)]馮從吾(1556-1627),字仲好,號少(shao)墟(xu),長安(an)人(今陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)安(an))。著(zhu)名教育家,以鯁(geng)直著(zhu)稱。生(sheng)而(er)純懿。及長,有志濂、洛(luo)之學,受業于(yu)(yu)許孚遠。登萬歷進士,授(shou)御史,巡視中城,閹人修刺謁,拒(ju)不(bu)見。旋抗章言帝(di)失德,帝(di)大怒(nu),欲廷杖之,閣臣(chen)力解得免。尋告歸,杜門謝(xie)客,造詣(yi)益深。家居二(er)十五年,又(you)起(qi)為尚(shang)寶卿。累遷工部尚(shang)書(shu)致仕。卒(zu),謚恭定。學者(zhe)稱少(shao)墟(xu)先生(sheng)。從吾著(zhu)有《馮少(shao)墟(xu)集》二(er)十二(er)卷,又(you)有《元儒考略》、《馮子節(jie)要》及《古文輯選》(均著(zhu)錄于(yu)(yu)《四(si)庫總目》)并行于(yu)(yu)世(shi)。

主要經歷

馮(feng)從吾居(ju)家從事學術著述的同時,也十分熱衷于(yu)講(jiang)學。為(wei)了宣傳他(ta)的學術觀(guan)點和政治(zhi)主(zhu)張,借用西安城南(nan)門(men)(men)里的寶慶寺(今西安書(shu)院(yuan)門(men)(men)小學)作(zuo)為(wei)講(jiang)學場所。馮(feng)從吾的追隨者很多(duo),不久,聽眾竟達(da)幾千人,連明(ming)王朝的陜西地方官也來聽講(jiang)。時人評其曰:出則(ze)真御史,直聲震天下(xia);退則(ze)名(ming)大(da)儒(ru),書(shu)懷(huai)一(yi)瓣香(xiang)。

寶慶寺(si)地(di)(di)窄房小(xiao),難以做講學施教(jiao)長久之地(di)(di)。萬歷三(san)十七年(1609),陜(shan)西布(bu)政使汪可(ke)受(shou)、按察使李天(tian)麟等遵從馮從吾的意愿,在(zai)寶慶寺(si)東側小(xiao)悉(xi)(西)園撥地(di)(di),籌建關中書院(yuan)。

關中書(shu)院初期占地數十(shi)畝,核心(xin)建(jian)筑為(wei)“允執堂(tang)”,進出(chu)六間,空間宏闊;青瓦紅柱,肅穆莊(zhuang)嚴,是講學集會之(zhi)所,其(qi)名取自《中庸》“允執厥中”之(zhi)句(ju)。繞堂(tang)左(zuo)右各(ge)筑大(da)屋(教(jiao)室)四(si)楹,東西(xi)號房(fang)(宿舍)各(ge)六楹。堂(tang)前(qian)辟(pi)有(you)半畝方塘,豎亭其(qi)中,砌石(shi)為(wei)橋(qiao);堂(tang)后(hou)(hou)置(zhi)一假山,名曰“小華岳”。又栽槐(huai)、松、柏(bo)、梅各(ge)種名木(mu),一時(shi)松風朗月,槐(huai)香(xiang)荷(he)語,“煥然(ran)成一大(da)觀”。三年后(hou)(hou),新任布政(zheng)使汪道(dao)亨于書(shu)院后(hou)(hou)部又建(jian)“斯道(dao)中天閣”,以祀(si)孔(kong)子(zi),收藏儒家經典。后(hou)(hou)世(shi)經不(bu)斷修葺擴(kuo)建(jian),到(dao)晚(wan)清已具(ju)相當(dang)規(gui)模,成為(wei)西(xi)北地區最大(da)的一座高等(deng)級學府(fu)。

關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)自(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)載(zai)于(yu)北(bei)(bei)宋(song)初(chu)始創,后因朱(zhu)子(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)興起,迄(qi)南(nan)宋(song)及(ji)金元(yuan)日趨消沉,然至(zhi)明(ming)(ming)代(dai),因有(you)呂涇(jing)野(木冉)諸(zhu)君(jun)重振(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)遂有(you)勃興,至(zhi)晚明(ming)(ming)由馮從(cong)吾而總其(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng),從(cong)吾遂為(wei)(wei)涇(jing)野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后關(guan)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第(di)一(yi)人(ren)。李二(er)曲(qu)說:“關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)一(yi)派(pai),張(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)(zi)開(kai)先,涇(jing)野接武,至(zhi)先生(少墟)而集其(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng),宗(zong)風(feng)賴以(yi)大振(zhen)。”(《答董郡伯》,載(zai)《二(er)曲(qu)集》卷(juan)17,中(zhong)華(hua)書(shu)局(ju)1996年版)故研究明(ming)(ming)代(dai)關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),馮從(cong)吾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思(si)想是不能(neng)繞過的。然“以(yi)禮(li)教為(wei)(wei)本”和崇(chong)(chong)尚氣(qi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的張(zhang)(zhang)載(zai)關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)脈在(zai)(zai)張(zhang)(zhang)載(zai)卒后則幾經變(bian)化,先有(you)諸(zhu)呂卒業(ye)于(yu)二(er)程(cheng)門(men)下,后“關(guan)中(zhong)人(ren)士”亦(yi)“多(duo)及(ji)程(cheng)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)”;繼有(you)朱(zhu)子(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)傳(chuan),北(bei)(bei)方有(you)許魯齋衍朱(zhu)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緒,關(guan)中(zhong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)人(ren)如高陵諸(zhu)儒“與相唱和,皆(jie)朱(zhu)子(zi)(zi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)也”;至(zhi)明(ming)(ming)代(dai),陽明(ming)(ming)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)崛(jue)起東(dong)南(nan),渭南(nan)南(nan)元(yuan)善傳(chuan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)說,此(ci)為(wei)(wei)關(guan)中(zhong)有(you)王(wang)(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始。經數十年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)播,“王(wang)(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特盛”,如呂涇(jing)野從(cong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)于(yu)湛甘泉,切琢于(yu)王(wang)(wang)門(men)弟子(zi)(zi)鄒東(dong)廓(kuo)(守益),足見(jian)關(guan)中(zhong)士人(ren)多(duo)向心學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。從(cong)吾受(shou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)于(yu)許孚遠(敬艸(cao)奄(yan)),受(shou)其(qi)(qi)(qi)影響既主“格(ge)物”,又信“良知(zhi)”,遂能(neng)“統程(cheng)、朱(zhu)、陸、王(wang)(wang)而一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”(以(yi)上(shang)見(jian)《柏景偉小(xiao)識》,載(zai)《關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)續編》),走出(chu)自(zi)己的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路。黃(huang)宗(zong)羲將馮列(lie)于(yu)“甘泉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案(an)”,但其(qi)(qi)(qi)由張(zhang)(zhang)載(zai)所開(kai)躬行實(shi)踐(jian)、崇(chong)(chong)尚氣(qi)節的關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宗(zong)風(feng)則在(zai)(zai)從(cong)吾身上(shang)有(you)著(zhu)深(shen)刻(ke)的印跡。從(cong)吾所面(mian)對的是晚明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)空疏學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風(feng)日漸(jian)泛濫(lan)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術局(ju)面(mian),遂能(neng)以(yi)救時弊為(wei)(wei)己任,且形成(cheng)自(zi)己獨立的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術風(feng)格(ge),并開(kai)明(ming)(ming)末西部學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術向實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)轉(zhuan)向之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先。

一(yi)(yi)、“敦本(ben)(ben)尚(shang)實(shi)”,斥浮虛(xu)(xu)以(yi)(yi)倡實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)明(ming)代(dai)中(zhong)葉,心(xin)(xin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)極盛。然(ran)言(yan)心(xin)(xin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者,浙東(dong)一(yi)(yi)系,以(yi)(yi)王(wang)龍溪為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表,倡先天(tian)(tian)正心(xin)(xin)說(shuo),力闡(chan)良(liang)知現成,因(yin)其(qi)重本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)而略(lve)工(gong)夫(fu),遂漸(jian)蹈于“猖(chang)(chang)狂無忌憚”之(zhi)浮虛(xu)(xu)一(yi)(yi)偏;江右(you)一(yi)(yi)系,以(yi)(yi)鄒守益、羅洪(hong)先等為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表,糾正龍溪之(zhi)偏,主體(ti)(ti)用不(bu)二,遂以(yi)(yi)歸(gui)寂主靜之(zhi)修(xiu)養(yang)功(gong)(gong)夫(fu)補其(qi)說(shuo)。至晚明(ming),王(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)末流直向猖(chang)(chang)狂無忌憚一(yi)(yi)路(lu)發展,使朱子格物窮理(li)之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)日漸(jian)遮蔽。于是有(you)顧憲(xian)成、高攀龍等東(dong)林(lin)一(yi)(yi)系,反對陽(yang)明(ming)后(hou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)只在先天(tian)(tian)良(liang)知上用力,背離王(wang)門篤實(shi)功(gong)(gong)夫(fu)的傾向,于是起而調(diao)合朱、王(wang),兼重先天(tian)(tian)良(liang)知與(yu)后(hou)天(tian)(tian)功(gong)(gong)夫(fu),以(yi)(yi)正明(ming)末學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)失。馮從吾與(yu)東(dong)林(lin)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)派處同一(yi)(yi)時代(dai)、同一(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)背景,有(you)著共(gong)通(tong)的問題意識(shi),于是,他以(yi)(yi)弘揚“圣學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”為(wei)(wei)己任,自(zi)覺地擔當起挽救學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)偏的時代(dai)責任,成為(wei)(wei)晚明(ming)中(zhong)國(guo)西部(bu)“痛懲末世廢(fei)修(xiu)言(yan)悟(wu),課虛(xu)(xu)妨(fang)實(shi)之(zhi)病”(姜仲文(wen)《少(shao)虛(xu)(xu)集序(xu)》)的代(dai)表。《行實(shi)》稱其(qi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“一(yi)(yi)稟孔孟心(xin)(xin)性為(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti),以(yi)(yi)誠敬為(wei)(wei)功(gong)(gong)夫(fu),以(yi)(yi)萬(wan)物一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)度量(liang),以(yi)(yi)從心(xin)(xin)所(suo)欲不(bu)逾(yu)矩為(wei)(wei)極則”,此一(yi)(yi)評論可(ke)大(da)略(lve)標示(shi)出馮氏合程朱陸王(wang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)的學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)方向和(he)反對“廢(fei)修(xiu)言(yan)悟(wu),課虛(xu)(xu)妨(fang)實(shi)”的實(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)旨趣。從吾為(wei)(wei)關中(zhong)書院所(suo)書“允執堂屏”謂(wei):

“綱常倫(lun)理要(yao)盡道,天(tian)地萬物要(yao)一(yi)體,仕止久速要(yao)當可(ke),喜怒哀樂要(yao)中(zhong)節,辭受取與要(yao)不茍,視聽(ting)言動要(yao)合禮。存此(ci)(ci)謂(wei)之(zhi)道心,悖(bei)此(ci)(ci)謂(wei)之(zhi)人心。惟精(jing),精(jing)此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)也;惟一(yi),一(yi)此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)也。此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)謂(wei)允執厥中(zhong),此(ci)(ci)之(zhi)謂(wei)盡性至命之(zhi)實(shi)(shi)學(xue)。”(《行(xing)實(shi)(shi)》)

此段(duan)文字所(suo)貫穿(chuan)的對(dui)本體(ti)與(yu)功(gong)夫、修與(yu)悟(wu)、價值(zhi)與(yu)境界、道體(ti)與(yu)禮法之(zhi)體(ti)用一如、相融不二關(guan)系的理解以及“盡性(xing)至命”的道德取(qu)向,是把握其哲學(xue)思想和實學(xue)學(xue)風之(zhi)關(guan)鍵。從中可看出他以朱子(zi)格物致知之(zhi)工(gong)夫彌(mi)補(bu)王學(xue)末流忽略工(gong)夫而純任本體(ti)的致思方向。

從(cong)吾如東林學(xue)者一(yi)樣,痛切(qie)地指出王學(xue)末流墮于猖(chang)狂無忌憚(dan)之偏(pian),同(tong)時也指出其弱于本體而泛論工夫之失,他(ta)說:

“近世學者,多(duo)馳騖于虛見,而概以規矩(ju)準繩(sheng)為循跡,其(qi)弊使人猖狂,自恣流于小人而無忌(ji)憚(dan),此關系人心(xin)世道……”(卷15,《答(da)逯確齋給事(shi)》)

“世之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)者,止知本體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)一物不容,而(er)不知本體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)萬物皆備(bei),此所以各墮于(yu)虛(xu)無(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)說,而(er)無(wu)實地之(zhi)(zhi)可據,令人猖狂而(er)自恣也。”(卷12,《關中(zhong)書院語錄》)

“近(jin)世(shi)學者,病支離者什(shen)一,病猖(chang)狂者什(shen)九”(卷15,《答楊原(yuan)忠運(yun)長》)

從吾(wu)認為,當時學(xue)者(zhe)或(huo)(huo)只(zhi)重工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)不(bu)(bu)論本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti),而(er)(er)陷(xian)于(yu)支(zhi)離(li);或(huo)(huo)懸空(kong)談(tan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)著修(xiu)(xiu)養(yang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu),遂(sui)陷(xian)于(yu)“猖狂”,其源蓋“起于(yu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu),辨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)清楚”,他強調本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)要(yao)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)合(he),本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)即工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu),工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)即本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti),相(xiang)反,“若論工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)合(he)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti),則泛然用(yong)功,必(bi)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)支(zhi)離(li)纏(chan)繞;論本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)論工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu),則懸空(kong)談(tan)體(ti)(ti)(ti),必(bi)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捷徑猖狂。”(《論學(xue)書》,見《明(ming)儒(ru)學(xue)案(an)·甘泉(quan)學(xue)案(an)》)此(ci)(ci)說(shuo)拈出(chu)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming)后(hou)學(xue)純任本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)而(er)(er)忽略工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)空(kong)疏病根,遂(sui)將(jiang)朱(zhu)子學(xue)的“格(ge)物窮理”與陽(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming)的“致(zhi)良知”結合(he)起來,認為“吾(wu)儒(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue),以至(zhi)(zhi)善為本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti),以知止(zhi)為工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu),……必(bi)格(ge)物而(er)(er)后(hou)能知止(zhi)也。”如果棄格(ge)物于(yu)不(bu)(bu)顧,而(er)(er)“別求知止(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方,此(ci)(ci)異端懸空(kong)頓悟(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue),非吾(wu)儒(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨也”(同上)。以朱(zhu)子“格(ge)物”以矯正(zheng)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)明(ming)后(hou)學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先天良知說(shuo),是(shi)晚明(ming)學(xue)風由虛而(er)(er)返實之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動向(xiang)在從吾(wu)身上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)。高(gao)攀龍評價(jia)說(shuo):“修(xiu)(xiu)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)悟(wu)者(zhe),徇末而(er)(er)迷本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben);悟(wu)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)徹者(zhe),認物以為則。故善言(yan)(yan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)者(zhe),惟(wei)恐言(yan)(yan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妨其修(xiu)(xiu);善言(yan)(yan)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)者(zhe),惟(wei)恐言(yan)(yan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妨其悟(wu),不(bu)(bu)知欲修(xiu)(xiu)者(zhe)正(zheng)須求本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti),欲悟(wu)者(zhe)正(zheng)須求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)。無(wu)(wu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)無(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu),無(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)夫(fu)(fu)無(wu)(wu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)也。仲(zhong)好之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《集(ji)》,至(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)至(zhi)(zhi)備,至(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)至(zhi)(zhi)中”,此(ci)(ci)正(zheng)是(shi)從吾(wu)“《集(ji)》中示(shi)人(ren)最切者(zhe)”。(《馮少墟集(ji)序(xu)》)

當時(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風浮虛(xu)(xu)的(de)又一表現(xian),是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)事講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),或(huo)(huo)(huo)雖講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)卻是(shi)(shi)“講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)非學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”。所謂(wei)“非學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”,即或(huo)(huo)(huo)“談玄(xuan)(xuan)說空”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)“收心靜養”,未(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)絕“一切聲色(se)貨利”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)(huo)(huo)“看書作文時(shi)務”,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)“潛(qian)心體驗”處“發揮道(dao)理”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)絕“奔競營為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)念”,只馳逐(zhu)功利,而(er)(er)(er)未(wei)(wei)守(shou)“恬澹”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan),或(huo)(huo)(huo)似(si)是(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)(er)非之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)等等,其核心是(shi)(shi)“非吾(wu)(wu)儒(ru)(ru)進德(de)修(xiu)業之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”(見卷(juan)(juan)11,《池陽(yang)語錄(lu)》)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)。“非學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)”正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)對當時(shi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風氣的(de)概括(kuo)。從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)將矯(jiao)正(zheng)此一學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術風氣視為自己的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術責任,他說:“戰國(guo)時(shi),楊墨(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)盈天下,得孟(meng)子辭(ci)而(er)(er)(er)辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);從(cong)漢至宋,佛老之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)盈天下,得程朱辭(ci)而(er)(er)(er)辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);至于今日,非學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)盈天下,倘有(you)辭(ci)而(er)(er)(er)辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如孟(meng)子、程朱其人乎?余竊愿為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)執鞭。”(卷(juan)(juan)7,《寶慶語錄(lu)》)并(bing)發出(chu)“吾(wu)(wu)儒(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),何(he)(he)時(shi)而(er)(er)(er)明,天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,何(he)(he)時(shi)而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)”的(de)慨嘆!(卷(juan)(juan)3,《疑思錄(lu)》)為了(le)不(bu)(bu)至于“以學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術殺天下后世”,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)認(ren)為還應從(cong)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)開始。他曾引(yin)呂(lv)涇野所說“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)(bu)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)(bu)明”,以及鄒東廓所謂(wei)“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),圣門所憂”的(de)話來強調講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)重要性,并(bing)指出(chu)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)應“以修(xiu)德(de)為下手處”(卷(juan)(juan)6,《學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會約》),“格物即是(shi)(shi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),不(bu)(bu)可談玄(xuan)(xuan)說空。”(《明儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案·甘(gan)泉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)案》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《疑思錄(lu)》)當時(shi)有(you)些學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)常講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu)(xu),而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)尚躬行,有(you)人懷疑講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)否醫治此病,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)說,“藥(yao)玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu)(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病者(zhe)(zhe),在(zai)躬行二字(zi),既(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu)(xu),正(zheng)當講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)躬行以藥(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可也。而(er)(er)(er)反(fan)云學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)(bu)必(bi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),何(he)(he)哉?”并(bing)指出(chu)此說是(shi)(shi)在(zai)“左袒玄(xuan)(xuan)虛(xu)(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說而(er)(er)(er)阻人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辨(bian)者(zhe)(zhe)也。”(卷(juan)(juan)7,《寶慶語錄(lu)》)

為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)端正(zheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術風氣(qi),從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾先從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)正(zheng)鄉學(xue)(xue)(xue)開始。丙(bing)申(shen)歲(萬歷二十四年)秋,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾與諸君子立會(hui)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)于(yu)(yu)長(chang)安寶慶寺,制(zhi)訂了(le)(le)后來(lai)在(zai)關(guan)中影響深(shen)遠的《學(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)約》。翌(yi)年十二月(1597),從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾又(you)主持制(zhi)訂了(le)(le)《關(guan)中士夫會(hui)約》。值得注意的是(shi),在(zai)《學(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)約》中不僅明確規定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le)“其言當以綱常倫理(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主”的講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)容(rong),并特別(bie)提出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)樹(shu)立“崇真尚(shang)簡為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,務戒空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan),敦實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)”的實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)風的問題。所謂“空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan)”,在(zai)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾看來(lai),“談空(kong)(kong)(kong)論(lun)無”者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan),雖言但“不躬行(xing)(xing)(xing)”者(zhe)亦(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan);好議他(ta)人而自己不實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan),“好對人夸自家”但自己又(you)“不躬行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)”亦(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan)。“敦實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)”,方可“戒空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan)”。所以從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue),總是(shi)“以躬行(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)勸勉”,并發(fa)出(chu)(chu)“嗚呼(hu)!為(wei)(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)不在(zai)多言,顧力行(xing)(xing)(xing)耳”的呼(hu)喚。(卷5,《學(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)約·附答問二則(ze)(ze)》)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾強調:“學(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)須要腳根踏得定(ding)(ding),徹頭(tou)徹尾(wei),才得有成。”(卷11,《池陽(yang)語錄》)戒虛華(hua),不浮躁(zao),戒空(kong)(kong)(kong)譚(tan)(tan)(tan),敦實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾《學(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)約》中最切實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)處(chu),他(ta)自己亦(yi)能以身作則(ze)(ze)。故王(wang)心敬說:“其于(yu)(yu)一切翰苑浮華(hua)徵逐,概謝絕不為(wei)(wei)(wei)。”(《關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)續編·少(shao)墟先生》)

當(dang)(dang)時一(yi)些學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)流(liu)于(yu)(yu)“空(kong)譚”而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)“實(shi)行”,還有(you)一(yi)個原因,這就是(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)常常不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)要領,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能抓住根(gen)(gen)本(ben)(ben),陷(xian)于(yu)(yu)支離。從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)這亦與不(bu)(bu)(bu)能“敦(dun)本(ben)(ben)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)風(feng)有(you)關(guan)。他認為(wei)(wei)(wei)“本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)源頭處(chu)(chu)一(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)清楚,此所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后來流(liu)弊無窮”(卷11,《池陽語錄(lu)》),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)關(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)要追“圣學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)本(ben)(ben)”,探(tan)“圣學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)源”。他強調“學(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)之(zhi)道(dao),全要在(zai)(zai)(zai)本(ben)(ben)原處(chu)(chu)透徹,未發(fa)處(chu)(chu)得(de)(de)力。則發(fa)皆中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie),取(qu)之(zhi)左(zuo)右,自(zi)(zi)逢其原,諸凡事為(wei)(wei)(wei),自(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)停當(dang)(dang);不(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran),縱事事點檢,終有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)湊(cou)泊處(chu)(chu),此吾(wu)(wu)儒提綱(gang)(gang)挈領之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)”(《明(ming)儒學(xue)(xue)案·甘泉學(xue)(xue)案五》)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)此“本(ben)(ben)”不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de),應該是(shi)(shi)理學(xue)(xue)。時關(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)所(suo)(suo)謂“四絕”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法,即(ji)王(wang)端毅(yi)之(zhi)“事功”,楊斛山(shan)之(zhi)“節(jie)義”,呂涇野(ye)之(zhi)“理學(xue)(xue)”,李空(kong)同(tong)之(zhi)“文章”。從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)惟認為(wei)(wei)(wei)“理學(xue)(xue)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)(gen)本(ben)(ben),說(shuo)“夫事功、節(jie)義、理學(xue)(xue)、文章,雖君子(zi)所(suo)(suo)并重,然(ran)三者(zhe)皆其作(zuo)用,理學(xue)(xue)則其根(gen)(gen)本(ben)(ben)也。根(gen)(gen)本(ben)(ben)處(chu)(chu)得(de)(de)力,其作(zuo)用自(zi)(zi)別(bie)。”(卷16,《渭濱(bin)別(bie)言贈畢(bi)東郊(jiao)侍郎(lang)》)然(ran)理學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)“本(ben)(ben)”又是(shi)(shi)什么?按從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理解,就是(shi)(shi)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)性為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti),以(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)功夫”。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)他總(zong)是(shi)(shi)抓住孟子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“善(shan)”、《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸(yong)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)“誠”“未發(fa)”、程(cheng)朱的(de)(de)(de)(de)“理”、陽明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“良知(zhi)”等核心(xin)概念,力加琢磨(mo)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)看來,“圣賢學(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)總(zong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)心(xin)上(shang)(shang)用功,不(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)即(ji)終日(ri)孳(zi)孳(zi),屬枝葉(xie)耳(er)。”(李維(wei)貞《辨學(xue)(xue)錄(lu)序》)如(ru)孟子(zi)所(suo)(suo)說(shuo)“先立乎其大(da)者(zhe)”,即(ji)應先在(zai)(zai)(zai)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)用功,不(bu)(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)末事上(shang)(shang)務求。他說(shuo)“若丟過(guo)此心(xin),不(bu)(bu)(bu)去(qu)‘精(jing)一(yi)’,而(er)(er)徒欲喜怒(nu)哀樂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie),視聽(ting)言動合禮,此真舍本(ben)(ben)而(er)(er)務末。”(卷12,《關(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)書院語錄(lu)》)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可避(bi)免要陷(xian)入佛(fo)老(lao)異(yi)端“懸空(kong)之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)”。總(zong)之(zhi),“敦(dun)本(ben)(ben)”才(cai)(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)至于(yu)(yu)“務末”,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)方見提綱(gang)(gang)挈領之(zhi)功;“尚實(shi)”才(cai)(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)至于(yu)(yu)“懸空(kong)”,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)與佛(fo)老(lao)之(zhi)玄(xuan)虛立異(yi),使“吾(wu)(wu)儒修德之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)”見諸實(shi)效。可見,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)雖服膺心(xin)學(xue)(xue),但(dan)與王(wang)學(xue)(xue)末流(liu)大(da)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)。后者(zhe)“逐末而(er)(er)迷本(ben)(ben)”,從(cong)(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)則主體(ti)(ti)用一(yi)如(ru),本(ben)(ben)末不(bu)(bu)(bu)二。

二、學“有主”、貴“自(zi)得”,方能(neng)“深(shen)造以道”

從吾曾做過侍(shi)御史(shi),后辭官在(zai)家,閉(bi)關(guan)九年(nian),足(zu)不(bu)出(chu)戶,精思力(li)踐。講(jiang)學二十余年(nian),終有所悟。他認為“近世學者”所以混(hun)佛老與儒于(yu)一涂,因“多馳騖(wu)于(yu)虛見”,陷(xian)于(yu)“空虛”,墜于(yu)“猖(chang)狂(kuang)”,或“逐末而(er)(er)迷本”,陷(xian)于(yu)“支(zhi)離”,或以“似是而(er)(er)非”之論亂(luan)人之心,或人云(yun)亦云(yun)等(deng)等(deng),其源(yuan)蓋起(qi)于(yu)本原(yuan)處(chu)不(bu)明(ming)。而(er)(er)本原(yuan)不(bu)明(ming),又與學無自主、不(bu)貴(gui)“自得”、不(bu)勇(yong)于(yu)“造(zao)(zao)道”的虛浮風氣有關(guan)。反對(dui)“空虛”和(he)“支(zhi)離”,強(qiang)調(diao)“自得”、“造(zao)(zao)道”,是從吾最用力(li)處(chu)。

首(shou)先(xian),從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)強(qiang)調(diao)學(xue)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)”。他說(shuo):“學(xue)問(wen)功(gong)夫(fu)全(quan)要(yao)(yao)曉(xiao)得頭腦主(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)”(卷(juan)12,《關(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)書(shu)院(yuan)語錄(lu)》)。所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)有(you)“主(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)”,一(yi)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)有(you)“主(zhu)(zhu)見”,即在(zai)對學(xue)術對象全(quan)面深入了解并融會貫通(tong)基礎上,一(yi)旦(dan)形成某種自認為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)理(li)解或認識,就要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)持主(zhu)(zhu)見,一(yi)般不(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)外在(zai)的(de)(de)因(yin)素所(suo)(suo)左右。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如洪翼圣(sheng)評價從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)《善利圖》時說(shuo):“學(xue)問(wen)最患(huan)不(bu)(bu)痛不(bu)(bu)癢,兩頭牽制”,而(er)(er)(er)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)“學(xue)問(wen)則一(yi)切兩斷(duan),切骨入髓”(卷(juan)8,《善利圖說(shuo)序》之(zhi)《附(fu)柬》);二(er)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)知“本(ben)”,“本(ben)”不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)而(er)(er)(er)徒(tu)(tu)用功(gong)夫(fu),則終(zhong)(zhong)無所(suo)(suo)成,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)說(shuo)“學(xue)問(wen)曉(xiao)得主(zhu)(zhu)意(yi),才好(hao)用功(gong)夫(fu)。……不(bu)(bu)曉(xiao)得主(zhu)(zhu)意(yi),則功(gong)夫(fu)亦徒(tu)(tu)用矣(yi)。此空(kong)虛(xu)之(zhi)學(xue)與支(zhi)離(li)之(zhi)學(xue),皆(jie)圣(sheng)道不(bu)(bu)載也(ye)。”(卷(juan)12,《關(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)書(shu)院(yuan)語錄(lu)》)學(xue)“有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)”,方可杜心(xin)(xin)學(xue)末(mo)流之(zhi)“空(kong)疏”,絕徒(tu)(tu)用功(gong)夫(fu)之(zhi)“支(zhi)離(li)”;三(san)是(shi)學(xue)問(wen)要(yao)(yao)明(ming)(ming)確(que)“宗旨”,抓住核(he)心(xin)(xin),如從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)次告(gao)誡諸生(sheng)(sheng),應明(ming)(ming)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)儒之(zhi)學(xue)“宗旨”,以(yi)“心(xin)(xin)性為(wei)(wei)本(ben)”,而(er)(er)(er)心(xin)(xin)性之(zhi)學(xue),又以(yi)“誠敬”為(wei)(wei)本(ben),而(er)(er)(er)最終(zhong)(zhong)則歸(gui)于性體(ti)之(zhi)“至(zhi)善”。故畢懋(mao)康(kang)說(shuo):“竊觀先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)有(you)主(zhu)(zhu),不(bu)(bu)貳以(yi)二(er),不(bu)(bu)參以(yi)三(san),用貴(gui)(gui)(gui)實踐,摻貴(gui)(gui)(gui)敕,不(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)虛(xu),恢偷縱者(zhe)所(suo)(suo)借(jie),托夫(fu)有(you)主(zhu)(zhu),則歷千變而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)惑,實踐則究必(bi)到而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)可欺。”(《馮(feng)少墟(xu)集(ji)序》)相對于張(zhang)載“學(xue)凡(fan)數變”、陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)“悔二(er)十年(nian)錯(cuo)用其心(xin)(xin)”來說(shuo),從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)確(que)有(you)過人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)處。楊鶴(he)在(zai)《辨(bian)學(xue)錄(lu)序》中(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo):“先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)清明(ming)(ming)在(zai)躬(gong),志氣如神,然終(zhong)(zhong)日正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)襟危坐,儼乎若思,應事接物,如執玉如捧盈(ying),此心(xin)(xin)未嘗一(yi)刻放下,先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)學(xue)于是(shi)可見。昔橫(heng)渠學(xue)凡(fan)數變,陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)(ming)亦悔二(er)十年(nian)錯(cuo)用其心(xin)(xin),先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)過人(ren)(ren)遠矣(yi)。”

其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“有(you)(you)主(zhu)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)立(li)在(zai)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”和(he)“深(shen)于(yu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”基礎上(shang)(shang)的。強調(diao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“有(you)(you)主(zhu)”不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)固(gu)執己見,而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”而(er)“造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)實張載學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)凡數變,陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)悔“二(er)(er)十年錯用其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)心(xin)”,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)“有(you)(you)主(zhu)”的另一(yi)(yi)種表現,若(ruo)“無(wu)主(zhu)”,則只能(neng)人(ren)(ren)云亦(yi)云矣,無(wu)所(suo)謂修正和(he)悔悟(wu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己。問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)在(zai)于(yu),從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)始終將“有(you)(you)主(zhu)”作為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)覺意識。“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)對(dui)(dui)孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)思想發(fa)揮的基礎上(shang)(shang),針對(dui)(dui)當時學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊而(er)提(ti)出(chu)來(lai)的。孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“君子(zi)(zi)(zi)深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),欲其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)。”(《孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)·離婁下(xia)》)此(ci)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)指經(jing)過(guo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己深(shen)入學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習理解所(suo)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的獨到(dao)體(ti)(ti)悟(wu)。從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)認為(wei)(wei),如(ru)果“厭深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)、博(bo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)詳(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)決不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)有(you)(you)所(suo)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”的。“造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的靈魂(hun),“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的境(jing)界,“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),終是(shi)(shi)(shi)支(zhi)離,終不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)左(zuo)右(you)(you)逢其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)原。”(卷12,《關(guan)(guan)中書院語(yu)錄(lu)(lu)》)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”、“有(you)(you)主(zhu)”與“造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”的關(guan)(guan)系,從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)功夫(fu)全(quan)(quan)要(yao)曉得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)腦主(zhu)意,深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),主(zhu)意全(quan)(quan)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。博(bo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)詳(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),主(zhu)意全(quan)(quan)為(wei)(wei)反約(yue)。博(bo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)詳(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),正是(shi)(shi)(shi)解深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),反約(yue)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)解自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)意,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)為(wei)(wei)功夫(fu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)左(zuo)右(you)(you)逢源為(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙,此(ci)孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)平學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問(wen)(wen)大得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力處。”(卷12,《關(guan)(guan)中書院語(yu)錄(lu)(lu)》)即“深(shen)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”要(yao)在(zai)“博(bo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)詳(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)”基礎上(shang)(shang)“反約(yue)”,而(er)“反約(yue)”才會有(you)(you)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”,“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”方(fang)可有(you)(you)“主(zhu)意”,故曰(yue)“主(zhu)意全(quan)(quan)在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”。亦(yi)即有(you)(you)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,方(fang)達“造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時。從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成一(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia),在(zai)于(yu)他(ta)能(neng)處理好(hao)博(bo)與約(yue)的關(guan)(guan)系,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)才能(neng)在(zai)許多問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處。他(ta)對(dui)(dui)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)“詳(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)博(bo)”而(er)動輒要(yao)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成一(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)”的浮躁風氣提(ti)出(chu)了(le)批評,并說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)“論(lun)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)譬如(ru)為(wei)(wei)文(wen),必(bi)融(rong)會貫(guan)通(tong)(tong)乎(hu)百家(jia)(jia),然后能(neng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)成一(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)。若(ruo)只守(shou)定(ding)(ding)一(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia),恐孤(gu)陋不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)成家(jia)(jia)矣。”(卷七,《寶慶語(yu)錄(lu)(lu)》)然博(bo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)還須反約(yue)。從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)對(dui)(dui)歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)儒學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家(jia)(jia)思想的理解,皆(jie)能(neng)由(you)(you)博(bo)而(er)約(yue),抓住要(yao)領(ling),如(ru)他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)孔門標(biao)(biao)(biao)一(yi)(yi)“仁”字,孟子(zi)(zi)(zi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“仁義”,曾子(zi)(zi)(zi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“慎獨”,子(zi)(zi)(zi)思標(biao)(biao)(biao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“未發(fa)”,宋代諸儒標(biao)(biao)(biao)“天理”二(er)(er)字,朱(zhu)熹標(biao)(biao)(biao)“主(zhu)敬(jing)窮理”,陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)標(biao)(biao)(biao)“致(zhi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi)”等等,但從(cong)(cong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)來(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),這些(xie)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)相通(tong)(tong)的:“論(lun)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti),則千古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門戶(hu)無(wu)二(er)(er)論(lun)”(參見卷7,《寶慶語(yu)錄(lu)(lu)》),直將儒家(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)貫(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)一(yi)(yi)語(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)破,沒有(you)(you)博(bo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)反約(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功是(shi)(shi)(shi)難以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)達到(dao)的。因其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)由(you)(you)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”而(er)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“有(you)(you)主(zhu)”,故其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立(li)異,亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)蹈常,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)事(shi)玄虛,亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)涉卑近(jin),要(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抒(shu)所(suo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),敷(fu)明(ming)宗(zong)旨,說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)詳(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)反約(yue)”(卷8,《善(shan)(shan)利圖說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)》)。例(li)如(ru),他(ta)推(tui)崇陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)“致(zhi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi)”說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),乃出(chu)于(yu)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”,他(ta)又(you)批評陽(yang)(yang)明(ming)“無(wu)善(shan)(shan)無(wu)惡(e)性之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)”,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)于(yu)“自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”。他(ta)指出(chu),“致(zhi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi)”一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)肯定(ding)(ding)了(le)本體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“至善(shan)(shan)”,而(er)“無(wu)善(shan)(shan)無(wu)惡(e)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)則從(cong)(cong)本體(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)否定(ding)(ding)“善(shan)(shan)”,二(er)(er)者(zhe)相矛盾。“既知(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)(zhi)惡(e)是(shi)(shi)(shi)良(liang)知(zhi)(zhi),可見有(you)(you)善(shan)(shan)無(wu)惡(e)是(shi)(shi)(shi)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)。今曰(yue)‘無(wu)善(shan)(shan)無(wu)惡(e)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)’,亦(yi)可曰(yue)‘無(wu)良(liang)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良(liang),心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)(ti)’邪?”(卷16,《雜著·別(bie)李子(zi)(zi)(zi)高(gao)言》)

辨“無善無惡”心體(ti)之(zhi)非,是(shi)當時學界的(de)熱門(men)話題,東林顧憲成、高攀龍曾拒之(zhi)不遺余力。從吾(wu)所辨,抓其(qi)性體(ti)“至善”這(zhe)一核心立論(lun)(lun),決非人云亦云。他在時儒(ru)熱烈討論(lun)(lun)的(de)“先天”與“后(hou)天”、“未發(fa)”與“已發(fa)”以及孔門(men)“從心所欲不逾矩”等諸(zhu)多(duo)理論(lun)(lun)問(wen)題上,皆有(you)自得之(zhi)處,特別(bie)是(shi)其(qi)所著《善利(li)圖說》,以善、利(li)分殊圣凡,乃發(fa)前人所未發(fa)。蓋因其(qi)學有(you)自得,其(qi)講學多(duo)“率出己意”,故頗為(wei)諸(zhu)生推崇,認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)橫渠、涇野諸(zhu)夫子之(zhi)后(hou)“一人而已”(崔鳳(feng)翥(zhu)《恭定(ding)馮少墟(xu)先生傳(chuan)》)。

三、崇正辟邪(xie),力(li)變風氣

對(dui)于(yu)學(xue)(xue)問,不(bu)(bu)為異端(duan)邪說所(suo)迫挾,敢(gan)(gan)于(yu)堅持(chi)正義正見,是(shi)每一(yi)位(wei)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)應(ying)有的學(xue)(xue)術(shu)良心;面(mian)對(dui)不(bu)(bu)良的學(xue)(xue)風、士風、鄉風,敢(gan)(gan)于(yu)抵御與(yu)抗爭,是(shi)每一(yi)位(wei)學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)應(ying)有的道德責任。可(ke)以說,在這方面(mian)從吾勘為晚明關中之(zhi)楷模,極有功于(yu)“圣學(xue)(xue)”。故《行實》謂:“崇正辟邪,秦風丕變,海內(nei)道學(xue)(xue)一(yi)振”。

“崇正(zheng)辟(pi)邪(xie)”是(shi)(shi)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)道(dao)德責任(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)趨使下認(ren)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術態度。他在(zai)(zai)為(wei)自(zi)己(ji)所(suo)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《自(zi)贊》中,明(ming)(ming)確(que)(que)表白“佛(fo)老是(shi)(shi)距,鄒(zou)魯吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)師。”可見(jian)(jian),其所(suo)崇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“正(zheng)”,其核(he)心(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)“以(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti),以(yi)誠敬(jing)為(wei)功(gong)夫”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“孔曾思孟(meng)、周程張(zhang)朱”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。所(suo)辟(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“邪(xie)”,有“二(er)(er)(er)(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”異(yi)端之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說,有時儒(ru)(ru)“淪于空談說寂(ji)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“流(liu)弊”,有學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)界不(bu)(bu)端之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風氣(qi)等,“其于巖(yan)端是(shi)(shi)非(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界,則(ze)辨(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)遺(yi)余力(li)。”(王(wang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)敬(jing):《關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)續編·少墟馮先生》)然(ran)(ran)此并非(fei)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)“好辨(bian)”,實出(chu)(chu)于“不(bu)(bu)得已”。在(zai)(zai)當(dang)時“淫辭邪(xie)說,熒惑(huo)(huo)天(tian)(tian)下”的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)“欲(yu)正(zheng)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)”,必須“就其蔽(bi)錮關(guan)切之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)而剖決(jue)(jue)挽回之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”(李維貞(zhen)《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)錄(lu)序(xu)》)。其所(suo)著《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)錄(lu)》,所(suo)辨(bian)多(duo)為(wei)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與釋道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)異(yi),其目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)于明(ming)(ming)“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)儒(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)傳”,故能對“凡(fan)世儒(ru)(ru)所(suo)易(yi)惑(huo)(huo)處(chu),輒為(wei)道(dao)破”,更不(bu)(bu)至于使“佛(fo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)弊”以(yi)“塞其源(yuan)”(涂宗(zong)睿《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)錄(lu)序(xu)》)。值得注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),“力(li)辟(pi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”雖然(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)自(zi)張(zhang)載以(yi)來宋代關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)乃至理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)所(suo)向,然(ran)(ran)張(zhang)載所(suo)破斥者(zhe)乃佛(fo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)“以(yi)心(xin)(xin)(xin)法起(qi)滅(mie)天(tian)(tian)地”、“以(yi)山河(he)大地為(wei)見(jian)(jian)病”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“虛(xu)無(wu)”說,以(yi)確(que)(que)立(li)“太虛(xu)即氣(qi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)宇宙本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)論。從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)距斥者(zhe),則(ze)是(shi)(shi)佛(fo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)論。他認(ren)為(wei),當(dang)時人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)種(zhong)種(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迷(mi)惑(huo)(huo),“皆起(qi)于學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming),學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming),起(qi)于心(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)”。王(wang)陽(yang)明(ming)(ming)認(ren)為(wei)儒(ru)(ru)與“二(er)(er)(er)(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”并無(wu)“二(er)(er)(er)(er)見(jian)(jian)”,“二(er)(er)(er)(er)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用皆我(wo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用”,“圣人(ren)(ren)與天(tian)(tian)地民(min)物同(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti),儒(ru)(ru)佛(fo)老莊皆吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用。”(《年(nian)譜》,載《王(wang)陽(yang)明(ming)(ming)全集》,上(shang)海古籍出(chu)(chu)版(ban)社(she)1992年(nian)版(ban),第1289頁(ye))遂在(zai)(zai)心(xin)(xin)(xin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)問題上(shang),認(ren)為(wei)禪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“明(ming)(ming)心(xin)(xin)(xin)見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”與儒(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“盡性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至命”相通。其后(hou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)如(ru)王(wang)龍溪則(ze)徑任(ren)先天(tian)(tian)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti),而略于后(hou)天(tian)(tian)省察克(ke)己(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),使王(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)日(ri)漸流(liu)于空疏,這也許是(shi)(shi)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)于晚明(ming)(ming)力(li)辨(bian)佛(fo)儒(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要原因之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。他多(duo)處(chu)提到陽(yang)明(ming)(ming)謂“釋氏(shi)(shi)(shi)與吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)儒(ru)(ru)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)毫厘(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隔”,他則(ze)獨辨(bian)其宗(zong)旨決(jue)(jue)然(ran)(ran)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),如(ru)說“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)儒(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)理為(wei)宗(zong),佛(fo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),以(yi)了生死(si)為(wei)宗(zong)”;儒(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“盡心(xin)(xin)(xin)知性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”與釋氏(shi)(shi)(shi)“明(ming)(ming)心(xin)(xin)(xin)見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”,二(er)(er)(er)(er)者(zhe)“若(ruo)相同(tong)而實相遠”(楊鶴《辨(bian)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)錄(lu)序(xu)》),釋氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蔽(bi)正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)于未明(ming)(ming)“善(shan)(shan)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)源(yuan)為(wei)“理”;“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)儒(ru)(ru)”所(suo)謂“直(zhi)指人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)”,是(shi)(shi)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)“惟(wei)微”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“道(dao)心(xin)(xin)(xin)”,佛(fo)所(suo)謂“直(zhi)指人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)”指的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“惟(wei)危”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“人(ren)(ren)心(xin)(xin)(xin)”;“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)儒(ru)(ru)”所(suo)謂“見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”,是(shi)(shi)見(jian)(jian)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“善(shan)(shan)”性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),佛(fo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)謂“見(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”,見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“氣(qi)質之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”。此說雖不(bu)(bu)一(yi)定(ding)正(zheng)確(que)(que),但其目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)確(que)(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de),即要通過辨(bian)佛(fo)、儒(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)異(yi),來探尋王(wang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)末流(liu)空疏學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思想根源(yuan)。他多(duo)次(ci)論本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與功(gong)夫相即不(bu)(bu)離,批(pi)評(ping)時儒(ru)(ru)“空虛(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”,顯(xian)然(ran)(ran)有學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)針對性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

“崇儉(jian)德以(yi)敦素風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)”,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)致力(li)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)方(fang)面,故他(ta)(ta)(ta)嘗把(ba)講學(xue)(xue)與端正士(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)民俗(su)聯系起來,多(duo)(duo)為秦(qin)地士(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日下而(er)(er)慨嘆。其(qi)與學(xue)(xue)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)鄉(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)典型者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),如相(xiang)互“爭譏”、“詆(di)毀(hui)”,不(bu)能“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)”;“怕人(ren)(ren)(ren)責備”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)不(bu)分(fen),不(bu)能堅(jian)持正義;喜議論(lun)他(ta)(ta)(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei);討論(lun)學(xue)(xue)術(shu),或(huo)自(zi)(zi)以(yi)為是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),或(huo)自(zi)(zi)足自(zi)(zi)滿(man),或(huo)不(bu)能“虛(xu)己下人(ren)(ren)(ren)”,“過(guo)于(yu)(yu)激辨(bian)”等等。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)秦(qin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)能成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俗(su),從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)深(shen)有(you)感觸,他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo):“世間最(zui)有(you)功德事,莫大于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)。南(nan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)每(mei)見(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)一好事,大家(jia)必稱贊(zan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),羽翼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu)底(di)于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。秦(qin)俗(su)則爭譏笑(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詆(di)毀(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務(wu),底(di)于(yu)(yu)敗,如此(ci)則師(shi)復受(shou)其(qi)益(yi),而(er)(er)弟子(zi)(zi)多(duo)(duo)受(shou)其(qi)損(sun)。”師(shi)弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,要(yao)(yao)相(xiang)互尊(zun)重,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei),而(er)(er)不(bu)要(yao)(yao)相(xiang)互詆(di)毀(hui),否則只能兩敗俱傷(shang)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)還舉一例(li)(li)來說(shuo)明(ming)(ming):“王陽明(ming)(ming)、呂(lv)涇野皆(jie)我明(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真儒也。陽明(ming)(ming)門人(ren)(ren)(ren)幾半海內,而(er)(er)涇野則否。雖于(yu)(yu)二公無(wu)損(sun),卻于(yu)(yu)關(guan)輔無(wu)光。”(《續集(ji)》卷(juan)二,《正俗(su)俗(su)言(yan)》)馮公深(shen)為秦(qin)地此(ci)種士(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊(bi)所(suo)患(huan),遂在《關(guan)中士(shi)(shi)夫(fu)會(hui)(hui)約(yue)》中規定,“彼此(ci)爭構,吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)輩所(suo)無(wu)儻(tang)。萬一有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),大家(jia)務(wu)要(yao)(yao)盡心勸(quan)和(he),勿令因小(xiao)(xiao)忿以(yi)傷(shang)大體。”并希望(wang)大家(jia)“出入相(xiang)友(you),守(shou)望(wang)相(xiang)助,疾病(bing)(bing)相(xiang)扶”,以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)良好的(de)士(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)鄉(xiang)俗(su)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)特別厭惡士(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中的(de)鄉(xiang)愿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣,如對(dui)于(yu)(yu)“敬(jing)”、“肆”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)不(bu)敢堅(jian)持,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一例(li)(li):“秦(qin)俗(su)明(ming)(ming)知敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而(er)(er)百方(fang)嫉忌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),百方(fang)吹求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使敬(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)必至于(yu)(yu)無(wu)所(suo)容(rong)。明(ming)(ming)知肆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei),而(er)(er)百方(fang)狎溺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),百方(fang)左袒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使肆者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)益(yi),至于(yu)(yu)無(wu)忌憚(dan)……”(卷(juan)2,《正俗(su)俗(su)言(yan)》)不(bu)敢堅(jian)持真理和(he)正義,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)不(bu)分(fen),造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)結果只能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)敬(jing)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)“無(wu)所(suo)容(rong)”,肆者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)“無(wu)忌憚(dan)”,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)氣每(mei)況(kuang)愈下,此(ci)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)“秦(qin)俗(su)尤(you)甚”。在對(dui)待(dai)(dai)學(xue)(xue)界友(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)過(guo)失上,從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)又能采取寬(kuan)容(rong)的(de)態度,他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)非(fei)圣賢,孰能無(wu)過(guo)”,如對(dui)待(dai)(dai)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)、小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)態度和(he)方(fang)法,主張(zhang)要(yao)(yao)因不(bu)同情況(kuang)而(er)(er)異(yi):“論(lun)交與,當(dang)親君(jun)子(zi)(zi)而(er)(er)遠小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren);論(lun)度量(liang),當(dang)敬(jing)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)而(er)(er)容(rong)小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren);論(lun)學(xue)(xue)術(shu),當(dang)法君(jun)子(zi)(zi)而(er)(er)化小(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。”(卷(juan)11,《池陽語錄》)他(ta)(ta)(ta)最(zui)反(fan)對(dui)不(bu)負(fu)責任的(de)背后議論(lun):“余每(mei)見(jian)朋友(you)中背后多(duo)(duo)議人(ren)(ren)(ren)過(guo)失,當(dang)面反(fan)不(bu)肯盡言(yan)”,他(ta)(ta)(ta)認為“此(ci)非(fei)獨朋友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo),或(huo)亦彼此(ci),未嘗開心見(jian)誠”。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)在《學(xue)(xue)會(hui)(hui)約(yue)》中,以(yi)“過(guo)失相(xiang)規”四(si)字相(xiang)約(yue)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)論(lun)辯(bian),從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)強調“務(wu)要(yao)(yao)平心易氣,虛(xu)己下人(ren)(ren)(ren)。即有(you)不(bu)合,亦當(dang)再加詳玩,不(bu)可自(zi)(zi)以(yi)為是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),過(guo)于(yu)(yu)激辨(bian)。”而(er)(er)“以(yi)自(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為自(zi)(zi)信(xin),主意一定,無(wu)復商量(liang)”,此(ci)“近世學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)(duo)坐(zuo)此(ci)病(bing)(bing)”,從(cong)(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)告誡“吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)輩當(dang)共(gong)戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。(《學(xue)(xue)會(hui)(hui)約(yue)》)正如陳繼儒所(suo)說(shuo):“凡向(xiang)來講學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流弊(bi),士(shi)(shi)大夫(fu)積習之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膏盲(mang),悉從(cong)(cong)(cong)公道(dao)眼(yan)覷破(po),親手拈出病(bing)(bing)根,已凈然后與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梁(liang)肉(rou)。”(《馮少墟(xu)先(xian)生集(ji)敘》)

此(ci)外,提倡“崇(chong)(chong)真(zhen)尚簡”也是從吾力(li)變風(feng)氣(qi)的一個重(zhong)要方面(mian)。《學(xue)會(hui)約(yue)(yue)》規(gui)定(ding)“會(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)一切交(jiao)際(ji),俱當謝(xie)絕,此(ci)正崇(chong)(chong)真(zhen)尚簡處(chu)”,即(ji)要求學(xue)者正常的交(jiao)往(wang)(wang)應該是純真(zhen)的、樸實的而非飾偽(wei)造(zao)作的,此(ci)即(ji)“崇(chong)(chong)真(zhen)”;杜絕種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)奢靡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉和交(jiao)往(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)的種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)繁冗禮(li)俗(su)(su),此(ci)即(ji)“尚簡”。所(suo)(suo)訂《關中(zhong)(zhong)士(shi)夫會(hui)約(yue)(yue)》中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)列諸條,多是對交(jiao)往(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮(li)節加以(yi)限定(ding)或(huo)重(zhong)審,其中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)都樸實無華,切實可行。其字里行間流露著從吾對那種(zhong)(zhong)非出(chu)于自然真(zhen)情的飾偽(wei)、矯柔造(zao)作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風(feng)的切膚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)。該《約(yue)(yue)》后(hou)來(lai)“傳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四海,慕為盛舉”,故此(ci)《約(yue)(yue)》出(chu)十(shi)余年后(hou),周(zhou)(zhou)司農在《關中(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)約(yue)(yue)述》一文中(zhong)(zhong)評論說,此(ci)約(yue)(yue)“皆萃(cui)渙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良箴,而協(xie)德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶訓也。蓋崇(chong)(chong)儉德以(yi)敦(dun)素(su)風(feng),酌往(wang)(wang)來(lai)以(yi)通交(jiao)際(ji),嚴稱謂以(yi)尊古誼,絕告訐(jie)以(yi)警薄俗(su)(su),周(zhou)(zhou)窮約(yue)(yue)以(yi)厚(hou)廉靖,教后(hou)裔(yi)以(yi)慰(wei)先德。敦(dun)本(ben)尚實之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)念,維風(feng)善俗(su)(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規(gui),溢于言表。”“崇(chong)(chong)儉敦(dun)素(su)”、“敦(dun)本(ben)尚實”、“維風(feng)善俗(su)(su)”,為從吾針對晚明(ming)虛浮風(feng)氣(qi)所(suo)(suo)提出(chu)的補偏救弊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方,也是其所(suo)(suo)倡實學(xue)學(xue)風(feng)的重(zhong)要體現。

四(si)、踐履嚴明,不易節操(cao)

躬(gong)行(xing)實踐(jian),崇尚氣(qi)(qi)節(jie),是關學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)宗風。劉(liu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)智:《躬(gong)行(xing)禮教,崇尚氣(qi)(qi)節(jie)——從(cong)關中三李談起(qi)》,載《陜西師大繼(ji)續教育學(xue)(xue)(xue)報》2001年(nian)第(di)1期。馮從(cong)吾(wu)承繼(ji)張載關學(xue)(xue)(xue)躬(gong)行(xing)實踐(jian)、經(jing)世致用之(zhi)傳統(tong),“以出處辭受一(yi)介不(bu)易(yi)為風節(jie)”。從(cong)吾(wu)嘗謂“為學(xue)(xue)(xue)不(bu)在(zai)多言(yan)(yan),顧(gu)力行(xing)如何耳”(《學(xue)(xue)(xue)會約·附答問二(er)則》),如果“能言(yan)(yan)而行(xing)不(bu)逮,此正學(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo)禁也。”(卷十(shi)四,《講學(xue)(xue)(xue)說(shuo)》)其所(suo)(suo)說(shuo)“躬(gong)行(xing)”,既指對國計民生要(yao)關切,又指道德踐(jian)履要(yao)篤實,同時包括做人要(yao)有不(bu)易(yi)之(zhi)節(jie)操,從(cong)中可看出從(cong)吾(wu)的(de)(de)精神氣(qi)(qi)質和人格境界。

從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)“生平所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),惟(wei)毋自(zi)(zi)欺,實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)妙悟(wu),卓有(you)(you)深識(shi)。誠不(bu)(bu)忍人心(xin)世道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江河(he),慨然(ran)(ran)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)興起挽回為(wei)(wei)己(ji)任(ren)。”(《行實(shi)(shi)》)他曾(ceng)(ceng)借批(pi)評(ping)楊朱“無君”、“為(wei)(wei)我”,說(shuo)(shuo):“丟過(guo)親與(yu)民物(wu)而(er)只為(wei)(wei)我,視(shi)天(tian)下國(guo)家(jia)大事(shi)與(yu)我不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)干,成何(he)世界(jie)(jie)?故曰‘無君’。”(《善利圖(tu)說(shuo)(shuo)》)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)亦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行動實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)了這一宗(zong)旨(zhi)。明神(shen)宗(zong)時(shi),朝(chao)講(jiang)浸廢,“酒后(hou)數斃(bi)左右(you)給侍”,從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)乃齋心(xin)草疏以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)諫,其(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)“困曲蘗而(er)歡飲長夜,娛窈(yao)窕而(er)宴眠終日(ri)”等語,神(shen)宗(zong)震怒,傳旨(zhi)廷杖。恰逢長秋節(jie)(jie)(jie),為(wei)(wei)輔臣救免。此事(shi)使(shi)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聲震天(tian)下。(參見(jian)(jian)《關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)續(xu)編》卷1,《少墟馮先生》)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)目睹熹宗(zong)即(ji)位(wei)后(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)局:“內(nei)則(ze)(ze)旱荒盜(dao)賊,連綿(mian)糾結(jie)(jie)(jie)”,士(shi)(shi)大人卻“日(ri)惟(wei)植利結(jie)(jie)(jie)黨為(wei)(wei)汲(ji)汲(ji)”;“外則(ze)(ze)遼左危急(ji),禍且剝床及膚”,將帥則(ze)(ze)或棄城(cheng)而(er)遁,或“各(ge)自(zi)(zi)結(jie)(jie)(jie)黨,互相(xiang)(xiang)排陷,不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)和(he)衷(zhong)共(gong)濟(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)”。于是毅然(ran)(ran)“挺身(shen)(shen)而(er)出,冀以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)道(dao)(dao)大義挽回其(qi)(qi)間”。凡遇可說(shuo)(shuo)話的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會,他都能(neng)“明目張膽,糾彈不(bu)(bu)避,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一身(shen)(shen)彰(zhang)宇(yu)宙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公道(dao)(dao)”(同上),為(wei)(wei)了國(guo)家(jia),不(bu)(bu)顧個(ge)人安(an)危,真是光明磊(lei)落,大義凜然(ran)(ran)!在當時(shi)情(qing)況下,雖然(ran)(ran)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼喚是微弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)仍在做不(bu)(bu)懈地努力,如(ru)曾(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)鄒南皋(gao)、鐘龍源等講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)城(cheng)隍廟,“欲借此聯絡正(zheng)(zheng)人同志濟(ji)(ji)國(guo)也(ye)。”(同上)當有(you)(you)人懷疑(yi)其(qi)(qi)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)能(neng)否(fou)濟(ji)(ji)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)愴然(ran)(ran)說(shuo)(shuo):“正(zheng)(zheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)家(jia)多(duo)事(shi),士(shi)(shi)大夫(fu)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)死,抱頭鼠竄者(zhe)(zhe)踵相(xiang)(xiang)接。宜喚起親上死長之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)何(he)可置也(ye)。”(《行實(shi)(shi)》)故鄒南皋(gao)謂“馮子(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)行其(qi)(qi)道(dao)(dao)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。”(同上書(shu))從(cong)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)身(shen)(shen)上,我們不(bu)(bu)難看出一脈相(xiang)(xiang)承之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)躬行實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)、經世致用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)傳統和(he)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)風,亦可窺見(jian)(jian)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)堅持正(zheng)(zheng)義、剛(gang)直(zhi)不(bu)(bu)阿(a)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)操(cao)。正(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)所說(shuo)(shuo):“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)須是有(you)(you)一介不(bu)(bu)茍(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)操(cao),才得(de)有(you)(you)萬(wan)仞(ren)壁立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣象。”(卷三,《疑(yi)思錄》)陳繼(ji)儒評(ping)價說(shuo)(shuo):從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)“終日(ri)講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),而(er)若(ruo)未嘗講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue);終日(ri)聚(ju)徒,而(er)若(ruo)未嘗聚(ju)徒。不(bu)(bu)分門(men)別戶(hu),不(bu)(bu)插標(biao)樹羽(yu),不(bu)(bu)走時(shi)局,不(bu)(bu)握朝(chao)權(quan),不(bu)(bu)招射的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),逍遙(yao)環墻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,超然(ran)(ran)免于言論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,非踐(jian)(jian)履嚴(yan)明,涵(han)養精潔,何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)此!”(首卷,《馮少墟先生集(ji)敘(xu)》)確實(shi)(shi),沒(mei)有(you)(you)嚴(yan)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)操(cao),沒(mei)有(you)(you)“精潔”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涵(han)養功夫(fu),是誠難達此學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)境界(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。總之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),從(cong)馮從(cong)吾(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)窺見(jian)(jian)晚明關(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)特(te)征以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及中國(guo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)術(shu)向(xiang)實(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)轉化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動向(xiang)。

貢獻影響

治學觀點

馮從吾繼(ji)承了張載所提倡的“學(xue)則多疑(yi)”的觀點,而且根據自己的治(zhi)學(xue)經驗,提出(chu)了“學(xue)、行(xing)、疑(yi)、思、恒(heng)”五(wu)字結合的治(zhi)學(xue)方(fang)法(fa)。

首先,他(ta)(ta)(ta)強(qiang)調“學(xue)”與“行(xing)(xing)”應緊密結合(he)(he)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)說,天下之事(shi),未有不學(xue)而(er)能行(xing)(xing)者;同時又說,講學(xue)原為(wei)躬行(xing)(xing)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)要求學(xue)生戒空(kong)談(tan),敦實(shi)行(xing)(xing),只(zhi)有后躬實(shi)行(xing)(xing),切實(shi)專做,才是(shi)真學(xue)問。他(ta)(ta)(ta)還以學(xue)射(she)(she)箭為(wei)例,深入(ru)淺出地闡述了(le)學(xue)行(xing)(xing)合(he)(he)一的關(guan)系(xi)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)說:“學(xue)射(she)(she)者不操弓矢而(er)談(tan)射(she)(she),非惟(wei)不能射(she)(she),其所談(tan)必無當。”

其次,他(ta)認為在學習中“疑(yi)”與“思(si)”是(shi)(shi)相輔相成的(de)(de)辯(bian)證(zheng)關系。思(si)就是(shi)(shi)思(si)考、鉆研,動腦(nao)子去(qu)想;疑(yi)就是(shi)(shi)疑(yi)問,即在學習中要提(ti)出問題(ti),提(ti)示矛盾。他(ta)說:“思(si)而疑(yi),疑(yi)而思(si),辯(bian)之必(bi)欲其明,講之必(bi)欲其透(tou)也。”意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi),思(si)和疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個互為循(xun)環(huan)往(wang)復的(de)(de)學習提(ti)高過(guo)程,通過(guo)獨立(li)思(si)考,認真辨析(xi)和討論,知識就會融(rong)會貫通,疑(yi)惑釋明;用(yong)語言表(biao)達出來,就一(yi)定(ding)會更加透(tou)徹(che)、嚴謹。他(ta)認為“只要一(yi)息尚存,此疑(yi)不懈,九(jiu)天九(jiu)地何(he)處不入。”意(yi)(yi)思(si)是(shi)(shi)對待疑(yi)難的(de)(de)問題(ti),一(yi)定(ding)要肯于(yu)吃苦(ku),勤奮鉆研,不攀(pan)登到知識的(de)(de)高峰(feng)決不罷休(xiu)。

再次,他強調學(xue)習必須有(you)恒心(xin),要孜孜不倦地堅持下(xia)去。只有(you)如此,才能有(you)所作(zuo)為。

這五字結合的治(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)方法(fa),符(fu)合人(ren)們治(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)的基本規律,至(zhi)今(jin)仍可以作為(wei)我們讀(du)書學(xue)習(xi)的借鑒。

在幾十(shi)年(nian)的(de)教育活動(dong)中(zhong),馮(feng)從吾特別注意為(wei)師(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)道。他(ta)十(shi)分(fen)熱(re)愛作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)教師(shi)講(jiang)學(xue)這一(yi)職(zhi)業,為(wei)官(guan)也講(jiang),不作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)官(guan)也講(jiang),走到那(nei)講(jiang)到那(nei)。“學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)當講(jiang),猶饑之(zhi)(zhi)當食(shi),寒之(zhi)(zhi)當衣。”他(ta)把講(jiang)學(xue)看作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)穿衣吃飯一(yi)樣,是他(ta)生命中(zhong)不可缺(que)少(shao)的(de)精神支柱(zhu)。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)教師(shi),又非常注意陶冶情操,為(wei)人師(shi)表。他(ta)雖曾做過高官(guan),但始終生活儉樸。當他(ta)七十(shi)壽誕(dan)時,學(xue)生們準(zhun)備(bei)為(wei)他(ta)熱(re)熱(re)鬧(nao)(nao)鬧(nao)(nao)地慶賀一(yi)番,他(ta)說(shuo):“國家正值多事之(zhi)(zhi)秋(qiu),我們怎能安然歡(huan)娛呢?”勸告學(xue)生不宜輔張(zhang)辦事。

馮從(cong)吾(wu)于明萬(wan)歷二十四年(nian)(1596年(nian))在寶(bao)慶(qing)寺講(jiang)學(xue)時,特意撰寫僅108字(zi)的一篇短文(wen)名(ming)曰《諭(yu)俗》,全文(wen)是:“千講(jiang)萬(wan)講(jiang)不過要大家做好(hao)人,存好(hao)心(xin),行好(hao)事,三句盡(jin)之(zhi)矣。因錄舊對一聯:‘做個(ge)好(hao)人,心(xin)正、身安,魂夢(meng)穩;行些(xie)善事,天(tian)知(zhi)、地鑒,鬼神欽。’丙申秋(qiu),余(yu)偕諸同志(zhi)講(jiang)學(xue)于寶(bao)慶(qing)寺,旬(xun)日(ri)一舉(ju),越數會,凡農、工、商(shang)、賈中有志(zhi)向者咸來聽講(jiang),且先(xian)問所(suo)講(jiang)何事?余(yu)懼夫會約(yue)(指《寶(bao)慶(qing)寺學(xue)會約(yue)》)之(zhi)難(nan)以解也(ye),漫書此(ci)以示。”

這是(shi)400多(duo)年(nian)來(lai)中華民族優良傳統文(wen)化寶庫中最(zui)(zui)通俗(su)而又最(zui)(zui)杰(jie)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)典籍之一(yi)。是(shi)馮從吾(wu)繼承弘(hong)揚“關學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”道(dao)統,獻身教育事(shi)業,孜孜不(bu)倦以“提醒人心(xin)為(wei)己(ji)任”的(de)(de)(de)(de)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)宗旨和(he)綱(gang)領;也是(shi)馮從吾(wu)對我(wo)國(guo)儒家(jia)兩千(qian)余年(nian)來(lai)古圣先賢講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)經明道(dao)如(ru)(ru)何做(zuo)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de),以最(zui)(zui)通俗(su)語(yu)言(yan)文(wen)字進行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總結(jie)和(he)概括。正(zheng)如(ru)(ru)他在(zai)文(wen)章開首所(suo)寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣:“千(qian)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)萬(wan)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)過要(yao)大家(jia)做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)人,存好(hao)(hao)心(xin),行(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)事(shi),三(san)句盡之矣(yi)。”這是(shi)多(duo)么(me)直截了(le)當(dang)簡(jian)明扼要(yao)地講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)經論道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)語(yu)言(yan),不(bu)僅(jin)避(bi)免(mian)了(le)千(qian)百年(nian)來(lai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者們引經據典,反復考證(zheng)教條式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)繁瑣講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端,使受業“士子”立即(ji)得(de)(de)到修身治學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)領,而且更重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)使農、工、商(shang)、賈(jia),一(yi)聽(ting)就懂,心(xin)領神會(hui)“咸來(lai)聽(ting)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”。還可以說是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)幾千(qian)年(nian)來(lai)教育史上有(you)關教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)改革最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)最(zui)(zui)早經驗總結(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)典范。很值得(de)(de)我(wo)們今天各級(ji)各類(lei)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校向學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)思想(xiang)(xiang)品德教育的(de)(de)(de)(de)借鑒。馮從吾(wu)曾向世人宣(xuan)稱“開天辟地在(zai)此(ci)(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、旋(xuan)轉乾(qian)坤在(zai)此(ci)(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、致君澤(ze)民在(zai)此(ci)(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、撥亂反正(zheng)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、扶正(zheng)變邪在(zai)此(ci)(ci)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”,“在(zai)此(ci)(ci)”二字不(bu)是(shi)指(zhi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang),而是(shi)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容,即(ji)《諭俗(su)》開首的(de)(de)(de)(de)“做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)人,存好(hao)(hao)心(xin),行(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)事(shi)”三(san)句話的(de)(de)(de)(de)教育思想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進一(yi)步具體闡(chan)述。

馮從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)主持的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)中(zhong)書(shu)院(yuan)辦得聞名(ming)遐邇,他的(de)(de)(de)思想對(dui)社(she)會(hui)產生了很大影響。當時,魏(wei)忠(zhong)賢的(de)(de)(de)爪牙遍(bian)布全國。據《陜西(xi)通(tong)志(zhi)·藝文志(zhi)》載(zai):“天下皆(jie)建生祠(ci)(魏(wei)忠(zhong)賢),惟陜西(xi)獨無。”就是由于陜西(xi)知識界堅持了馮從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)所教(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)不與(yu)小人同流合污的(de)(de)(de)高尚品德(de)的(de)(de)(de)結果。天啟六年(1626年)十二(er)月(yue),朝廷竟下令搗(dao)毀了關(guan)中(zhong)書(shu)院(yuan),把(ba)馮從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)尊崇的(de)(de)(de)孔子塑像(xiang)擲于城墻(qiang)南隅。馮從(cong)(cong)吾(wu)(wu)目睹自己傾注了畢生心(xin)血(xue)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)院(yuan)成(cheng)為(wei)一片廢墟,悲恨切膚,于天啟七年(1627年)二(er)月(yue)飲恨長逝。

鐵骨錚錚 冒死直諫

明(ming)萬歷(li)二十(shi)年(1592年)正(zheng)月的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)天,京城(cheng)皇宮內(nei)張燈結彩,笙歌(ge)喧天,王公大臣競(jing)相(xiang)揖拜,贊辭頌(song)詩不(bu)絕于耳,為(wei)當(dang)朝(chao)皇帝的(de)(de)(de)生母———仁(ren)圣皇太(tai)(tai)后隆重慶(qing)賀生日。這(zhe)(zhe)時,明(ming)神(shen)宗朱翊(yi)鈞自(zi)然歡喜(xi)不(bu)盡。可(ke)是,一(yi)份題(ti)為(wei)《請修朝(chao)政疏》的(de)(de)(de)書奏,頓使他大發雷(lei)霆。他立(li)即傳旨:對上(shang)疏者馮從吾“廷杖”。廷杖是懲罰官吏(li)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種酷刑,即在朝(chao)廷上(shang)當(dang)眾用棍棒毆(ou)打被脫(tuo)了衣裳的(de)(de)(de)大臣。原來,這(zhe)(zhe)份奏疏非但(dan)沒有一(yi)字向皇太(tai)(tai)后祝頌(song)萬壽(shou)(shou),反(fan)而(er)全(quan)篇矛頭(tou)直指皇帝。正(zheng)當(dang)殺氣騰(teng)(teng)騰(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)武士(shi)持棒上(shang)殿,準備動手(shou)打的(de)(de)(de)時候,大臣趙志皋等人出面(mian)向明(ming)神(shen)宗極力(li)懇請,聯名舉保(bao)。明(ming)神(shen)宗姑念太(tai)(tai)后壽(shou)(shou)辰(chen),給了面(mian)子,上(shang)疏者才幸免于難。

孜孜育才 弟子五千

馮(feng)從吾歷(li)盡(jin)艱難曲(qu)折(zhe),惟對(dui)教書育人(ren)(ren)樂此不(bu)(bu)疲,孜孜不(bu)(bu)倦。他(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo)(shuo)講(jiang)學(xue)可以(yi)(yi)“發(fa)蓓擊蒙,移(yi)風易俗”。這就(jiu)是說(shuo)(shuo),他(ta)(ta)(ta)把教育看(kan)成(cheng)(cheng)改造社會、發(fa)人(ren)(ren)才智(zhi)、凈(jing)化世(shi)風的(de)(de)重(zhong)要途(tu)徑(jing)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)還認為(wei)(wei)(wei),國(guo)家正(zheng)處在危難之中(zhong),更需(xu)要講(jiang)學(xue),以(yi)(yi)喚(huan)起人(ren)(ren)心(xin),才能(neng)有(you)效地抵御(yu)外(wai)侮,安(an)定天下。這說(shuo)(shuo)明他(ta)(ta)(ta)講(jiang)學(xue)還有(you)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)政治(zhi)目的(de)(de),就(jiu)是為(wei)(wei)(wei)了與魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)之流(liu)繼續(xu)進行斗(dou)爭。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了達到講(jiang)學(xue)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de),弘揚教化,于明萬歷(li)三十(shi)七年(nian)(1609年(nian))以(yi)(yi)后,他(ta)(ta)(ta)主持了關中(zhong)書院(yuan),使這個書院(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)直人(ren)(ren)士評論國(guo)是、反對(dui)魏忠(zhong)賢(xian)之輩(bei)的(de)(de)講(jiang)壇和(he)學(xue)術活(huo)動(dong)中(zhong)心(xin),成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)具有(you)相當規模的(de)(de)著名學(xue)府,先后培(pei)養(yang)五(wu)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)之多。于是他(ta)(ta)(ta)聲名大震,被(bei)人(ren)(ren)們譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)“關西夫(fu)子”。

由(you)于(yu)馮從(cong)吾特別重視教(jiao)育的社會(hui)政治功能,因而他(ta)很強調德育。他(ta)說“講學(xue)就(jiu)是(shi)講德。”他(ta)在給學(xue)生講課時,對古(gu)代(dai)直臣仁(ren)人(ren)(ren)的骨氣節操(cao),常表示欽佩不(bu)已。教(jiao)育學(xue)生學(xue)知識,首先應學(xue)會(hui)做(zuo)人(ren)(ren),做(zuo)堂(tang)堂(tang)正正、品格高尚(shang)的人(ren)(ren)。將聰明(ming)用于(yu)正路(lu),愈聰明(ming)愈好(hao),而學(xue)業(ye)更會(hui)有成就(jiu);否(fou)則將聰明(ming)用于(yu)邪路(lu),則愈聰明(ming)愈壞,其學(xue)業(ye)會(hui)助長(chang)惡行。他(ta)之所以(yi)這樣強調品德情操(cao),是(shi)由(you)于(yu)品德情操(cao)是(shi)原則問題(ti),來不(bu)得半點含糊。他(ta)認為只有秉公持正,一心為國,才稱(cheng)得上君子。他(ta)視朝(chao)中閹宦權(quan)奸為小人(ren)(ren),自(zi)己寧可(ke)高官不(bu)做(zuo),厚祿(lu)不(bu)取,也決(jue)不(bu)與那些小人(ren)(ren)同流合污。所以(yi)他(ta)常教(jiao)育學(xue)生要(yao)(yao)分清君子和小人(ren)(ren),要(yao)(yao)分清大是(shi)大非;否(fou)則,“若要(yao)(yao)立中間(jian),終(zhong)為路(lu)人(ren)(ren)”,自(zi)己終(zhong)將誤入(ru)岐途(tu)。

他還(huan)特(te)別強調(diao),做一(yi)個高尚的(de)人(ren)(ren),就要處理(li)好個人(ren)(ren)和國家(jia)的(de)關系,一(yi)切都要從國家(jia)的(de)利(li)(li)益著想,個人(ren)(ren)利(li)(li)害得失、禍福榮辱統統算不(bu)了什(shen)么。他要求(qiu)學生(sheng)“無馳于功(gong)名”。不(bu)要追求(qiu)個人(ren)(ren)的(de)名和利(li)(li)。馮從吾這樣教誨學生(sheng),他自己(ji)首先身體力(li)行。無論(lun)在(zai)朝在(zai)野,施教育人(ren)(ren)不(bu)遺余(yu)力(li);一(yi)直(zhi)用高潔(jie)的(de)人(ren)(ren)品節操給學生(sheng)樹立了榜(bang)樣。他在(zai)七(qi)十(shi)壽辰時(shi)(shi),寫(xie)了一(yi)首詩《七(qi)十(shi)自壽》:“太華有(you)青松,商山有(you)紫芝。物且耐歲(sui)寒,人(ren)(ren)肯為時(shi)(shi)移?點檢生(sheng)平事,一(yi)步未敢虧。”這首詩就是他最好的(de)人(ren)(ren)格寫(xie)照。

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