形態特征
灰松(song)鼠的皮(pi)毛主要為(wei)灰色(se),但是也(ye)有略帶紅色(se)。其腹部(bu)為(wei)白(bai)色(se),尾(wei)巴(ba)很(hen)大且多(duo)毛。在城市里,由于威脅(xie)減少,常(chang)常(chang)可以看到白(bai)色(se)或(huo)黑(hei)色(se)的灰松(song)鼠。在某些區域,如加拿(na)大東南(nan)部(bu),幾乎(hu)全黑(hei)的灰松(song)鼠有一(yi)定規模。同(tong)時也(ye)有一(yi)些變種(zhong),包括(kuo)尾(wei)巴(ba)為(wei)黑(hei)色(se)的品(pin)種(zhong),以及(ji)毛皮(pi)為(wei)黑(hei)色(se)但尾(wei)巴(ba)為(wei)白(bai)色(se)的品(pin)種(zhong)。其頭和身體(ti)長度為(wei)23-30厘米(mi),尾(wei)巴(ba)為(wei)19-25厘米(mi),成年(nian)灰松(song)鼠體(ti)重為(wei)400-800克。
生活習性
灰松鼠是(shi)在(zai)白天(tian)活動,雜食性(xing),堅果、種子(zi)、芽、昆蟲、鳥蛋(dan)為(wei)食。有在(zai)秋天(tian)囤積糧食的習(xi)性(xing),并(bing)靠這些食物過冬(dong)。
分布范圍
灰松鼠原生于(yu)美國東(dong)部及中(zhong)西部和加拿大東(dong)部省份(fen),后灰松鼠被引(yin)入到英國。
生長繁殖
通常(chang)每胎(tai)產2仔(zi),多時4仔(zi),十周后(hou)斷(duan)奶,1歲左右(you)性成熟(shu),平均壽命八至九(jiu)年。
保護級別
世界自(zi)然保護聯盟紅色名錄列為:無危(LC)
消滅倡議
灰松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于19世紀(ji)70年(nian)代(dai)引(yin)入英(ying)(ying)國。最初引(yin)入目的(de)(de)(de)是裝飾花(hua)園,然而,僅僅幾(ji)十年(nian),這(zhe)種繁殖力強的(de)(de)(de)動物就(jiu)占領(ling)英(ying)(ying)格(ge)蘭大部。與本土的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)相(xiang)比,北美灰松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)要強壯許多,無論是搶奪(duo)食物還是繁殖都遠勝于紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。更要命的(de)(de)(de)是它(ta)(ta)們(men)身(shen)上(shang)攜帶(dai)著(zhu)一種松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皰疹病(bing)毒(du),這(zhe)是一種濾過性皮膚病(bing),灰松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)雖然攜帶(dai)病(bing)毒(du),但在(zai)(zai)它(ta)(ta)們(men)身(shen)上(shang)并不發作,可是紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)卻對這(zhe)種病(bing)毒(du)十分敏感,一旦傳染(ran)上(shang)就(jiu)會得病(bing)。患病(bing)后紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)健康狀況急劇下降無法覓食,兩周內就(jiu)會死于饑餓(e)。在(zai)(zai)英(ying)(ying)國的(de)(de)(de)灰松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數量達到約330萬只,而紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)數量僅為約16萬只。查爾斯(si)王儲在(zai)(zai)致(zhi)鄉村土地和商業聯合(he)會的(de)(de)(de)信中呼吁(yu)消滅灰松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以(yi)保護(hu)紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。查爾斯(si)在(zai)(zai)信中稱這(zhe)一措施(shi)得到廣泛支持。
鄉(xiang)村土(tu)地和(he)商業(ye)聯合會支持查爾斯(si)的提議。英國防止虐待動物協會卻不(bu)贊(zan)成查爾斯(si)的觀(guan)點。協會發(fa)言(yan)人說(shuo),對(dui)灰松鼠實施(shi)(shi)滅絕措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)殘忍,而且不(bu)一定能達到控制灰松鼠數量的目(mu)的。
灰松鼠欺(qi)負紅松鼠:
據英國媒(mei)體報道,英國本土物(wu)種紅松(song)(song)鼠(shu)面臨滅絕的危機,必(bi)須大規模捕殺灰松(song)(song)鼠(shu),并(bing)鼓勵人們吃灰松(song)(song)鼠(shu)。
自從19世紀從北(bei)美(mei)引進灰(hui)松(song)(song)鼠以后(hou),英國灰(hui)松(song)(song)鼠數量已達約(yue)200萬(wan)只(zhi),而本土的(de)紅松(song)(song)鼠由于在(zai)自然(ran)環(huan)境下(xia)不敵灰(hui)松(song)(song)鼠,數量逐漸只(zhi)剩下(xia)16萬(wan)只(zhi)。為了維(wei)護生(sheng)態平衡,必須減(jian)少灰(hui)松(song)(song)鼠的(de)數量。
灰(hui)(hui)松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)原產于北美洲(zhou),如(ru)今卻是英(ying)(ying)國的(de)“害獸(shou)”。英(ying)(ying)國本土的(de)紅松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)是灰(hui)(hui)松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)競爭對手,灰(hui)(hui)松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)身(shen)上攜帶的(de)一種(zhong)致命病毒,也會讓紅松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)感(gan)染死亡。2011年牛(niu)津大學的(de)報告中稱,紅松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)可能在20年內滅絕。圖(tu)為英(ying)(ying)國倫敦,參(can)與英(ying)(ying)女王(wang)登基慶典花園(yuan)派對的(de)一只灰(hui)(hui)松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。而紅松(song)(song)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)已極為罕見(jian)。