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傳奇少年

咸康五年（前(qian)燕六年，339年），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)13歲(sui)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)擊(ji)高句麗，兵及新城，高句麗王釗乞盟，乃還(huan)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)又使(shi)授予慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)為(wei)騎都(dou)尉(wei)，令其跟(gen)隨其兄長慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪（慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)第四子）擊(ji)宇文別(bie)部(bu)。時(shi)年慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)年僅十三(san)歲(sui)，卻勇冠三(san)軍。

慕容霸甚(shen)得父親寵愛，甚(shen)至比起身(shen)為世子的哥哥慕容儁(jun)更多，故此慕容儁(jun)忿忿不平。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝(huang)率軍攻(gong)高(gao)句(ju)麗。時前燕與(yu)高(gao)句(ju)麗相鄰，慕容(rong)皝(huang)常懼其(qi)乘虛 入(ru)，視為心腹之(zhi)患(huan)，遂于十一月采(cai)用庶兄、建(jian)威將軍慕容(rong)翰(han)之(zhi)策略，分(fen)兵(bing)(bing)兩路進攻(gong)高(gao)句(ju)麗。慕容(rong)皝(huang)自(zi)率主(zhu)力精銳4萬從(cong)南道(dao)進攻(gong)，而(er)慕容(rong)霸則與(yu)慕容(rong)翰(han)為前鋒(feng)。慕容(rong)皝(huang)還另命長史王(wang)寓等率兵(bing)(bing)1.5萬從(cong)北道(dao)進攻(gong)。高(gao)句(ju)麗王(wang)高(gao)釗聞(wen)知，判斷燕軍主(zhu)力必(bi)從(cong)北道(dao)而(er)來，乃使(shi)其(qi)弟(di)高(gao)武率精兵(bing)(bing)5萬防(fang)守北道(dao)，自(zi)率弱旅防(fang)南道(dao)。前燕軍在南道(dao)大敗高(gao)句(ju)麗軍，乘勝(sheng)追入(ru)丸都（高(gao)句(ju)麗都城，今吉林集安(an)西），高(gao)釗只身逃(tao)走。

東晉建元二(er)年(nian)（前燕十一年(nian)，344年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)18歲。二(er)月，燕王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝親(qin)自(zi)帶兵(bing)攻(gong)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)逸豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)，以(yi)建威將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰為(wei)前鋒將軍，劉佩為(wei)副(fu)將；并(bing)(bing)命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)軍、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪及(ji)折沖將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根等率兵(bing)分三路(lu)并(bing)(bing)進。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)逸豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)派南羅(luo)城大(da)（即城主）涉夜(ye)干(gan)率精兵(bing)迎擊；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰出(chu)戰(zhan)涉夜(ye)干(gan)，兩軍激戰(zhan)之時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)則率軍從側翼殺(sha)(sha)出(chu)，殺(sha)(sha)涉夜(ye)干(gan)，宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)軍不戰(zhan)自(zi)潰，燕軍乘(cheng)勝追擊，攻(gong)克(ke)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)氏都城紫(zi)蒙川（今遼寧朝陽西北(bei)）。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)逸豆(dou)(dou)歸(gui)敗(bai)逃，死于(yu)漠北(bei)。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)氏從此散亡(wang)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝收其畜產，徙其部眾5000余落于(yu)昌黎，辟地(di)千余里，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)因功被封為(wei)都鄉侯。

東(dong)(dong)晉永和(he)元年（345年），后趙將(jiang)領(ling)鄧(deng)恒領(ling)兵數萬駐(zhu)屯樂安(an)（今(jin)河北樂亭(ting)縣東(dong)(dong)北），意圖并吞前燕。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)為平狄將(jiang)軍，駐(zhu)軍徒河（今(jin)遼寧(ning)錦州(zhou)西北），鄧(deng)恒因為畏懼慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)而不敢進犯。

東(dong)晉永和四年（348年），時年22歲(sui)，燕王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)去世，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝(huang)次子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容俊即燕王位，就以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容霸曾經墮(duo)馬而撞(zhuang)斷了(le)牙齒為由(you)改其名為“慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容夬(guai)“，后更去“夬(guai)”而改名慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂。

永和五年(nian)（349年(nian)），后(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)主石虎(hu)死，后(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)大(da)亂。可慕(mu)容(rong)俊卻認(ren)為(wei)后(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)新遭大(da)喪，未同意(yi)進取(qu)中原。慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)急至龍城(cheng)（今遼寧(ning)朝陽），親(qin)自對慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)說：“難得而(er)易失者，時也。萬一石氏衰而(er)復(fu)興，或有英(ying)雄據其成(cheng)資，豈惟失此大(da)利，亦恐更(geng)為(wei)后(hou)患(huan)。”于是，在封(feng)奕(yi)等(deng)人的(de)支持(chi)下，慕(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)以慕(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)前鋒都督、建鋒將軍，選二十(shi)多萬精兵準備伐趙(zhao)(zhao)。

永(yong)和六年（350年）二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)領二萬(wan)兵(bing)經(jing)循東路(lu)經(jing)徒河(he)(he)伐(fa)趙(zhao)，另遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)于(yu)出(chu)西(xi)道，自(zi)率中軍，兵(bing)分三(san)(san)路(lu)伐(fa)趙(zhao)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)到(dao)三(san)(san)陘（今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)撫寧縣矛石(shi)山），鄧恒驚懼(ju)而(er)燒倉庫出(chu)逃，退(tui)保薊城（今(jin)北(bei)(bei)京）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)到(dao)后(hou)盡收樂安、北(bei)(bei)平兩郡兵(bing)糧，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)會合共攻薊城。三(san)(san)月，燕(yan)(yan)軍攻下薊城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)勸止(zhi)了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)盡坑后(hou)趙(zhao)士卒(zu)的決定。不久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)又親率軍隊進攻鄧恒，至清梁（今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)清苑縣西(xi)南）時(shi)趙(zhao)將鹿勃早率數千(qian)人(ren)(ren)夜襲(xi)燕(yan)(yan)軍，突(tu)入慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)幕下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)于(yu)是奮(fen)力(li)反擊(ji)，手刃了(le)(le)十多人(ren)(ren)，遏(e)制了(le)(le)鹿勃早的攻擊(ji)，及后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根(gen)等人(ren)(ren)領兵(bing)擊(ji)敗鹿勃早，成功擊(ji)退(tui)了(le)(le)來襲(xi)。

永和八年（352年）三(san)月，趙立義將軍(jun)段勤(qin)聚胡、羯(jie)萬余人保據繹(yi)幕(mu)，自稱趙帝。慕(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)(ba)(ba)率軍(jun)前去攻打(da)，慕(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)(ba)(ba)軍(jun)至繹(yi)幕(mu)，段勤(qin)與弟段思陪舉城投降。由于燕(yan)衛將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容恪(ke)、撫軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容軍(jun)、左將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容彪等屢薦慕(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)(ba)(ba)有命(ming)世之(zhi)才(cai)，宜當(dang)大任(ren)。燕(yan)主慕(mu)(mu)容俊遂于同(tong)年以慕(mu)(mu)容霸(ba)(ba)(ba)為使持節(jie)、安東將軍(jun)、北冀州剌史，鎮(zhen)常山。

永和十年（354年）四月，慕容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)稱帝，建號元璽(xi)，史稱前(qian)燕。慕容(rong)(rong)霸因訓練軍(jun)隊之時，座(zuo)騎受驚而墜馬(ma)，進(jin)而折齒，更(geng)名為慕容(rong)(rong)垂。慕容(rong)(rong)垂被封為吳王，遷鎮信都，以侍中、右禁將軍(jun)錄留臺事(shi)，大收東北之利。這便慕容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)更(geng)加忌妒慕容(rong)(rong)垂，下詔(zhao)將其(qi)召還。

升平元年(nian)（前燕(yan)光壽元年(nian)，357年(nian)），前燕(yan)發兵進攻塞(sai)(sai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)（長城(cheng)以北(bei)(bei)(bei)）敕(chi)勒(le)。敕(chi)勒(le)，又(you)名丁零，高車。魏晉南北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝時，大(da)批敕(chi)勒(le)人入塞(sai)(sai)與其他(ta)少數民族(zu)雜(za)居(ju)，留居(ju)漠北(bei)(bei)(bei)草原的敕(chi)勒(le)則在四世(shi)紀(ji)日益強(qiang)大(da)，不斷侵(qin)擾中原。前燕(yan)入居(ju)中原后，經常遭(zao)到敕(chi)勒(le)人襲擾。同年(nian)五月，慕容俊(jun)派(pai)遣慕容垂(chui)（時為(wei)撫軍(jun)將軍(jun)）與中軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕容虔、護軍(jun)將軍(jun)平熙率步騎(qi)8萬(wan)進軍(jun)塞(sai)(sai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)，攻敕(chi)勒(le)，大(da)敗之(zhi)，俘斬達10余(yu)萬(wan)人，獲馬13萬(wan)匹(pi)、牛羊無數。北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)邊境復安(an)。

為兄所忌

升平二(er)年（358年），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)娶(qu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)末柸女(nv)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)才高(gao)性烈，與(yu)皇后(hou)可(ke)足渾氏(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)睦(mu)，皇后(hou)引以為恨。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊向來(lai)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)不(bu)滿(man)，時有人(ren)(ren)(ren)奉可(ke)足渾之(zhi)令告(gao)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及吳國典書(shu)令遼(liao)東高(gao)弼(bi)為巫蠱(gu)，想(xiang)借此(ci)把慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)牽(qian)連(lian)進(jin)來(lai)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊將(jiang)(jiang)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及高(gao)弼(bi)下(xia)(xia)獄(yu)，進(jin)行拷問(wen)。但二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“志(zhi)氣確然，終無撓辭”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心(xin)痛，暗中(zhong)派人(ren)(ren)(ren)對段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)說：“人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)會(hui)當一死，何堪楚毒如此(ci)！不(bu)若引服。”段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)嘆(tan)息道：“吾豈(qi)愛死者耶！若自誣以惡逆，上辱祖宗，下(xia)(xia)累于王，固不(bu)為也！”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）后(hou)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)死于獄(yu)中(zhong)，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)也因此(ci)得(de)免。出(chu)平州刺史，鎮遼(liao)東。并(bing)以段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)妹(mei)(mei)為繼室，皇后(hou)又將(jiang)(jiang)其黜之(zhi)，并(bing)將(jiang)(jiang)其妹(mei)(mei)嫁與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心(xin)中(zhong)不(bu)滿(man)，這使他(ta)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊關(guan)系更加惡劣。

升平三(san)年（359年）十二月，慕容(rong)(rong)俊病危(wei)，召慕容(rong)(rong)垂回鄴城（今河北臨漳西(xi)南(nan)）。

升(sheng)平四年（360年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊病(bing)逝，太(tai)(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐即(ji)位。二(er)月(yue)，尊可足渾(hun)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)皇太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)，以(yi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)宰，專錄朝政；上庸王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)傅，陽(yang)騖為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)師，參輔(fu)朝政。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)自恃先朝元(yuan)勛，心不服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)，舉(ju)動倨傲。時太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)可足渾(hun)氏也頗干(gan)預外事(shi)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)想要(yao)謀(mou)(mou)反，便(bian)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)一(yi)起謀(mou)(mou)反，遭到拒絕。后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)將此事(shi)告之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)便(bian)勸其誅殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以(yi)大(da)局為(wei)重(zhong)，沒(mei)有同(tong)意。后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)密(mi)謀(mou)(mou)誅殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評，二(er)人聞后(hou)(hou)，遂將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)誅殺。三(san)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)使(shi)持節、征南將軍(jun)、都督河(he)南諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi)、兗州(zhou)牧(mu)、荊州(zhou)刺史(shi)，鎮梁國之(zhi)蠡臺。

興寧三年(nian)（365年(nian)）二(er)月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂隨(sui)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)共攻洛(luo)陽。三月，克之，俘殺揚(yang)武將(jiang)軍(jun)沈勁。隨(sui)即慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)略地至崤、澠(min)，關中大(da)震，秦(qin)王(wang)苻(fu)堅屯(tun)陜城以(yi)防(fang)燕軍(jun)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂為(wei)(wei)都督荊(jing)(jing)、揚(yang)、洛(luo)、徐、兗、豫、雍、益、涼、秦(qin)十州(zhou)諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi)、征南大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)、荊(jing)(jing)州(zhou)牧(mu)，配兵(bing)一(yi)萬，鎮魯陽。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)對(dui)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂變現出來的軍(jun)事(shi)才(cai)能大(da)為(wei)(wei)驚(jing)奇，甚(shen)為(wei)(wei)倚重(zhong)。后慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)病重(zhong)，深(shen)慮慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐手中無(wu)權(quan)，而慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評又多(duo)猜忌。五月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)病逝，臨(lin)終前，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐親臨(lin)問(wen)以(yi)后事(shi)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)再次向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐推薦慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪病(bing)死后，太(tai)和(he)四年（前燕(yan)(yan)建熙十年，369年）四月(yue)，東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)大(da)司馬桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)親率(lv)(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎5萬開(kai)始(shi)北(bei)伐前燕(yan)(yan)（參見晉(jin)攻前燕(yan)(yan)之戰(zhan)）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)建威將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)檀(tan)玄攻克湖陸（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)魚臺東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南），俘燕(yan)(yan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)忠。前燕(yan)(yan)下邳(pi)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)厲為征討(tao)大(da)都督和(he)晉(jin)軍(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)于黃墟（今(jin)河南開(kai)封(feng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)），燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)大(da)敗，燕(yan)(yan)高平(ping)太(tai)守徐翻(fan)舉郡降(jiang)晉(jin)。晉(jin)鄧遐和(he)朱(zhu)序又(you)打敗燕(yan)(yan)將(jiang)傅顏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)于是(shi)派散(san)騎常侍李(li)鳳去前秦求(qiu)援。七月(yue)，桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)進駐武(wu)陽（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)莘(xin)縣東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南），前燕(yan)(yan)孫元率(lv)(lv)(lv)宗族(zu)起兵響應，桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)到達枋(fang)頭（今(jin)河南浚(jun)縣西南）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)連(lian)戰(zhan)連(lian)勝，使(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)和(he)太(tai)傅慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評十分恐懼，商(shang)議欲逃(tao)故都和(he)龍(long)（今(jin)遼(liao)寧朝陽）。這時，吳王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂請求(qiu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)兵抗晉(jin)，他說：“不然。臣請擊之，若戰(zhan)不捷，走未晚也。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)載記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂代替慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)臧(zang)為南討(tao)大(da)都督，率(lv)(lv)(lv)征南將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德等(deng)5萬步(bu)騎抵御桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)。

慕(mu)容暐又(you)(you)派(pai)散騎侍郎樂嵩往前(qian)秦求救(jiu)，并答應以(yi)割，讓虎(hu)牢（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)滎陽西北汜水鎮）以(yi)西的土(tu)地(di)給秦為條件。前(qian)秦王苻堅召集群(qun)臣(chen)商議，采納(na)王猛(meng)先援(yuan)弱擊(ji)強，后再乘燕衰而(er)取的建議。八月，派(pai)將軍茍池和洛州(zhou)(zhou)刺史鄧羌(qiang)率(lv)領步騎2萬(wan)救(jiu)援(yuan)前(qian)燕。援(yuan)軍從秦洛州(zhou)(zhou)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)）出發，出洛陽進屯潁川（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)許昌(chang)東），又(you)(you)派(pai)散騎侍郎姜撫去(qu)燕國報信。

桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)接連失利，糧(liang)草中斷，又聽說前秦援兵(bing)將要(yao)到達(da)，遂(sui)下令焚(fen)燒(shao)戰船，丟下輜重、鎧仗，率(lv)軍(jun)從陸路撤回。桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)從東(dong)(dong)燕(yan)(yan)（治今河南汲縣(xian)東(dong)(dong)南）出發，撤退(tui)途中恐(kong)前燕(yan)(yan)追兵(bing)在上(shang)游放毒，命士卒鑿井取水飲用(yong)，這(zhe)樣(yang)一直行走(zou)了700里。前燕(yan)(yan)諸將爭欲追擊(ji)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“不(bu)可。溫(wen)初退(tui)惶恐(kong)，必嚴設警備，簡(jian)精銳(rui)為后(hou)拒，擊(ji)之未必得志，不(bu)如緩之。彼幸吾(wu)未至，必晝(zhou)夜疾(ji)趨；俟其士眾力盡氣衰，然后(hou)擊(ji)之，無不(bu)克矣。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二》）于是，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親率(lv)騎兵(bing)8000尾隨桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)軍(jun)行進。桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)果然加速退(tui)兵(bing)，幾(ji)天以后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)告諸將曰：“溫(wen)可擊(ji)矣。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二》）遂(sui)令諸將急進，在襄邑(yi)（今河南睢縣(xian)）追上(shang)桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德先率(lv)領4000名精銳(rui)騎兵(bing)埋伏于襄邑(yi)東(dong)(dong)澗(jian)中，和慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)東(dong)(dong)西夾擊(ji)桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)，大(da)敗晉軍(jun)，斬首3萬人。

時秦將茍池又于譙(qiao)郡截(jie)擊(ji)桓溫，晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)死者復以(yi)(yi)萬(wan)計(ji)。晉(jin)(jin)將孫(sun)元(yuan)據守武陽抵抗(kang)燕軍(jun)，被燕左衛將軍(jun)孟高擒獲。十月，天氣漸(jian)冷，桓溫收集余(yu)眾，屯(tun)于山(shan)陽（今江蘇淮安(an)）。至此，桓溫攻燕以(yi)(yi)失(shi)敗告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)大敗桓(huan)溫，威(wei)名大振，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)是(shi)又(you)忌又(you)恨。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)提出獎勵麾(hui)下將士，但被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)壓住不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)報。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)大為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)相爭。太后可足渾氏素恨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，遂毀其戰(zhan)功，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)相謀，欲殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)舅(jiu)蘭建知道后，告訴慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“先發制人(ren)，但除評(ping)及樂安王臧，馀(yu)無(wu)能為(wei)矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心中不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍，說(shuo)：“骨(gu)肉相殘而(er)首亂于國(guo)，吾有死而(er)已(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍為(wei)也。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二(er)(er)》）不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久，二(er)(er)人(ren)又(you)告訴慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“內意已(yi)決，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)早發。” 慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“必不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可彌(mi)縫，吾寧避之于外，馀(yu)非所議。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二(er)(er)》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心中憂慮，未敢將此(ci)事(shi)告訴諸子(zi)，同(tong)時也(ye)是怕引起諸子(zi)的騷動。世子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)說：“尊(zun)比者(zhe)如(ru)有(you)(you)憂色，豈非以(yi)(yi)(yi)主(zhu)上幼沖(chong)，太(tai)(tai)傅疾(ji)賢，功高望重，愈見猜邪？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“然(ran)。吾竭力(li)致命(ming)以(yi)(yi)(yi)破強寇，本欲保(bao)全家(jia)國，豈知(zhi)功成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，返令(ling)(ling)(ling)身無所(suo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既知(zhi)吾心，何以(yi)(yi)(yi)為吾謀(mou)？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)說：“主(zhu)上暗(an)弱，委任太(tai)(tai)傅，一旦禍發，疾(ji)于駭機(ji)。今欲保(bao)族全身，不(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)大義，莫若(ruo)逃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龍城(cheng)，遜辭謝(xie)罪，以(yi)(yi)(yi)待(dai)主(zhu)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察，若(ruo)周公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居東(dong)，庶幾可以(yi)(yi)(yi)感寤而得(de)還，此(ci)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)也(ye)。如(ru)其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)，則內撫燕(yan)、代，外(wai)懷群夷，守肥如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)保(bao)，亦其(qi)次也(ye)。”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一百(bai)(bai)二》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)覺(jue)得(de)這個辦法很好，遂同(tong)意(yi)。十(shi)一月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)打獵為由，微服出(chu)鄴(ye)，準(zhun)備回故都(dou)龍城(cheng)。到邯鄲時，卻出(chu)了意(yi)外(wai)，幼子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向來不(bu)(bu)(bu)為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)所(suo)寵愛，便向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評告狀，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)左右也(ye)多有(you)(you)離去(qu)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評知(zhi)道后，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐面(mian)前盡說慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)壞話，遂派西平公慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強率精騎(qi)追(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，到范陽（今北(bei)京）時，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)斷后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢追(zhui)趕。時天將晚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)(ling)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“本欲保(bao)東(dong)都(dou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)全，今事(shi)已泄，謀(mou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及設。秦主(zhu)方招延英杰，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)往歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“如(ru)今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，舍此(ci)安(an)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一百(bai)(bai)二》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂“乃散騎滅跡，傍南山復還鄴(ye)，隱于(yu)趙之(zhi)顯原(yuan)陵”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)(yi)百二(er)》）。又(you)殺白馬以(yi)祭天(tian)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂說(shuo)(shuo)：“太傅忌賢疾能，構(gou)事(shi)以(yi)來，人尤忿(fen)恨。今(jin)鄴(ye)城之(zhi)中，莫(mo)知尊處，如(ru)(ru)嬰兒(er)之(zhi)思母，夷、夏同之(zhi)。若順眾心，襲其無備(bei)，取之(zhi)如(ru)(ru)指掌耳。事(shi)定之(zhi)后(hou)，革弊簡(jian)能，大(da)匡(kuang)朝(chao)政，以(yi)輔(fu)主上，安國存家，功之(zhi)大(da)者也。現今(jin)之(zhi)便，誠不(bu)可失，愿(yuan)給騎數人，足以(yi)辦之(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂說(shuo)(shuo)：“如(ru)(ru)汝(ru)之(zhi)謀，事(shi)成(cheng)誠為大(da)福(fu)，不(bu)成(cheng)悔之(zhi)何及(ji)！不(bu)如(ru)(ru)西奔(ben)，可以(yi)萬全。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)(yi)百二(er)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂遂(sui)率部西行，至河陽(yang)，斬津吏(li)而渡。遂(sui)自洛陽(yang)與(yu)段夫(fu)人，子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪之(zhi)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷(kai)，舅蘭(lan)建，郎中令高弼一(yi)(yi)起投奔(ben)前秦，只留可足渾氏于(yu)鄴(ye)。乙(yi)泉戌主吳歸率兵追擊(ji)，被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令擊(ji)退。

自慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪死后，前秦王苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)便(bian)有伐燕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，但一(yi)(yi)直未成，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)因(yin)內(nei)亂，二是(shi)忌(ji)憚慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威名。苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)聞(wen)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)來歸，大(da)喜，親(qin)自到郊外迎(ying)接，執其手說：“天生(sheng)賢杰(jie)，必相與(yu)共成大(da)功，此自然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數也。要當與(yu)卿(qing)(qing)共定天下，告成岱宗，然后還卿(qing)(qing)本(ben)邦(bang)，世封幽州，使卿(qing)(qing)去國不失為子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝，歸朕不失事君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠，不亦美乎！”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)感謝地說：“羈(ji)旅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)，免(mian)罪為幸。本(ben)邦(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榮，非(fei)所敢望！”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一(yi)(yi)百(bai)二》）苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)愛慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)及慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才，皆厚相待(dai)，賞賜巨萬，每次進見，都屬(shu)目觀(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。關中(zhong)士民素聞(wen)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)父子(zi)名，皆向慕(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

秦相王(wang)猛深知慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂有(you)(you)雄(xiong)略，怕將來引(yin)以(yi)為(wei)患(huan)，便對苻(fu)堅說：“慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂，燕之戚屬，世(shi)雄(xiong)東夏，寬仁惠下，恩結(jie)士庶，燕、趙之間咸有(you)(you)奉戴之意。觀其才略，權智無方(fang)，兼其諸(zhu)子(zi)明毅有(you)(you)干藝(yi)，人之杰也。蛟龍(long)猛獸，非可馴(xun)之物，不如除之。”苻(fu)堅未從，說：“吾(wu)方(fang)以(yi)義致(zhi)英豪(hao)，建不世(shi)之功(gong)。且其初至(zhi)，吾(wu)告(gao)之至(zhi)誠，今而(er)害之，人將謂我何！”（《晉(jin)書·苻(fu)堅載記》）并(bing)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)冠軍(jun)將軍(jun)，封賓(bin)都侯(hou)，食華陰五百戶。

時前燕(yan)(yan)綱(gang)頹(tui)紀紊，日益腐敗。桓(huan)溫攻(gong)燕(yan)(yan)結束(shu)后，前燕(yan)(yan)反悔食(shi)言，未將虎牢（今河南滎陽西北汜水鎮(zhen)）以(yi)西土地(di)割讓給前秦，前秦遂以(yi)此(ci)為借口，于十一月派王猛統將軍(jun)梁成(cheng)、鄧羌等率(lv)步(bu)騎3萬，進攻(gong)前燕(yan)(yan)（參(can)見(jian)前秦滅前燕(yan)(yan)之戰），并以(yi)慕容令為參(can)軍(jun)，充當向導(dao)。

慕(mu)容令逃回前燕后，因(yin)忽叛(pan)忽歸，而(er)慕(mu)容垂又無恙，反而(er)受到猜疑。燕廷將慕(mu)容令變相(xiang)發配，派到極北的沙城去戍(shu)守，嚴加監(jian)視。慕(mu)容令欲在沙城聯(lian)絡舊部(bu)，準(zhun)備(bei)起(qi)事，又被慕(mu)容麟告了密，慕(mu)容令被誅殺。（參見金刀計）

太和四年(nian)（369年(nian)）十一(yi)月，王猛滅前(qian)燕(yan)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)隨苻堅入鄴，收集諸(zhu)(zhu)子(zi)，相對而哭。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)見燕(yan)公卿大夫及故時僚(liao)吏，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想起當年(nian)的窘(jiong)迫(po)，有(you)不(bu)悅(yue)之(zhi)色。前(qian)郎(lang)中令(ling)高弼暗中對慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)曰：“大王以(yi)命(ming)世之(zhi)姿，遭無妄之(zhi)運，迍(zhun)邅凄伏，艱亦(yi)至矣。天啟嘉會，靈(ling)命(ming)暫遷，此乃鴻(hong)漸之(zhi)始，龍(long)變之(zhi)初，深(shen)愿(yuan)仁慈有(you)以(yi)慰之(zhi)。且夫高世之(zhi)略(lve)必懷遺俗(su)之(zhi)規，方當網漏(lou)吞舟(zhou)，以(yi)弘苞養之(zhi)義(yi)；收納舊臣之(zhi)胄，以(yi)成為(wei)(wei)山之(zhi)功(gong)，奈何以(yi)一(yi)怒(nu)捐之(zhi)？竊為(wei)(wei)大王不(bu)取。”（《晉(jin)書·慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)深(shen)納其言。但慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)對慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)卻怨氣難消，咸安二(er)年(nian)（372）二(er)月，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)便對苻堅說(shuo)：“臣叔父評(ping)，燕(yan)之(zhi)惡來輩也，不(bu)宜復(fu)污圣朝，愿(yuan)陛下為(wei)(wei)燕(yan)戮(lu)之(zhi)。”但苻堅未(wei)同意，還讓慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)為(wei)(wei)范(fan)陽太守，前(qian)燕(yan)諸(zhu)(zhu)王也悉補邊郡。

時(shi)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)已統一中國北方大部，而鮮卑(bei)人(ren)(ren)的(de)勢力也逐漸增(zeng)大，這引(yin)起了一些氐族貴族的(de)不(bu)安(an)，寧康二(er)年（373年），有(you)彗(hui)星出現(xian)，太史令張孟認為(wei)不(bu)詳，便(bian)對苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)說(shuo)：“彗(hui)起尾箕，而掃(sao)東井(jing)，此燕(yan)滅(mie)秦(qin)之象。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)記(ji)》）并勸苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)誅殺慕容(rong)氏，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未從(cong)。并以慕容(rong)暐為(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)，慕容(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)京(jing)兆尹，慕容(rong)沖為(wei)平陽(yang)太守。寧康二(er)年（374年）十二(er)月，也許是處于王猛或者苻(fu)(fu)氏重(zhong)臣的(de)授意，社會上謠言四起，說(shuo)鮮卑(bei)人(ren)(ren)圖謀復國。甚(shen)至有(you)人(ren)(ren)闖(chuang)入明光殿大呼：“甲申乙(yi)酉，魚羊（魚羊即為(wei)鮮卑(bei)的(de)鮮字）食人(ren)(ren)，悲(bei)哉無復遺。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)記(ji)》）秘書(shu)(shu)監朱肜(rong)、秘書(shu)(shu)侍郎略(lve)陽(yang)趙(zhao)整等乘機請苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)誅殺諸鮮卑(bei)人(ren)(ren)，但苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未聽。慕容(rong)垂(chui)再逃(tao)一劫。

慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)及鮮卑人就這樣如履(lv)薄(bo)冰(bing)般的(de)過(guo)了幾年(nian)(nian)，至到寧康二年(nian)(nian)（375）七月，王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛(meng)病(bing)逝，才得以(yi)解脫。王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛(meng)的(de)死，對苻堅是個(ge)很大(da)的(de)打擊(ji)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)在前(qian)秦(qin)雖處于鼎盛(sheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期，但鼎盛(sheng)的(de)后面(mian)，卻潛伏著社(she)會(hui)危(wei)機。王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛(meng)死后不久，前(qian)秦(qin)的(de)社(she)會(hui)危(wei)機逐漸暴露出(chu)來了。太(tai)元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)（376），陽平國常(chang)侍(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)紹覺察到這種變化(hua)，對其兄慕(mu)容(rong)楷說：“秦(qin)恃其強大(da)，務勝不休，北戍云中，南守蜀、漢，轉運萬里，道殣相望。兵(bing)疲于外(wai)，民困于內(nei)，危(wei)亡近(jin)矣(yi)(yi)。冠軍叔(shu)（慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)）仁智(zhi)度(du)英(ying)拔，必能恢復(fu)燕祚，吾屬但當(dang)愛(ai)身以(yi)待時(shi)(shi)(shi)耳！”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一百四》）太(tai)元(yuan)二年(nian)(nian)（377），慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)子慕(mu)容(rong)農也暗(an)中對慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)說：“自王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛(meng)之死，秦(qin)之法(fa)制，日以(yi)頹靡，今又(you)重(zhong)之以(yi)奢侈，殃(yang)將至矣(yi)(yi)，圖讖之言，行當(dang)有驗。大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)宜結納英(ying)杰(jie)以(yi)承天(tian)意，時(shi)(shi)(shi)不可失也！”慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)此時(shi)(shi)(shi)已有此意，為防(fang)外(wai)泄，便(bian)笑著說：“天(tian)下事非爾所及”。

太元三(san)年(nian)（378年(nian)），苻堅為(wei)實(shi)現統一中國的愿(yuan)望，在(zai)滅涼、并代，解后顧之憂后，又經(jing)一年(nian)的休整，開始對東(dong)晉用兵。二月，苻堅派征南大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、都督征討諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)、長樂(le)公苻丕(pi)和武衛將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)茍萇(chang)、尚書慕(mu)容暐率(lv)步騎7萬(wan)進攻(gong)東(dong)晉襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)，并以荊州刺吏楊安率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作為(wei)先鋒。征虜將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)石越(yue)率(lv)精騎1萬(wan)出魯陽(yang)關（今河南平頂山西(xi)）；領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)茍池(chi)、右將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)毛當、強弩將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)王顯(xian)率(lv)4萬(wan)人出武當（今湖北丹(dan)江(jiang)口市西(xi)北）；而京兆(zhao)尹(yin)慕(mu)容垂則(ze)與揚武將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)姚萇(chang)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)5萬(wan)出南鄉（今河南浙川西(xi)南）攻(gong)南陽(yang)，各軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)會(hui)攻(gong)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)（今屬湖北）。

由于晉軍襄陽(yang)守將朱(zhu)序頑強(qiang)防御，致秦軍久攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下(xia)。后慕容垂攻(gong)(gong)克(ke)了(le)南(nan)陽(yang)（今屬(shu)河(he)南(nan)），與苻(fu)丕會于襄陽(yang)。襄陽(yang)久攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下(xia)，前秦朝(chao)野嘩然。十(shi)二(er)月(yue)，苻(fu)堅(jian)派黃門(men)侍郎(lang)韋(wei)華持節見苻(fu)丕，賜給(gei)他一把劍(jian)，如果來(lai)年春天仍攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)下(xia)襄陽(yang)，令其自殺(sha)。次(ci)年正月(yue)，苻(fu)丕在苻(fu)堅(jian)催逼下(xia)，命諸軍全力(li)攻(gong)(gong)襄陽(yang)。三月(yue)初六，克(ke)襄陽(yang)，俘朱(zhu)序。苻(fu)堅(jian)沒殺(sha)朱(zhu)序，以其為度支尚(shang)書。

太元七年（382年）十月，前(qian)秦王苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)在(zai)(zai)長安（今西(xi)安西(xi)北）與(yu)群臣(chen)商議進(jin)攻東晉的事宜。苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)此時躊躇滿志(zhi)，他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)前(qian)秦可(ke)以動員97萬大(da)軍，并準(zhun)備親自出討(tao)，以統(tong)一(yi)天(tian)下(xia)，朝臣(chen)多(duo)反對。苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)本來還是(shi)(shi)比(bi)較能夠納諫(jian)的，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)伐(fa)晉這個問題上，變得異常(chang)固執，聽(ting)不(bu)進(jin)任何不(bu)同(tong)意見(jian)。后(hou)來，雖然(ran)太子苻(fu)(fu)宏、釋道安、寵(chong)妃張夫人、愛(ai)子苻(fu)(fu)詵以及朝中許(xu)多(duo)大(da)臣(chen)都一(yi)再進(jin)諫(jian)，但(dan)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)主意既(ji)定(ding)，不(bu)為(wei)(wei)所動。時慕容垂已有二心，便力主苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)攻晉，他(ta)對苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)說：“弱(ruo)并于強，小(xiao)并于大(da)，此理勢自然(ran)，非(fei)難(nan)知也。以陛下(xia)神(shen)武應期，威加海外(wai)，虎旅百(bai)萬，韓、白滿朝，而蕞爾(er)江南，獨(du)違(wei)王命，豈(qi)(qi)可(ke)復(fu)留之以遺子孫哉！《詩》云：‘謀夫孔多(duo)，是(shi)(shi)用不(bu)集。’陛下(xia)斷(duan)自圣心足矣，何必廣詢朝眾(zhong)！晉武平吳，所仗(zhang)者張、杜二三臣(chen)而已，若從朝眾(zhong)之言(yan)，豈(qi)(qi)有混壹之功(gong)乎！”苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)聞后(hou)大(da)悅，說：“與(yu)吾共定(ding)天(tian)下(xia)者，獨(du)卿而已。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)四》）并賜帛五百(bai)匹。

慕容垂東走

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂逃出樊籠，如(ru)魚得水。而(er)權翼(yi)(yi)則(ze)秘密派(pai)兵在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂經過(guo)的(de)橋下埋伏(fu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂已起疑心，自(zi)涼馬臺扎草筏渡河而(er)去。十二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂至安(an)陽，派(pai)參軍田山拿信去見鎮(zhen)守鄴城的(de)長樂公(gong)苻丕。苻丕聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂北(bei)來，雖懷疑其欲叛秦，但仍然前(qian)去迎(ying)接。趙(zhao)秋(qiu)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂乘機殺(sha)死苻丕，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂認(ren)為自(zi)己羽翼(yi)(yi)未(wei)豐，沒有(you)同意。而(er)苻丕也想殺(sha)死慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂，后侍郎天水姜讓(rang)勸阻(zu)說：“垂反(fan)形(xing)未(wei)著，而(er)明(ming)公(gong)擅殺(sha)之(zhi)，非(fei)臣子之(zhi)義；不如(ru)待以上賓之(zhi)禮，嚴兵衛(wei)之(zhi)，密表情狀，聽(ting)敕而(er)后圖之(zhi)。”苻丕認(ren)為姜讓(rang)之(zhi)言有(you)理(li)。

苻(fu)丕讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂住在鄴(ye)西，并與其相(xiang)見，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂將(jiang)兵(bing)敗之事詳細告訴了苻(fu)丕。苻(fu)丕走后，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂與前(qian)(qian)燕舊臣暗中聯系(xi)，準備(bei)重建燕國。時洛陽附近的丁零人翟斌起(qi)兵(bing)叛秦，準備(bei)攻豫州牧、平(ping)原公苻(fu)暉(hui)于洛陽，翟斌部中有大批的前(qian)(qian)燕人，苻(fu)堅便派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂前(qian)(qian)去(qu)平(ping)叛。

慕容垂(chui)想(xiang)入(ru)鄴城(cheng)參拜宗廟，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)不許，慕容垂(chui)著便服(fu)入(ru)城(cheng)，但被亭吏阻(zu)攔。慕容垂(chui)大怒(nu)，殺吏燒亭而去(qu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)越對(dui)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)說(shuo)：“垂(chui)之在燕，破國(guo)亂(luan)家，及投命(ming)圣朝，蒙超常(chang)之遇(yu)，忽敢輕侮方鎮，殺吏焚亭，反形已露，終(zhong)為(wei)亂(luan)階。將(jiang)老兵疲，可襲而取之矣。”苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)優柔寡斷，說(shuo)：“淮南(nan)之敗，眾散親離(li)，而垂(chui)侍衛(wei)圣躬，誠不可忘。”石(shi)(shi)(shi)越又說(shuo)：“垂(chui)既不忠(zhong)于(yu)燕，其(qi)肯盡忠(zhong)于(yu)我乎！且(qie)其(qi)亡虜也，主(zhu)上寵同功舊，不能銘澤誓(shi)忠(zhong)，而首謀為(wei)亂(luan)，今不擊之，必為(wei)后(hou)害(hai)。”（《晉書·慕容垂(chui)載記》）苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)未從(cong)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)越出來后(hou)對(dui)別人說(shuo)：“公父子(zi)好存小仁，不顧(gu)天(tian)下大計，吾(wu)屬終(zhong)當為(wei)鮮(xian)卑虜矣。”（《晉書·慕容垂(chui)載記》）

慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)留慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)楷(kai)、慕(mu)容(rong)紹于鄴城，行至安陽湯(tang)池，閔(min)亮、李毘自鄴城趕來，將苻丕(pi)與苻飛龍(long)之言告(gao)訴(su)了慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)乘機以此激怒其(qi)眾(zhong)，說：“吾(wu)盡忠(zhong)于苻氏，而彼專欲圖吾(wu)父子，吾(wu)雖(sui)欲已，得乎？”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）于是便以兵(bing)少為由，于河內募(mu)兵(bing)，幾天時間便達至8000人。

平原公苻(fu)(fu)暉(hui)遣使責備慕(mu)(mu)容垂，讓其趕緊進(jin)兵(bing)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂便對苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)說(shuo)：“今寇賊不遠，當晝止夜(ye)行，襲其不意(yi)(yi)。”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷第一百五》）苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)覺得有理(li)，便同意(yi)(yi)了。一日夜(ye)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂派慕(mu)(mu)容寶率兵(bing)居前，慕(mu)(mu)容隆率兵(bing)跟隨自己(ji)，并把(ba)氐(di)兵(bing)分散(san)編入隊(dui)伍，并與慕(mu)(mu)容寶擊鼓為號，一起動手。半夜(ye)，鼓聲響(xiang)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂部前后合擊，全殲擊苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)與氐(di)兵(bing)。并給苻(fu)(fu)堅寫信，告(gao)訴其殺(sha)苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)的原因。

當初，其(qi)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟曾告發(fa)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)投秦，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)一怒之(zhi)下殺其(qi)母(mu)，但未忍心(xin)殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟。時殺苻飛龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屢(lv)獻計謀，啟發(fa)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)非常(chang)高興(xing)，遂待其(qi)諸(zhu)子一樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳及(ji)前燕(yan)舊臣之(zhi)子燕(yan)郡王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)騰、遼西段(duan)延等(deng)(deng)聞翟(zhai)斌(bin)起兵(bing)，各(ge)帥其(qi)部前去(qu)歸附。平(ping)原(yuan)公苻暉使武(wu)平(ping)武(wu)侯毛(mao)當去(qu)討伐翟(zhai)斌(bin)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳說(shuo)：“鳳今將雪先王(wang)之(zhi)恥，請為斬此氐(di)奴。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百(bai)五》）遂出兵(bing)擊毛(mao)當，大敗秦兵(bing)，斬毛(mao)當。 癸未，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)渡河焚橋，已(yi)有兵(bing)3萬人(ren)，下令(ling)說(shuo)：“吾本外(wai)假秦聲，內(nei)規興(xing)復。亂(luan)法者軍有常(chang)刑(xing)，奉命者賞不逾日(ri)，天下既定，封爵有差，不相負(fu)也(ye)。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)留(liu)遼東鮮卑可足渾潭(tan)集兵(bing)于河內(nei)的沙城(cheng)，派田山至鄴(ye)城(cheng)，將起兵(bing)之(zhi)事告之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)等(deng)(deng)，讓其(qi)起兵(bing)相應(ying)。時天色已(yi)晚，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷留(liu)宿(su)鄴(ye)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)先出城(cheng)至蒲池，盜符丕駿(jun)馬數(shu)百(bai)匹(pi)，等(deng)(deng)候慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷。月末，二人(ren)率數(shu)十騎微服出鄴(ye)城(cheng)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)會合，逃往列(lie)人(ren)（今河北邯鄲市東）。

太元九年(nian)（384年(nian)）正月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳、王騰、段(duan)延皆(jie)勸翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)奉慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)盟主(zhu)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)欲襲洛陽(yang)(yang)，不(bu)知翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)來降是真是假(jia)，便拒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，說(shuo)(shuo)：“吾(wu)父子(zi)寄(ji)命秦朝(chao)，危而獲濟，荷主(zhu)上不(bu)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩，蒙更(geng)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惠，雖曰君(jun)臣(chen)，義(yi)深(shen)父子(zi)，豈可因其小隙，便懷二三(san)。吾(wu)本救豫州(zhou)，不(bu)赴君(jun)等，何為(wei)斯議而及于我？”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)至洛陽(yang)(yang)，平原公(gong)符(fu)暉聞其殺苻飛龍(long)，閉(bi)門拒守(shou)。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)見慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對自己不(bu)來歸有懷疑，便派長史(shi)郭通(tong)(tong)前去(qu)勸說(shuo)(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)還是不(bu)信(xin)，后(hou)郭通(tong)(tong)說(shuo)(shuo)：“將軍所以(yi)(yi)拒通(tong)(tong)者(zhe)，豈非以(yi)(yi)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)兄弟山野異類，無奇才遠略(lve)，必無所成故(gu)邪(xie)？獨(du)不(bu)念將軍現今憑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可以(yi)(yi)濟大業乎(hu)？”（《資治通(tong)(tong)鑒(jian)·卷(juan)第一百五》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)這才相信(xin)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)歸附后(hou)，便勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)稱王，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)沒同意，說(shuo)(shuo)：“新興侯，國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正統，孤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)也。若以(yi)(yi)諸君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力，得平關東(dong)，當以(yi)(yi)大義(yi)喻秦，奉迎反(fan)正。無上自尊，非孤心也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)認為(wei)：“洛陽(yang)(yang)四面受敵，北(bei)阻(zu)大河(he)，至于控馭燕、趙，非形勝(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便，不(bu)如北(bei)取鄴都，據之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而制天下(xia)。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）眾人同意，遂回師向東(dong)。

故扶余王(wang)(wang)余蔚(yu)為(wei)滎陽(yang)太(tai)守，率眾投降慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)軍(jun)至滎陽(yang)，稱燕王(wang)(wang)，封(feng)官拜爵，以(yi)其(qi)(qi)弟慕(mu)(mu)容德為(wei)車騎大將(jiang)軍(jun)，封(feng)范(fan)陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)；其(qi)(qi)侄慕(mu)(mu)容楷為(wei)征西(xi)大將(jiang)軍(jun)，封(feng)太(tai)原王(wang)(wang)；翟斌為(wei)建義(yi)大將(jiang)軍(jun)，封(feng)河(he)南(nan)王(wang)(wang)；余蔚(yu)為(wei)征東(dong)將(jiang)軍(jun)，統府(fu)左司馬，封(feng)扶余王(wang)(wang)；衛駒為(wei)鷹揚(yang)將(jiang)軍(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)容鳳為(wei)建策將(jiang)軍(jun)。親率20余萬軍(jun)隊，從石門（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)滎陽(yang)石門）渡黃河(he)，長驅攻前秦鄴城。

慕(mu)容農(nong)到河北(bei)列人(ren)(ren)后，召集鮮卑、烏桓等部眾(zhong)，舉兵反叛。慕(mu)容農(nong)號(hao)令嚴整，沿(yan)途(tu)招兵買馬，攻城掠地，兵至數(shu)萬。苻(fu)丕派(pai)石越率(lv)步騎兵萬余討伐(fa)慕(mu)容農(nong)，石越率(lv)軍(jun)到達列人(ren)(ren)西面，被(bei)燕(yan)將(jiang)趙秋及參軍(jun)綦母(mu)滕擊敗，石越設圍自(zi)守(shou)。諸將(jiang)勸(quan)慕(mu)容農(nong)乘勝快(kuai)速進擊。慕(mu)容農(nong)認為秦(qin)軍(jun)裝備精(jing)良，如果白天(tian)與之交戰(zhan)，燕(yan)軍(jun)易生(sheng)懼，不如待天(tian)黑(hei)以后進攻，遂命令部隊嚴陣以待。待到天(tian)黑(hei)，慕(mu)容農(nong)率(lv)軍(jun)在城西列陣，先派(pai)400名壯士突破敵陣，大(da)軍(jun)隨后沖擊，秦(qin)兵大(da)敗，石越被(bei)斬，慕(mu)容農(nong)將(jiang)其(qi)首級送(song)給慕(mu)容垂。石越與毛當(dang)都是前秦(qin)驍將(jiang)，所(suo)以苻(fu)堅(jian)派(pai)二(er)人(ren)(ren)幫助二(er)子鎮守(shou)要地，如今相繼被(bei)殺，前秦(qin)上下人(ren)(ren)心(xin)浮動。

康臺略馬

后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)燕(yan)元元年(nian)（東晉孝(xiao)武(wu)帝太元九年(nian)，384年(nian)）正月，前秦大將慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂叛(pan)秦復燕(yan)。遣三子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)農在康(kang)臺(tai)澤（今邱縣邱城東南五里）略取前秦牧馬數千匹。自此步騎云集，奠定后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)立國基礎(chu)。

中興后燕

不久，慕(mu)容垂(chui)到達鄴城(cheng)附近(jin)，改前(qian)秦(qin)建(jian)元二十年為(wei)(wei)(wei)燕元年。以(yi)前(qian)岷(min)山公庫傉(ru)官(guan)偉為(wei)(wei)(wei)左長史，前(qian)尚書段(duan)崇(chong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)右長史，滎陽鄭(zheng)豁等為(wei)(wei)(wei)從事中郎，并(bing)立慕(mu)容寶(bao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)太子。慕(mu)容農也率軍與之會合。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)遂招集(ji)前燕(yan)舊將(jiang)與(yu)各(ge)(ge)路大軍會攻(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)指揮(hui)大軍攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，克(ke)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。苻丕退守中城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)又(you)率領包(bao)括丁零(ling)、烏桓等各(ge)(ge)少(shao)數(shu)民族部眾共20多萬人用云梯、挖地道攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，均未攻(gong)下(xia)(xia)。遂修筑長圍，與(yu)秦(qin)軍相持(chi)，并把老弱轉移(yi)到肥鄉（今(jin)河北(bei)肥鄉西(xi)南），又(you)修筑新興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，用來放置輜重(zhong)。四月，燕(yan)軍久(jiu)攻(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)下(xia)(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)召集(ji)群(qun)臣商議(yi)對策，右司馬(ma)封衡建議(yi)引(yin)漳水(shui)灌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)贊同。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)打(da)獵，于華(hua)林園飲酒(jiu)，前秦(qin)知道后，派兵偷(tou)襲，矢下(xia)(xia)如雨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)幾乎不(bu)得(de)而(er)出(chu)，多虧冠軍大將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆率騎(qi)兵打(da)退秦(qin)軍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)才得(de)以幸免(mian)。七(qi)月，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌恃功驕(jiao)縱，索(suo)求(qiu)(qiu)無厭(yan)。時(shi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)久(jiu)功不(bu)下(xia)(xia)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌漸有(you)叛心。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶請求(qiu)(qiu)將(jiang)其殺掉，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“河南之盟，不(bu)可(ke)負(fu)也。若其為(wei)難，罪由(you)于斌。今(jin)事未有(you)形而(er)殺之，人必(bi)謂(wei)我忌憚其功能；吾方(fang)收(shou)攬豪(hao)杰以隆大業(ye)，不(bu)可(ke)示人以狹，失天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之望也。藉彼(bi)(bi)有(you)謀，吾以智(zhi)防之，無能為(wei)也。”范陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德、陳留王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹(shao)、驃騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農都說(shuo)(shuo)：“翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌兄(xiong)弟恃功而(er)驕(jiao)，必(bi)為(wei)國患(huan)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“驕(jiao)則速敗，焉能為(wei)患(huan)？彼(bi)(bi)有(you)大功，當聽其自斃(bi)耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）對其禮遇更(geng)重(zhong)。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此官不(bu)可遽置耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百(bai)五(wu)》）翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌大怒，遂反，暗中與(yu)鄴城(cheng)內苻(fu)丕(pi)聯(lian)絡(luo)，又派(pai)(pai)丁(ding)零兵(bing)決堤放水，解(jie)除鄴城(cheng)被淹的危險。事泄(xie)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂殺翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌兄弟，余者皆(jie)免。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌侄翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)乘(cheng)夜逃(tao)往(wang)邯鄲(dan)（今(jin)屬河北(bei)）。太原(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)和(he)陳留(liu)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂說(shuo)：“丁(ding)零非有大志，但寵過為(wei)亂(luan)耳。今(jin)急之(zhi)(zhi)則屯聚為(wei)寇，緩之(zhi)(zhi)則自(zi)散。散而擊(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)，無不(bu)克矣。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂從之(zhi)(zhi)。八月，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)率部(bu)從邯鄲(dan)逃(tao)走。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂派(pai)(pai)太原(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)和(he)驃騎(qi)大將軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農率騎(qi)兵(bing)追(zhui)擊(ji)(ji)。追(zhui)至下邑(yi)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)見敵陣(zhen)不(bu)整，欲出戰，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農認為(wei)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)營陣(zhen)只見老弱，不(bu)見壯士(shi)，必有埋伏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)不(bu)納，下令(ling)攻擊(ji)(ji)，燕軍大敗。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)繼(ji)續北(bei)進(jin)，直趨中山（今(jin)河北(bei)定(ding)州）。后(hou)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)為(wei)其司(si)馬鮮于乞所殺。

時前秦鄴城(cheng)守軍(jun)(jun)長期被(bei)圍，糧(liang)草漸盡。慕(mu)容垂(chui)認(ren)為：“苻丕窮寇，必守死不降(jiang)。丁零叛擾，乃(nai)我(wo)腹心之(zhi)患。吾欲遷師新城(cheng)，開其逸路，進(jin)以(yi)謝秦主疇昔之(zhi)恩，退(tui)以(yi)嚴擊(ji)真之(zhi)備。”（《晉書·慕(mu)容垂(chui)載記》）燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)遂解圍退(tui)至新興城(cheng)，另派(pai)慕(mu)容農到(dao)清河(he)、平(ping)原(yuan)一帶征收租賦，得到(dao)大批軍(jun)(jun)用(yong)物資。

十二月，前(qian)燕(yan)帝慕容暐欲(yu)殺苻堅，事泄(xie)被殺。群(qun)僚(liao)聞后(hou)，勸慕容垂稱帝，慕容垂以“慕容沖稱號(hao)關(guan)中”（《晉書·慕容垂載記》）為(wei)由，未許。

苻(fu)丕(pi)仍然保據鄴城(cheng)，沒(mei)有離開之(zhi)(zhi)意。慕(mu)容垂復率(lv)兵包(bao)圍鄴城(cheng)，只留出苻(fu)丕(pi)西走之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)。苻(fu)丕(pi)勢窮糧竭，急忙向(xiang)東(dong)晉謝(xie)玄求(qiu)援(yuan)。謝(xie)玄派劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)、滕恬之(zhi)(zhi)等率(lv)領2萬人(ren)馬救援(yuan)鄴城(cheng)，并(bing)從水陸運米2000斛接濟(ji)苻(fu)丕(pi)。

太(tai)元十(shi)年（385年）二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)進(jin)(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)枋(fang)頭（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)）。苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)發(fa)(fa)覺(jue)部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)楊膺(ying)、姜讓曾上表(biao)晉(jin)廷，許諾若晉(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)援(yuan)(yuan)，當(dang)稱(cheng)臣于晉(jin)，遂(sui)殺膺(ying)、讓。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)獲悉，徘徊不(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)。三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)將(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)去冀(ji)州，命令撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟屯駐信都（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)冀(ji)縣(xian)(xian)），樂浪王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)溫屯中(zhong)山（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)定州），召驃騎(qi)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)回(hui)鄴(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)溫派遣(qian)萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)名(ming)士兵(bing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遠送軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，并(bing)(bing)在中(zhong)山營(ying)造(zao)宮(gong)室。就(jiu)在同月(yue)(yue)(yue)劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)駐守(shou)孫就(jiu)柵（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內(nei)）的后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)黎陽(yang)(yang)太(tai)守(shou)劉(liu)(liu)撫，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親自率(lv)兵(bing)救援(yuan)(yuan)。苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)聞后(hou)，乘機偷襲(xi)，但被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)敗。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)交戰(zhan)(zhan)，也被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)退(tui)，于是退(tui)屯黎陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣(xian)(xian)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)）。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)于鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)敗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)退(tui)至(zhi)(zhi)新城(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，又從(cong)新城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)退(tui)。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)予苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)打招呼，便率(lv)兵(bing)追擊(ji)(ji)(ji)，苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)得(de)知此事(shi)，也發(fa)(fa)兵(bing)跟進(jin)(jin)。時(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)情緊急(ji)(ji)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連(lian)戰(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)(bu)勝，士氣低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“秦、晉(jin)瓦合，相(xiang)待為(wei)(wei)(wei)強。一(yi)勝則俱豪，一(yi)失(shi)則俱潰(kui)，非同心(xin)也。今(jin)(jin)(jin)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)繼，勢(shi)既未(wei)合，宜急(ji)(ji)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)。”劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)急(ji)(ji)行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)200里，在五(wu)橋澤（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)廣(guang)宗(zong)北(bei)(bei)）急(ji)(ji)奪(duo)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戰(zhan)(zhan)備物資(zi)時(shi)，被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)打得(de)大敗，死(si)數千(qian)人(ren)。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)單(dan)騎(qi)逃走，適逢苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)率(lv)援(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)救，得(de)以入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，收集散兵(bing)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勢(shi)稍(shao)振，旋被(bei)召回(hui)。時(shi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)守(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧盡(jin)，無力堅持(chi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)率(lv)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)尋(xun)找(zhao)糧食。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、秦兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)持(chi)經年，幽、冀(ji)兩(liang)州發(fa)(fa)生饑荒，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多有餓死(si)者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)以桑椹充軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，于是下令禁止農(nong)(nong)民養蠶。丁(ding)零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)(zhen)被(bei)鮮(xian)于乞所殺后(hou)，丁(ding)零(ling)人(ren)又殺鮮(xian)于乞并(bing)(bing)立(li)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)(zhen)的堂(tang)弟翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)首領(ling)。五(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)常山，將(jiang)(jiang)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成圍于行(xing)唐。并(bing)(bing)命帶方王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)佐鎮(zhen)守(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)寧朝陽(yang)(yang)）。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)，高句(ju)麗(li)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)（郡治遼(liao)陽(yang)(yang)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)佐派司馬郝(hao)景(jing)率(lv)兵(bing)救援(yuan)(yuan)，被(bei)高句(ju)麗(li)打敗。高句(ju)麗(li)乘勝追擊(ji)(ji)(ji)，連(lian)克(ke)遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)、玄菟（郡治今(jin)(jin)(jin)沈(shen)陽(yang)(yang)東(dong)(dong)）。七(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅返回(hui)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)余(yu)(yu)巖叛燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，自武邑（今(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)河(he)北(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)攻(gong)(gong)幽州（治薊，今(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派人(ren)至(zhi)(zhi)幽州告(gao)訴(su)守(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)平規：“但固守(shou)勿戰(zhan)(zhan)，比破(po)丁(ding)零(ling)，吾(wu)當(dang)自討之(zhi)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）平規未(wei)聽，出(chu)戰(zhan)(zhan)，果為(wei)(wei)(wei)余(yu)(yu)巖所敗。余(yu)(yu)巖入薊，掠(lve)千(qian)余(yu)(yu)戶而(er)去，遂(sui)占據令支（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)遷安(an)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)）。不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成長史(shi)鮮(xian)于得(de)斬成出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)投降(jiang)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)屠行(xing)唐，盡(jin)坑翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成部(bu)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。八月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅為(wei)(wei)(wei)姚萇所殺。苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)率(lv)領(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)男女共6萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)人(ren)撤出(chu)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)赴潞川（今(jin)(jin)(jin)山西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)濁漳河(he)），苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)(pi)聞苻(fu)堅死(si)，遂(sui)即皇帝位。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也乘機入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以魯(lu)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)和為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)中(zhong)郎將(jiang)(jiang)，鎮(zhen)守(shou)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)結束。并(bing)(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率(lv)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)穿(chuan)過蠮螉塞（今(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)居庸關）北(bei)(bei)上，經凡城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)平泉南(nan)(nan)），直(zhi)搗(dao)龍城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)寧朝陽(yang)(yang)），討伐余(yu)(yu)巖。十(shi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)至(zhi)(zhi)龍城(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)地休整，十(shi)余(yu)(yu)日后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)3萬(wan)至(zhi)(zhi)令支，余(yu)(yu)巖眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)震(zhen)駭，不(bu)(bu)少人(ren)相(xiang)繼逾城(cheng)(cheng)投降(jiang)，余(yu)(yu)巖計窮而(er)降(jiang)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)所殺。隨即率(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)3萬(wan)反擊(ji)(ji)(ji)高句(ju)麗(li)，大敗之(zhi)，收復遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)和玄菟二郡。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)使(shi)持(chi)節、都督幽、平二州、北(bei)(bei)狄諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)、幽州牧，鎮(zhen)守(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)。十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)山，對諸將(jiang)(jiang)曰(yue)：“樂浪王招流散，實(shi)倉廩(lin)，外給軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，內(nei)營(ying)宮(gong)室，雖蕭(xiao)何何以加之(zhi)！”不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，定都中(zhong)山。

太(tai)元(yuan)十一年（386年）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自立(li)為帝(di)，改元(yuan)建(jian)興，史(shi)稱后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)（？）。“立(li)寶為太(tai)子(zi)。以其(qi)左長史(shi)庫辱官偉、右長史(shi)段崇、龍驤張崇，中(zhong)山尹(yin)封衡(heng)為吏部(bu)(bu)尚書(shu)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)為侍(shi)中(zhong)、都督中(zhong)外諸軍(jun)事、領司(si)隸校尉，撫軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為衛大將軍(jun)，其(qi)余拜授有差。追尊母蘭氏(shi)為文昭皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，遷皝(huang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)段氏(shi)，以蘭氏(shi)配饗(xiang)。博(bo)士劉詳、董謐議以堯母妃(fei)位第三(san)，不以貴陵(ling)姜(jiang)嫄，明(ming)圣王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)道以至公為先(xian)(xian)。垂(chui)(chui)不從。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）六月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣太(tai)原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)、趙(zhao)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、陳(chen)留王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹、章武王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)宙等攻秦苻定、苻紹、苻謨(mo)、苻亮等部(bu)(bu)；慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)先(xian)(xian)先(xian)(xian)寫信(xin)給眾人，陳(chen)述利害(hai)，苻定等遂(sui)降。八月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶守中(zhong)山，以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為尚書(shu)右仆(pu)射，錄留臺(tai)。自己率領范(fan)陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)等向南略取土地。十月，后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)宦官吳深在清河（郡治清陽，今屬河北(bei)）反叛后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發兵攻打，不克。十二月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻吳深壘，拔之(zhi)，吳深單(dan)騎(qi)而(er)逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進(jin)屯聊城(cheng)之(zhi)逢(feng)關陂。

太(tai)元十二(er)年（387年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)舉行閱兵式(shi)。高陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)建議：“溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)徒，皆白面儒生，烏(wu)合為群，徒恃長(chang)河(he)以(yi)自固，若大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)濟河(he)，必望(wang)旗震(zhen)壞(huai)，不(bu)待(dai)戰也。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)從(cong)之(zhi)。溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)原為燕臣，后(hou)降于東晉，晉任為濟北太(tai)守，屯(tun)東阿(a)（今山(shan)東陽谷東北阿(a)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)）。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)命鎮(zhen)北將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)蘭汗和護軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)平(ping)幼率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進攻溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)。后(hou)燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)于碻磝（古津渡，今山(shan)東茌平(ping)西(xi)南古黃(huang)河(he)南岸）西(xi)40里處渡過黃(huang)河(he)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆率大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)于北岸列陣以(yi)待(dai)。溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)部將(jiang)溫(wen)攀(pan)、溫(wen)楷(kai)見之(zhi)即(ji)逃往東阿(a)，平(ping)幼部追擊，大破之(zhi)。溫(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)攜家人(ren)夜逃彭(peng)城(cheng)（今江蘇徐(xu)州），其部眾3萬(wan)余戶向(xiang)后(hou)燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)投降。此后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)以(yi)太(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷(kai)為兗州刺史，鎮(zhen)守東阿(a)，以(yi)加(jia)強該地統治。

太(tai)(tai)元十三年(nian)（388年(nian)）二月，丁零翟真之子(zi)翟遼(liao)遣司(si)馬眭瓊向后(hou)燕(yan)謝(xie)罪，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)認為(wei)其反復無常，斬司(si)馬眭瓊。翟遼(liao)索性自(zi)稱魏天(tian)王(wang)(wang)，改(gai)元建光(guang)，并置百官。三月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以(yi)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶錄尚書事，政事都讓其處(chu)理(li)，自(zi)己(ji)則總大(da)綱而已。四(si)月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)立夫人段氏為(wei)皇后(hou)，以(yi)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶領(ling)大(da)單于。追謚前妃段氏為(wei)成昭皇后(hou)。八月，燕(yan)護(hu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)平(ping)幼與(yu)章武王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙共同(tong)發(fa)兵(bing)攻(gong)打(da)吳深(shen)，吳深(shen)敗走。九(jiu)月，張申(shen)(shen)攻(gong)廣平(ping)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)雞澤東(dong)南）、王(wang)(wang)祖攻(gong)樂(le)陵（今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)樂(le)陵南），燕(yan)高陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)發(fa)兵(bing)攻(gong)討(tao)。至十二月，太(tai)(tai)原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)、趙王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)三路大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)會師于合口（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)滄州市西南），攻(gong)張申(shen)(shen)。王(wang)(wang)祖為(wei)救援夜(ye)襲燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，遭燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)反擊大(da)敗而逃。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)和慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)繼續圍攻(gong)張申(shen)(shen)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)與(yu)部將(jiang)(jiang)平(ping)幼兵(bing)分兩路乘夜(ye)追擊，及至天(tian)明(ming)，后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)獲全勝(sheng)，將(jiang)(jiang)所斬首(shou)級(ji)(ji)懸掛于張申(shen)(shen)陣前。張申(shen)(shen)見大(da)勢(shi)已去，遂(sui)繳(jiao)械(xie)投降，王(wang)(wang)祖亦歸降。次(ci)年(nian)五月，清(qing)河(he)民孔(kong)金斬吳深(shen)，將(jiang)(jiang)其首(shou)級(ji)(ji)送(song)中山(shan)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)定州）。

太元十四(si)年（389年）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)垂召慕(mu)容(rong)農為侍(shi)中、司(si)隸校尉。以高陽王慕(mu)容(rong)隆為都督(du)幽(you)、平二州諸軍事(shi)、征北大將軍、幽(you)州牧，建留臺于(yu)龍城，以慕(mu)容(rong)隆錄留臺尚書事(shi)。又以護軍將軍平幼為征北長史，散騎常侍(shi)封孚為司(si)馬，并兼留臺尚書。

鮮(xian)卑賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)、賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)兄弟(di)為爭(zheng)奪本部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)統(tong)治權(quan)(quan)而(er)發生內(nei)亂(luan)，而(er)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)及(ji)鐵弗劉(liu)衛辰也極力與魏(wei)爭(zheng)奪對賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的控制(zhi)權(quan)(quan)。太元(yuan)十五年（390年），劉(liu)衛辰派軍(jun)攻賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)出兵(bing)擊退(tui)之(zhi)，遷賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)魏(wei)之(zhi)東境(jing)，與后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)毗鄰。慕(mu)(mu)容垂乘機(ji)對賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)軟硬兼施，誘(you)逼(bi)其叛魏(wei)降燕(yan)(yan)，封(feng)為歸善王(wang)。賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)聞(wen)訊，頗嫉其兄賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)飛黃騰達(da)，謀攻殺(sha)而(er)代之(zhi)。太元(yuan)十六年（391年）正月，賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)與賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)舉兵(bing)相(xiang)攻。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)請后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)討伐之(zhi)。四月，后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)鎮北將軍(jun)蘭(lan)汗(han)率(lv)兵(bing)大破(po)賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)于(yu)牛都（其地在牛川，放(fang)(fang)牧聚會謂之(zhi)都）。六月，慕(mu)(mu)容垂遣趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容麟率(lv)軍(jun)擊賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)，生擒賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)于(yu)赤(chi)城（今內(nei)蒙古托克托縣(xian)東南(nan)黃河西岸(an)），降其部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)數(shu)萬。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)主慕(mu)(mu)容垂命釋放(fang)(fang)賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)，并還其部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)原地，而(er)徙賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)染干(gan)(gan)(gan)及(ji)其部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)中山(shan)（今河北定州），企圖完全控制(zhi)賀(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，并用以牽制(zhi)北魏(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦被消滅的(de)時候，慕(mu)容(rong)垂已經將關(guan)東七州緊緊地(di)(di)握于(yu)手中。按(an)理(li)說，和胡戎眾生的(de)關(guan)中隴(long)西地(di)(di)區比起來，關(guan)東的(de)形勢應該要簡明很多。但由于(yu)西燕慕(mu)容(rong)永這慕(mu)容(rong)家旁支的(de)徙(xi)入(ru)，加上在河南一帶不(bu)停叛(pan)亂(luan)的(de)丁零翟氏(shi)、悄然崛起的(de)鮮卑別部拓跋(ba)氏(shi)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂統(tong)一關(guan)東的(de)步伐邁得并不(bu)輕松。

后燕(yan)建興元年（386年）八月，慕容(rong)垂在剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)稱(cheng)帝不久便親自率軍南(nan)下，其前鋒(feng)直指(zhi)青、兗、徐等在淝水之戰后剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)被東晉收復的(de)州郡。這些地(di)方可以說是(shi)南(nan)北(bei)對峙時期的(de)緩(huan)沖地(di)帶(dai)，后燕(yan)大軍一到，紛(fen)紛(fen)投降。慕容(rong)垂重新將勢力推(tui)進至淮北(bei)。

后燕的北方這時出了亂子。劉顯跟拓跋(ba)珪(gui)翻了臉，想方設法要消滅拓跋(ba)珪(gui)的力量。為了籠絡(luo)人(ren)心，他派弟弟劉亢埿把什翼犍小兒子拓跋(ba)窟(ku)咄迎接來。

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)很有心計（慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)很會耍小(xiao)聰明，即(ji)使曾經在慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)出逃(tao)時(shi)出賣過父兄，也(ye)沒有失(shi)去慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對(dui)他(ta)的(de)喜(xi)愛(ai)，后(hou)燕的(de)新都中山就是由(you)他(ta)統軍(jun)攻下來(lai)的(de)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)建立后(hou)燕后(hou)常(chang)常(chang)把(ba)帶兵(bing)打仗的(de)重任交給他(ta)），他(ta)讓安(an)同趕緊跑(pao)到拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪那里報告燕軍(jun)的(de)消息。北(bei)魏的(de)將士們得(de)知援軍(jun)將至，果然恢復了不少士氣，抵擋住了拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄的(de)進逼。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)與拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪會合，一仗就把(ba)拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄殺(sha)得(de)大(da)敗(bai)，拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄逃(tao)到鐵弗(fu)劉衛(wei)辰那里，劉衛(wei)辰豈(qi)會忘(wang)記當初兩部之(zhi)仇，也(ye)不顧他(ta)與拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪為(wei)敵(di)，將拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄殺(sha)死了。

拓(tuo)跋珪在這(zhe)一仗(zhang)中感受到了(le)燕(yan)(yan)軍的厲害。一年之后，他乘著劉顯部(bu)兄弟(di)相爭，再次向慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)借(jie)兵，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)又讓慕(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)出兵相助。劉顯把劉衛辰上貢后燕(yan)(yan)的馬匹給(gei)搶(qiang)了(le)下(xia)來，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)對此大怒，派侄子太原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)楷增援(yuan)慕(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)。楷、麟(lin)與(yu)拓(tuo)跋珪會戰(zhan)劉顯，大獲全勝，劉顯逃到西燕(yan)(yan)。后燕(yan)(yan)奪得(de)了(le)劉顯的部(bu)眾(zhong)和牲畜，拓(tuo)跋珪則(ze)基本收復了(le)什翼犍時期的代國地盤(pan)。

慕容(rong)垂(chui)接下來(lai)花了(le)五年(nian)時間經營自(zi)己的(de)北(bei)方領土，這期間他消滅河北(bei)一帶的(de)叛軍，收復清河、渤海等地，征服了(le)北(bei)方比較強(qiang)大的(de)賀蘭部，加上(shang)這之(zhi)前慕容(rong)農已經率軍擊敗高句麗，占據遼東，后(hou)燕(yan)鞏固了(le)自(zi)身(shen)統治，成為北(bei)方強(qiang)國。

攻滅翟魏

轉(zhuan)眼到(dao)了(le)(le)建興(xing)七年（392年），他(ta)也年近古稀(xi)。鑒于河(he)(he)南一帶丁零翟(zhai)氏的(de)朝三暮四(si)、一再叛獨，慕(mu)容垂親自(zi)帶兵(bing)(bing)征討丁零翟(zhai)釗（翟(zhai)魏天王翟(zhai)遼之子）。翟(zhai)釗向慕(mu)容永求援，但慕(mu)容永聽(ting)從尚書郎(lang)鮑遵的(de)話，坐山(shan)觀虎斗(dou)，未曾向翟(zhai)釗發兵(bing)(bing)相(xiang)救。慕(mu)容垂先把(ba)營(ying)寨遷到(dao)黃(huang)河(he)(he)上游(you)四(si)十(shi)里處的(de)西(xi)津，造了(le)(le)數百艘(sou)牛皮船，載上一些兵(bing)(bing)士車仗，開始渡河(he)(he)。丁零翟(zhai)釗在(zai)下游(you)聽(ting)說這(zhe)一消(xiao)息(xi)，果然帶了(le)(le)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)前往(wang)西(xi)津抵(di)抗。這(zhe)時慕(mu)容垂才派留在(zai)黎陽慕(mu)容鎮(zhen)的(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)連(lian)夜渡過黃(huang)河(he)(he)，在(zai)河(he)(he)南扎營(ying)。第二天早(zao)上，后燕(yan)(yan)的(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)已(yi)經在(zai)河(he)(he)南駐了(le)(le)不(bu)少人的(de)大營(ying)了(le)(le)。翟(zhai)釗得(de)知此事又(you)趕到(dao)下游(you)打(da)慕(mu)容鎮(zhen)，慕(mu)容鎮(zhen)堅守一段時間后，上游(you)的(de)后燕(yan)(yan)大軍(jun)(jun)也已(yi)乘機渡過了(le)(le)黃(huang)河(he)(he)，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)兩(liang)路夾擊，翟(zhai)釗全軍(jun)(jun)潰敗(bai)而走(zou)，慕(mu)容垂率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)追擊，翟(zhai)釗只身逃到(dao)西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)，后又(you)被(bei)慕(mu)容永殺死。

消滅西燕

建興(xing)(xing)八年（393年），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂開(kai)始籌備(bei)攻打西(xi)燕(yan)。后(hou)燕(yan)將領又顯得(de)顧慮重重，認為(wei)后(hou)燕(yan)士兵連年征(zheng)討(tao)，十分疲(pi)憊，有待休整。只(zhi)有范(fan)陽王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)同(tong)意伐西(xi)燕(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂很(hen)高(gao)興(xing)(xing)地說：“吾計(ji)決矣。且(qie)吾投(tou)老，扣囊底(di)智，足(zu)以(yi)克之(zhi)，不復(fu)留逆(ni)賊以(yi)累(lei)子(zi)孫也！”以(yi)確立(li)后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)正統性與后(hou)世安定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)境(jing)內進發。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)開始疑神疑鬼，懷疑慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)會(hui)從太(tai)行山山道突入其境(jing)，趕緊(jin)分兵去封鎖太(tai)行山口(kou)，在正面防(fang)御點(dian)臺(tai)壁只留(liu)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)等見此情(qing)景，遣部從臺(tai)壁進攻，兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)交手，西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)潰(kui)敗(bai)(bai)，臺(tai)壁遭圍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)只得又從太(tai)行山召回守軍(jun)(jun)(jun)五萬多(duo)人(ren)，然而刁云、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鐘軍(jun)(jun)(jun)無斗志，投降(jiang)了后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)在臺(tai)壁以南擺下(xia)陣勢，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)會(hui)戰，事(shi)先還安排了驍騎(qi)(qi)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)國的精銳(rui)騎(qi)(qi)兵做埋伏。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)假裝敗(bai)(bai)退，將(jiang)西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)引入包圍圈，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)國從其背后殺出，一(yi)(yi)(yi)場大(da)戰，西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)光被(bei)斬首的人(ren)數就達八千，重(zhong)鎮晉陽也跟著丟失。?

慕容(rong)(rong)永退守(shou)國都長(chang)子，向東(dong)晉和北魏(wei)求(qiu)救。兩方的援軍尚未趕(gan)到，西燕(yan)別部的大(da)逸豆歸手下的將(jiang)領便打開城門(men)迎入慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)將(jiang)慕容(rong)(rong)永和西燕(yan)的公卿大(da)臣悉數斬首，西燕(yan)滅亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞目：參合陂之戰

后燕(yan)在(zai)滅(mie)翟魏吞西燕(yan)后，慕容垂建(jian)立的后燕(yan)也隨(sui)之轉(zhuan)盛而(er)衰(shuai)。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂在南(nan)征北(bei)(bei)戰的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中留(liu)下了(le)一(yi)內一(yi)外(wai)兩大(da)(da)隱患(huan)。其內部的(de)(de)隱患(huan)，便是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)家好內斗。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑(bei)在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂及其子侄這兩代可謂人才濟(ji)(ji)濟(ji)(ji)，如慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂異母弟(di)范(fan)陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)，兒子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)、趙(zhao)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、遼西王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、高陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)，侄子太原(yuan)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、陳留(liu)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹。這些(xie)人在后(hou)燕平定(ding)北(bei)(bei)方時各自叱咤一(yi)方。后(hou)燕國(guo)土占(zhan)據著半(ban)個北(bei)(bei)中國(guo)，其東北(bei)(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農，東南(nan)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)，西北(bei)(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟，又慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷分別居(ju)于東、南(nan)、西，中央需要較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)向心(xin)力。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂年(nian)紀已大(da)(da)，把(ba)國(guo)事大(da)(da)事交(jiao)給太子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)才大(da)(da)智粗，不堪其任。后(hou)燕外(wai)部的(de)(de)隱患(huan)源自與(yu)北(bei)(bei)魏的(de)(de)外(wai)交(jiao)。后(hou)燕消滅丁零翟氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)前一(yi)年(nian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂為了(le)平定(ding)北(bei)(bei)方，再次出兵幫助了(le)臣服(fu)于后(hou)燕的(de)(de)拓(tuo)跋珪。拓(tuo)跋珪憑借后(hou)燕的(de)(de)援兵，與(yu)劉衛(wei)辰(chen)展開決戰，一(yi)舉將(jiang)其擊潰，并乘勝占(zhan)據了(le)鐵弗部的(de)(de)領地(di)。劉衛(wei)辰(chen)在亂軍中被殺(sha)，五(wu)千多(duo)劉氏(shi)(shi)宗族(zu)被拓(tuo)跋珪全(quan)部斬首，扔(reng)進黃河。

拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)驅(qu)走鐵弗(fu)，掠奪(duo)百萬計的牛(niu)羊馬，勢(shi)力大增，逐漸萌(meng)生問(wen)鼎中原的野心(xin)。388年八月，拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)專門派自(zi)己的堂(tang)兄(xiong)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)前往中山探聽(ting)虛實。慕容(rong)垂(chui)接見(jian)了拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)，詰問(wen)他：“魏(wei)王怎么(me)不(bu)自(zi)己來？”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)答道(dao)：“我們(men)(men)(men)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)氏(shi)自(zi)先(xian)(xian)人以(yi)(yi)來，居住在北方，現(xian)今仍(reng)是如此。當年先(xian)(xian)王拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)猗盧被(bei)晉朝(chao)皇帝(di)封為(wei)代王，與你們(men)(men)(men)的祖先(xian)(xian)共事一(yi)朝(chao)，彼此都是兄(xiong)弟。如今我奉(feng)命出使，并無(wu)失(shi)禮之處(chu)(chu)。”慕容(rong)垂(chui)又問(wen)：“朕兵強馬壯，威加四海，你們(men)(men)(men)主公(gong)竟敢不(bu)來見(jian)朕，怎么(me)可以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)沒有失(shi)禮之處(chu)(chu)呢？”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)搖頭(tou)道(dao)：“燕國如若(ruo)不(bu)修文德，以(yi)(yi)為(wei)靠(kao)著(zhu)強大的軍力就能(neng)夠稱(cheng)霸天(tian)下的話(hua)，那就得(de)問(wen)問(wen)我國的將帥，輪不(bu)到(dao)我這個使臣(chen)來說(shuo)(shuo)話(hua)了。”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)一(yi)席話(hua)說(shuo)(shuo)得(de)有理有節(jie)，慕容(rong)垂(chui)就放了他。拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)儀(yi)(yi)回來對拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“燕國皇帝(di)年老，太子暗弱(ruo)，范陽王慕容(rong)德又很(hen)(hen)自(zi)負，恐怕不(bu)會安心(xin)做少(shao)主的臣(chen)子。只要慕容(rong)垂(chui)一(yi)死，燕國必有內亂，到(dao)時候天(tian)下自(zi)然是我們(men)(men)(men)的，現(xian)今還不(bu)是動手的時候。”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)很(hen)(hen)是高(gao)興，便暗中積(ji)蓄力量(liang)，以(yi)(yi)待(dai)天(tian)時。

事(shi)件(jian)導火線始(shi)于慕容子弟強行(xing)扣(kou)留(liu)(liu)拓跋觚。建興七年（391）七月，拓跋觚出使燕(yan)國，當時(shi)慕容垂年已衰老，慕容氏子弟主持著一(yi)些政務，為(wei)了要求北魏(wei)進獻良馬，強行(xing)扣(kou)留(liu)(liu)了拓跋觚。拓跋珪不給，與后燕(yan)斷絕了外交。

兩年后，后燕(yan)軍攻(gong)打西燕(yan)，拓跋珪不(bu)念燕(yan)、魏從前(qian)同盟多(duo)年，積極出兵援助慕(mu)容永，此事令慕(mu)容垂很惱(nao)火。

滅西燕(yan)后，慕(mu)容(rong)垂本已身染重病(bing)，不想用兵，但(dan)在慕(mu)容(rong)寶等人(ren)的慫恿(yong)下，于建興(xing)十年（395）五(wu)月派(pai)慕(mu)容(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)麟率(lv)領大軍八(ba)萬伐魏(wei)，又(you)讓慕(mu)容(rong)德(de)、慕(mu)容(rong)紹另率(lv)步騎兵一萬八(ba)千人(ren)做后繼。散騎常侍高(gao)湖苦諫，惹得慕(mu)容(rong)垂大怒，免(mian)了他的官(guan)。

慕(mu)容寶的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)開到(dao)(dao)五原(yuan)（今內蒙古包頭西北）的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)河北岸，南岸的(de)(de)(de)拓(tuo)跋珪先(xian)派人(ren)在中(zhong)山到(dao)(dao)五原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)路上截(jie)獲后燕傳送消息的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)者(zhe)，使(shi)得連續幾個月(yue)慕(mu)容垂的(de)(de)(de)消息都無法(fa)傳到(dao)(dao)后燕大軍(jun)營中(zhong)。拓(tuo)跋珪又(you)(you)(you)拉上抓來的(de)(de)(de)后燕使(shi)者(zhe)到(dao)(dao)黃(huang)河岸邊喊(han)話：“你老爹已死，還不早早回(hui)去！”慕(mu)容寶等人(ren)此時(shi)又(you)(you)(you)擔心(xin)又(you)(you)(you)害(hai)怕，后燕的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)兵們更是(shi)軍(jun)心(xin)動搖(yao)。?

后燕的(de)軍隊處(chu)境艱難(nan)，這(zhe)邊拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪則(ze)安排(pai)停當，他派拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔、拓(tuo)(tuo)跋儀各領(ling)數萬騎兵(bing)駐扎在河東、河北，又讓拓(tuo)(tuo)跋遵領(ling)了七(qi)萬騎兵(bing)悄(qiao)悄(qiao)地繞到了燕軍的(de)東南(nan)面，也就是燕軍的(de)退路(lu)上。

從九月開(kai)始，燕(yan)軍(jun)和魏(wei)軍(jun)在五(wu)原一(yi)帶相持(chi)近一(yi)個月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)的軍(jun)隊從一(yi)支驕兵變成了(le)羸(lei)兵，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)雖然心(xin)中發虛，卻沒有(you)(you)撤(che)退的意思。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)手(shou)下有(you)(you)個叫(jiao)做慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿嵩的部(bu)將(jiang)覺得慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂是(shi)真(zhen)的死了(le)，糾合部(bu)將(jiang)作亂，擁立慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)做皇帝。事情敗露，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)把慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿嵩等人(ren)給殺了(le)，寶(bao)、麟(lin)兩人(ren)由此(ci)互相猜忌。

燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)就在這樣的(de)(de)狀況下支撐(cheng)到了十月底，此(ci)時的(de)(de)五原地(di)區已是寒風凜冽(lie)，冬日來臨，慕(mu)容寶(bao)下令燒掉渡(du)船撤軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。當時的(de)(de)黃(huang)河(he)水還未結冰，慕(mu)容寶(bao)認(ren)定魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)沒有足夠的(de)(de)船只，不可能渡(du)河(he)追擊，無須采取(qu)任(ren)何(he)防備措施，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)一路向東撤去(qu)(qu)。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪在南岸并(bing)未馬上行動，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)撤退后的(de)(de)第八(ba)天，天氣突變，刮起暴(bao)風，河(he)水迅速(su)凍(dong)合(he)。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪大(da)喜過望(wang)，留下所有輜重，連夜點起二萬精銳騎兵，全(quan)速(su)沖過黃(huang)河(he)，朝(chao)著燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)撤退的(de)(de)方向追去(qu)(qu)。

疲憊不(bu)堪、士(shi)(shi)氣低落的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)走到參合陂（今(jin)內蒙(meng)古(gu)涼(liang)城岱海），已(yi)近傍晚(wan)時(shi)分。“天(tian)有(you)不(bu)測風(feng)云”，這個(ge)時(shi)候一陣(zhen)大(da)風(feng)平地而起，只見一道黑(hei)氣如長堤一般，自燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)身后(hou)鋪卷而來，最后(hou)完全罩(zhao)住了整個(ge)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)。士(shi)(shi)兵們本已(yi)十分脆(cui)弱的(de)(de)(de)心靈又蒙(meng)上一層(ceng)陰影，一個(ge)名叫支(zhi)曇(tan)猛的(de)(de)(de)和(he)尚頓(dun)覺不(bu)安(an)，向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)進言：“狂風(feng)暴虐，乃是(shi)魏兵將(jiang)要來到的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)兆(zhao)，我(wo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)應(ying)當作好抵御準備。”滿(man)以(yi)為魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)早(zao)被拋下(xia)很遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)只笑不(bu)答(da)。支(zhi)曇(tan)猛再三(san)請求(qiu)，在(zai)旁邊聽得不(bu)耐(nai)煩的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟氣呼呼地說(shuo)：“以(yi)殿(dian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)神武，我(wo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)強盛，足以(yi)橫行沙漠，小小的(de)(de)(de)索(suo)虜(lu)（燕(yan)人(ren)鄙視同宗的(de)(de)(de)北魏，罵其為索(suo)虜(lu)）豈敢遠(yuan)道追來？應(ying)該把這該死的(de)(de)(de)和(he)尚斬首示眾以(yi)消顧慮！”支(zhi)曇(tan)猛痛哭流涕(ti)：“苻堅擁百萬(wan)雄師，卻大(da)敗于淮(huai)南，正是(shi)由于恃眾輕敵(di)，不(bu)相信(xin)天(tian)道的(de)(de)(de)緣故啊！”司徒慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)見此情景，支(zhi)曇(tan)猛也算一片(pian)忠心，于是(shi)也勸(quan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)聽從支(zhi)曇(tan)猛的(de)(de)(de)話，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)這才讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟帶上三(san)萬(wan)騎兵殿(dian)后(hou)以(yi)防萬(wan)一。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟根本不(bu)信(xin)支(zhi)曇(tan)猛的(de)(de)(de)胡話，在(zai)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)后(hou)面放縱(zong)士(shi)(shi)兵四(si)處游獵，不(bu)做好設防準備。

魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)晝夜兼(jian)程(cheng)、連(lian)日急行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)追趕。乙酉，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在暮(mu)色里終于(yu)(yu)趕到(dao)參(can)合陂(po)西(xi)面(mian)。燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)又走(zou)了一段路，就停下腳步，在參(can)合陂(po)東(dong)邊的(de)(de)蟠羊(yang)山(shan)(shan)南(nan)面(mian)依(yi)水扎營(ying)。拓(tuo)跋珪發現燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)近(jin)在咫(zhi)尺，連(lian)夜部署進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)計劃(hua)，各將領(ling)分(fen)(fen)別帶兵(bing)，士(shi)兵(bing)銜枚，戰馬(ma)束口，暗暗向燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)靠近(jin)。第二天日出時(shi)分(fen)(fen)，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)全部登上山(shan)(shan)頂，腳下便是燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大營(ying)。這時(shi)燕(yan)國(guo)的(de)(de)士(shi)兵(bing)們正伸著懶腰，緩步走(zou)出營(ying)寨，準備(bei)向東(dong)進(jin)(jin)發，猛一回頭，眼前(qian)竟是嚴陣以(yi)待的(de)(de)北魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)。燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)頓時(shi)慌作一團。拓(tuo)跋珪手一抬(tai)，二萬精騎兵(bing)以(yi)排山(shan)(shan)倒海之勢(shi)沖殺過來。燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)紛紛逃(tao)入水中(zhong)，人馬(ma)相互踐踏(ta)，踩死的(de)(de)、淹死的(de)(de)數以(yi)萬計。拓(tuo)跋遵率部轉到(dao)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前(qian)方進(jin)(jin)行阻截，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)最后(hou)一道心理防線終于(yu)(yu)崩(beng)潰，四五萬人全部乖乖地放下武器，舉手投降。從亂軍(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)逃(tao)出的(de)(de)不足數千，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)等(deng)人憑著馬(ma)快，才撿(jian)了性命。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂的(de)(de)侄子燕(yan)右仆陳留悼王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹也(ye)不幸戰死，其余(yu)被生俘的(de)(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏等(deng)文(wen)武將吏數千人。魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)獲得燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)數以(yi)萬計的(de)(de)兵(bing)甲(jia)糧貨。

拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)大獲全(quan)(quan)勝(sheng)，他從(cong)燕(yan)軍的(de)(de)俘虜中挑了(le)些(xie)可(ke)用(yong)之(zhi)才留在北魏，其余(yu)的(de)(de)人(ren)準備悉(xi)數發(fa)還衣物糧(liang)食，遣(qian)送回國(guo)，也(ye)是借機招攬中原(yuan)人(ren)心。他的(de)(de)中部大人(ren)王建(jian)說：“燕(yan)國(guo)強盛(sheng)，這(zhe)次傾全(quan)(quan)國(guo)之(zhi)力(li)前來，我軍僥幸取勝(sheng)，不(bu)(bu)如殺掉降卒，將(jiang)來它們再無可(ke)用(yong)之(zhi)兵(bing)，打敗他們就易如反掌(zhang)了(le)！”拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)嘆道(dao)：“若聽從(cong)你(ni)的(de)(de)話(hua)，只怕我將(jiang)陷于不(bu)(bu)仁不(bu)(bu)義(yi)之(zhi)地。”然而(er)魏國(guo)的(de)(de)將(jiang)領對后燕(yan)尚心有(you)余(yu)悸，都認(ren)為王建(jian)說得有(you)理，拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)便下一(yi)道(dao)命(ming)令(ling)，將(jiang)四五萬后燕(yan)士(shi)兵(bing)全(quan)(quan)部活(huo)埋(mai)！

慕容(rong)寶回到(dao)中(zhong)山，向(xiang)父親(qin)陳述(shu)失敗(bai)的慘狀，竭力請(qing)求(qiu)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)伐(fa)魏。旁邊慕容(rong)德又說：“索虜碰巧打(da)了這場勝仗，打(da)心眼瞧不(bu)上太子(zi)了，如果不(bu)以陛下的神武把他們制服，恐(kong)怕(pa)后患無窮。”七十(shi)歲的慕容(rong)垂聽了這話，決定親(qin)自(zi)出征，為身后的燕國謀取生存的空間(jian)。他讓慕容(rong)隆和慕容(rong)盛調集舊都(dou)龍(long)城的精兵來到(dao)中(zhong)山，約定次(ci)(ci)年(nian)（396）大舉西(xi)征，攻打(da)北魏。

軍(jun)容精(jing)整的(de)龍城(cheng)精(jing)騎進入中山，后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)士氣重新振作(zuo)。三(san)月(yue)，慕容垂親率燕(yan)軍(jun)秘密(mi)出(chu)(chu)發，鑿開(kai)太行(xing)山道，出(chu)(chu)其不意地(di)直逼北魏占據的(de)平城(cheng)（今山西(xi)大同）。拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)的(de)三(san)萬(wan)軍(jun)馬駐(zhu)守(shou)此(ci)地(di)。慕容垂派慕容農和慕容隆(long)率領龍城(cheng)精(jing)兵充當前(qian)鋒(feng)，突(tu)襲(xi)平城(cheng)。拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)一向不設(she)防備，看到燕(yan)軍(jun)來(lai)攻，才倉促出(chu)(chu)戰，龍城(cheng)兵是燕(yan)國戰斗力(li)最(zui)強的(de)鮮卑舊部(bu)，一個個奮勇爭先(xian)，如(ru)下山猛(meng)虎，魏軍(jun)招架不住，拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)戰死，殘部(bu)全部(bu)被后(hou)燕(yan)收編。拓(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)是拓(tuo)跋珪的(de)弟弟，在北魏威望不小，他的(de)死訊傳來(lai)，拓(tuo)跋珪大驚失色，就想逃(tao)走，北魏各(ge)部(bu)都開(kai)始心懷二(er)意，拓(tuo)跋珪竟不知(zhi)往哪(na)里逃(tao)。

病重身亡

燕(yan)軍一(yi)(yi)路前行，慕容(rong)垂來(lai)到(dao)了(le)昔(xi)日戰場參合(he)陂。萬人(ren)坑上的(de)泥土猶新，曾經還是生龍活(huo)虎的(de)數(shu)萬士(shi)卒(zu)(zu)已成堆(dui)積如(ru)山(shan)的(de)尸(shi)骨(gu)，無數(shu)冤魂仿佛還在山(shan)間(jian)飄(piao)蕩。燕(yan)軍設下祭(ji)壇，死難將士(shi)的(de)父(fu)兄一(yi)(yi)起放聲痛哭，聲音響徹山(shan)谷。白發蒼蒼的(de)慕容(rong)垂面對此情此景(jing)，心中又(you)慚(can)又(you)恨，那最后一(yi)(yi)點戰斗的(de)氣神再也無法堅持下去，哇的(de)一(yi)(yi)口鮮血吐了(le)出來(lai)，舊疾發作，乘(cheng)(cheng)著馬(ma)輿前進(jin)，在平城(cheng)西北(bei)三十里休整(zheng)。慕容(rong)寶等人(ren)的(de)前軍也只好全部撤退(tui)(tui)。拓跋珪得到(dao)后燕(yan)叛卒(zu)(zu)的(de)消息(xi)，本想乘(cheng)(cheng)隙追(zhui)趕，聽說(shuo)平城(cheng)淪陷，便引兵退(tui)(tui)回陰山(shan)。

慕容垂在平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)停留了十天，修了座燕昌城(cheng)(cheng)（欲昌則不昌），便(bian)匆(cong)(cong)匆(cong)(cong)返(fan)回，他在歸途中病逝于(yu)上谷郡的沮陽(yang)（今河北懷來東南），終年七(qi)十一歲。

主要成就

慕(mu)容(rong)垂13歲即隨父征戰，才兼文武(wu)，勇猛多(duo)謀(mou)。前燕(yan)慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)十(shi)一年(nian)（344），慕(mu)容(rong)垂任(ren)前鋒都督，建(jian)(jian)鋒將軍(jun)。次年(nian)，率(lv)兵2萬自東(dong)道出徒河（今錦(jin)州）南下，與(yu)燕(yan)王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)儁等(deng)會(hui)師(shi)，攻取后趙幽州（治(zhi)今北(bei)京城西南）等(deng)地，并(bing)勸燕(yan)王(wang)勿殺降卒，以(yi)服(fu)人心(xin)。元璽三年(nian)（354），受封(feng)為吳(wu)王(wang)。光壽元年(nian)（357），參與(yu)攻討(tao)敕勒，俘斬十(shi)余萬人。建(jian)(jian)熙六年(nian)（365），與(yu)太宰慕(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)合力(li)攻占東(dong)晉洛陽（今河南洛陽東(dong)北(bei)）后，任(ren)征南大將軍(jun)、荊州牧等(deng)職(zhi)，領兵萬人，鎮魯陽（今魯山）。十(shi)年(nian)，在(zai)桓溫攻前燕(yan)之戰中，大敗晉軍(jun)，威名(ming)大振。

是年(nian)(nian)(nian)十一(yi)月，因前(qian)(qian)燕內訌，西投前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)，為(wei)秦(qin)主苻堅(jian)所(suo)(suo)賞識，任冠軍將(jiang)(jiang)軍。十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)滅前(qian)(qian)燕，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)至(zhi)鄴（今河北(bei)臨漳西南），密圖興復。后(hou)轉京兆(zhao)尹(yin)，參加征(zheng)伐，皆有(you)大功(gong)，但為(wei)前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)權(quan)貴猜忌、壓(ya)抑。前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)建元(yuan)(yuan)十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)（382），不顧多數朝臣(chen)的反對，力勸苻堅(jian)進攻(gong)東(dong)晉。十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)七月，東(dong)晉車騎將(jiang)(jiang)軍桓沖攻(gong)襄陽（今屬(shu)湖北(bei)襄樊(fan)），征(zheng)南將(jiang)(jiang)軍苻叡率步騎5萬(wan)援(yuan)(yuan)救，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)前(qian)(qian)鋒。垂(chui)命(ming)士卒(zu)多燃火炬，光照數十里(li)，嚇退晉軍。是年(nian)(nian)(nian)，淝水(shui)之(zhi)戰，秦(qin)兵(bing)慘敗，唯慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)軍3萬(wan)屯(tun)據鄖(yun)城（今安陸）無損。苻堅(jian)率所(suo)(suo)剩千余騎往赴，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)悉(xi)以兵(bing)歸堅(jian)。旋丁零族翟(zhai)斌起(qi)兵(bing)反秦(qin)，謀(mou)攻(gong)洛陽，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)受命(ming)進討。二(er)(er)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)，至(zhi)滎(ying)陽（今河南滎(ying)陽東(dong)北(bei)），起(qi)兵(bing)反秦(qin)，稱燕王（史稱后(hou)燕），率眾攻(gong)鄴，拔(ba)外城。苻丕求(qiu)援(yuan)(yuan)于東(dong)晉。后(hou)燕燕元(yuan)(yuan)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（385）四月，兵(bing)敗后(hou)伺機(ji)反擊，大破援(yuan)(yuan)鄴之(zhi)晉軍。十二(er)(er)月，定都中山（今河北(bei)定州(zhou)）。

建(jian)興(xing)二(er)年(nian)(nian)（387），發兵討(tao)溫(wen)詳等叛(pan)軍(jun)，迫(po)叛(pan)眾(zhong)3萬余(yu)戶歸后燕(yan)(yan)。又(you)(you)遣(qian)兵南下(xia)，進占歷(li)城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)濟南），迫(po)使青、兗、徐(xu)三(san)州郡縣多數壁(bi)壘(lei)出(chu)降。七年(nian)(nian)六月(yue)，攻(gong)討(tao)丁(ding)零(ling)族翟釗于黎陽（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南浚縣東(dong)北(bei)），以牛(niu)皮(pi)船百余(yu)艘，偽列兵仗，溯流西(xi)(xi)上，而潛軍(jun)于東(dong)夜渡(du)，營(ying)于河(he)南，堅壁(bi)不(bu)戰(zhan)，使翟釗兵往來疲憊(bei)，再(zai)行夾擊，盡獲其眾(zhong)。九年(nian)(nian)，攻(gong)西(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)永(yong)，先分(fen)(fen)處置疑兵以誘(you)(you)敵，自率(lv)大(da)軍(jun)屯鄴城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)南，月(yue)余(yu)不(bu)進；待慕(mu)容(rong)永(yong)發兵分(fen)(fen)道(dao)拒守，即乘虛直入(ru)，連(lian)破(po)西(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)，進圍臺(tai)壁(bi)（今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)(xi)襄垣東(dong)北(bei)）。繼又(you)(you)佯退，誘(you)(you)其追入(ru)設伏(fu)地帶(dai)，實行圍擊，大(da)破(po)慕(mu)容(rong)永(yong)，滅亡(wang)西(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)。十年(nian)(nian)，遣(qian)子慕(mu)容(rong)寶率(lv)軍(jun)9.8萬攻(gong)北(bei)魏，在(zai)參合陂之(zhi)戰(zhan)遭慘敗。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)三(san)月(yue)，親自率(lv)軍(jun)攻(gong)北(bei)魏。閏三(san)月(yue)，襲取(qu)平城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)(xi)大(da)同東(dong)北(bei)），大(da)敗魏軍(jun)，收其部落3萬余(yu)家。

歷史評價

崔浩：“垂藉父(fu)兄(xiong)之資，修復舊業，國(guo)人歸之，若夜蟲之就火(huo)，少加倚仗，易以(yi)立功。”

房玄齡等《晉(jin)書》：“慕容垂天資(zi)英杰，威震(zhen)本朝(chao)，以雄略(lve)見猜(cai)而(er)庇身寬(kuan)政，永固受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)以禮，道明事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)畢(bi)力。然而(er)隼(sun)質難(nan)羈，狼心自野。淮南失律，三甥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀已構(gou)；河朔分麾，五木之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祥云啟。斬飛(fei)龍而(er)遐(xia)舉(ju)，逾石門而(er)長邁，遂使翟氏景從，鄴師宵逸，收(shou)羅趙、魏，驅駕英雄。叩囊余(yu)(yu)奇，摧五萬于(yu)河曲；浮(fu)船秘策，招七郡于(yu)黎陽(yang)。返(fan)遼陰(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊(jiu)物，創中山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新社，類帝禋宗，僭擬斯備。夫以重耳歸晉(jin)，賴五臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功；句踐紿吳，資(zi)五千之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒。惡有業(ye)殊二霸，眾微一旅，掎拔而(er)傾山岳，騰嘯而(er)御風(feng)云！雖衛人(ren)忘亡復傳于(yu)東國，任好(hao)余(yu)(yu)裕伊愧(kui)于(yu)西鄰，信苻氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奸回，非晉(jin)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鯨鯢矣。”

蔡東藩(fan)《兩晉演義》：“慕容(rong)垂才(cai)略過人，卒能恢復燕祚，不(bu)可謂非一世雄，其獨擇子(zi)不(bu)明，失之于太子(zi)寶，反以段(duan)后所言為營私。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“