2012年2月29日(ri),云南省(sheng)人(ren)民政(zheng)府正式(shi)批(pi)準成(cheng)立(li)“云南烏蒙山省(sheng)級自然保(bao)護區”。
2013年12月,國務院辦公廳批準(zhun)成(cheng)立(li)云南烏蒙(meng)山國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu),主要由原來的三(san)個(ge)省級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(三(san)江口、海子坪、朝天馬)和(he)二個(ge)市級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(大(da)關縣(xian)羅漢(han)壩(ba)、永善縣(xian)小巖方)合(he)并而成(cheng)。
2014年12月,昭通(tong)市(shi)機構編制委員會(hui)批準(zhun)成立了“云南(nan)烏蒙山國(guo)家級自(zi)然保護(hu)區管理局(ju)”,屬昭通(tong)市(shi)林(lin)業(ye)局(ju)下屬正科級財政全(quan)額(e)撥款事(shi)業(ye)單(dan)位。
2015年12月,《云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)機(ji)構編制委(wei)員會(hui)關于昭通市(shi)設置國(guo)家級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)管護(hu)局的批復》批準(zhun)成立了“云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)烏蒙(meng)山國(guo)家級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)管護(hu)局”,屬昭通市(shi)林業局下屬正處級(ji)事業單位。?
2016年10月12日,《云南烏蒙(meng)山國家級自(zi)然保護區總體規劃》編制工作正式(shi)啟動。?
云(yun)南烏蒙山國家(jia)級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區位(wei)于云(yun)南省(sheng)東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)的昭通市境(jing)內,東(dong)部(bu)連接著貴州巖溶山原(yuan)(yuan),北(bei)面與四(si)川盆地相望,南邊向滇中高原(yuan)(yuan)過(guo)渡,西處橫斷(duan)山脈的邊緣,地處四(si)個(ge)自然(ran)區域特色逥(hui)然(ran)不同的結合過(guo)渡地帶(dai)。?
地層
滇東北是(shi)揚子(zi)地(di)(di)(di)臺蓋層(ceng)(ceng)發育完全的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區之(zhi)一(yi),由于受到各種地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)運(yun)動的(de)(de)影響,全區有多(duo)個地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)年代的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)出(chu)露(lu)。云南烏蒙山國家級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區正好位于滇東北地(di)(di)(di)臺沉(chen)積(ji)帶內,因(yin)此該保(bao)護(hu)區也(ye)出(chu)露(lu)有多(duo)個地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)年代的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)。根據考察的(de)(de)結果,烏蒙山自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區內主要出(chu)露(lu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)有寒(han)武系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、奧陶(tao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、泥盆系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、二疊(die)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、三疊(die)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、侏羅系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)等地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)年代的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)。其中(zhong)以二疊(die)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)出(chu)露(lu)最為廣泛,其次為泥盆系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)。?
巖石
云南烏蒙山(shan)國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護區(qu)因(yin)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)范圍較(jiao)(jiao)大,所(suo)以境內及其附近地區(qu)所(suo)出(chu)露的巖(yan)石種類較(jiao)(jiao)多。根(gen)據考察發現,保(bao)護區(qu)內巖(yan)漿(jiang)(jiang)巖(yan)、變質巖(yan)和沉積巖(yan)均有出(chu)現,并且(qie)都有一定的分(fen)(fen)布(bu)范圍。在三大類巖(yan)石中,巖(yan)漿(jiang)(jiang)巖(yan)和變質巖(yan)的分(fen)(fen)布(bu)范圍較(jiao)(jiao)小,沉積巖(yan)的分(fen)(fen)布(bu)面積較(jiao)(jiao)大,幾乎遍布(bu)保(bao)護區(qu)所(suo)有片區(qu)。?
構造
云(yun)南烏蒙山國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然保護區(qu)(qu)屬于揚子(zi)準地(di)臺(tai),滇黔川鄂臺(tai)坳中的(de)褶(zhe)皺斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)地(di)帶,經(jing)歷了三次(ci)大的(de)地(di)殼運(yun)動(dong),即晉寧運(yun)動(dong)、加里東(dong)運(yun)動(dong)和(he)(he)喜馬(ma)拉雅(ya)運(yun)動(dong),因而形成(cheng)了復(fu)雜(za)的(de)地(di)形和(he)(he)地(di)貌。全區(qu)(qu)的(de)構(gou)(gou)造以斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)和(he)(he)褶(zhe)皺最(zui)為發(fa)育,如斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)有(you)鹽津——永(yong)善——巧(qiao)(qiao)家(jia)斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)、大關——昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)——巧(qiao)(qiao)家(jia)斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)和(he)(he)彝良(liang)——昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)——巧(qiao)(qiao)家(jia)斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)等,褶(zhe)皺發(fa)育如木(mu)桿(gan)新街向斜、羅漢壩背(bei)斜和(he)(he)彝良(liang)復(fu)向斜等。受“小(xiao)江斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)”的(de)影響,整個昭(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)地(di)區(qu)(qu)褶(zhe)皺和(he)(he)斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)均呈大致(zhi)平行的(de)北東(dong)方向,由(you)此導致(zhi)地(di)貌結構(gou)(gou)復(fu)雜(za)類型多樣(yang)化。?
地貌特征
(1)地勢向北傾斜(xie),并具有雙(shuang)層(ceng)結構
云南(nan)(nan)(nan)烏蒙山(shan)國(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)恰處于(yu)云南(nan)(nan)(nan)高(gao)(gao)原的北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu),處于(yu)向四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)和貴州高(gao)(gao)原的邊緣過渡地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,高(gao)(gao)原斜(xie)坡(po)受金沙江及其支流的深切(qie),形成梁狀(zhuang)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)與狹長河谷(gu)(gu)相間的地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌格局,地(di)(di)(di)(di)表十分(fen)(fen)崎嶇,地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢傾斜(xie)較為(wei)特(te)殊(shu),從上層(ceng)山(shan)峰(feng)線(xian)由西南(nan)(nan)(nan)向東(dong)北(bei)(bei)傾斜(xie),谷(gu)(gu)底線(xian)分(fen)(fen)兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)向,一(yi)為(wei)向北(bei)(bei)或東(dong)北(bei)(bei)向傾斜(xie),一(yi)為(wei)向東(dong)或東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)傾斜(xie),使該(gai)區(qu)(qu)出現上、下兩(liang)層(ceng)的傾斜(xie)方(fang)向不一(yi)致(zhi)的狀(zhuang)況(kuang),具有雙層(ceng)結構的特(te)點。在(zai)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)面(mian)屬于(yu)四處盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)的邊緣山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di),整個(ge)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由西南(nan)(nan)(nan)向東(dong)北(bei)(bei)面(mian)的金沙江河谷(gu)(gu)傾斜(xie),并向四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)過渡,而與云南(nan)(nan)(nan)全省北(bei)(bei)高(gao)(gao)南(nan)(nan)(nan)低的大地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢相反(fan),以致(zhi)對植被(bei)和物種的分(fen)(fen)布產(chan)生了(le)顯著的影響,如一(yi)些云南(nan)(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)的偏熱性物種能夠(gou)出現在(zai)本區(qu)(qu)的北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)。?
(2)高(gao)原邊緣(yuan)型山原地貌
云南烏蒙山(shan)國家級自(zi)然保護區正好處在(zai)(zai)云南高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)北緣,是(shi)一(yi)片高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)向大型(xing)盆地(di)(di)(di)過(guo)渡的(de)斜坡地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),大部分(fen)地(di)(di)(di)面均被各級河流切開,形成長(chang)形山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)與峽谷相間的(de)地(di)(di)(di)表形態。這種(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)貌結構,因在(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)邊緣地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)出現,故稱為原(yuan)(yuan)邊型(xing)山(shan)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)貌。?
(3)深(shen)切割的(de)中山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)地
云(yun)南烏蒙山(shan)國家級(ji)自然保護區所在(zai)地(di)(di)屬于(yu)(yu)五蓮(lian)峰和烏蒙山(shan)的部分(fen)山(shan)地(di)(di),平均高度在(zai)2000-2500米(mi)(mi)之(zhi)間,東片(pian)(pian)僅(jin)在(zai)1500米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,屬于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)山(shan)范疇(chou)。但從相對高度情(qing)況看,它切割較深,不(bu)少山(shan)地(di)(di)相對高度在(zai)1000米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上,部分(fen)在(zai)500-1000米(mi)(mi)之(zhi)間,屬于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)等切割到深切割的中(zhong)山(shan)。山(shan)地(di)(di)組成的巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)以(yi)碎屑巖(yan)為主,間有部分(fen)巖(yan)漿(jiang)巖(yan)和碳酸(suan)巖(yan),是一片(pian)(pian)組成巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)種類較多的中(zhong)山(shan)山(shan)地(di)(di)。?
(4)河谷以峽谷為主(zhu),缺(que)少大(da)型盆地
眾多支流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)經保(bao)護區(qu)或其邊(bian)緣地帶(dai),其原(yuan)(yuan)邊(bian)地帶(dai)又加上河(he)流(liu)(liu)深切,使得地面異常崎嶇,除了深至中切割山地外(wai),基本上被縱橫(heng)的峽(xia)谷所連接,除了在(zai)一些(xie)支流(liu)(liu)河(he)流(liu)(liu)上源保(bao)留(liu)有原(yuan)(yuan)高原(yuan)(yuan)面上的古(gu)河(he)谷屬寬谷形(xing)平(ping)坦地貌形(xing)態外(wai),很少(shao)有壩子。?
云南烏蒙(meng)山(shan)國家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)所處地(di)(di)勢高(gao)聳,區(qu)(qu)內有高(gao)大山(shan)脈分(fen)布,河流水(shui)系發達切(qie)割頗深,地(di)(di)貌(mao)類(lei)型(xing)復雜(za)多樣,是云貴(gui)高(gao)原的(de)典型(xing)區(qu)(qu)域。保護區(qu)(qu)范圍跨度較(jiao)大,從大地(di)(di)貌(mao)形(xing)態看,是屬高(gao)原邊緣(yuan)的(de)中(zhong)山(shan)與(yu)峽谷區(qu)(qu),但(dan)次一(yi)級地(di)(di)貌(mao)形(xing)態的(de)種類(lei)仍然(ran)較(jiao)多,主要的(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)有山(shan)地(di)(di)、河谷與(yu)盆(pen)地(di)(di)和(he)卡(ka)斯特地(di)(di)貌(mao)等三(san)種類(lei)型(xing)。其中(zhong)山(shan)地(di)(di)是保護區(qu)(qu)內的(de)的(de)主要地(di)(di)貌(mao)類(lei)型(xing),該類(lei)型(xing)中(zhong)除(chu)深切(qie)割中(zhong)山(shan)之(zhi)外,還(huan)包括(kuo)有相對升降所殘存的(de)部分(fen)高(gao)原面殘片及原面上(shang)和(he)部分(fen)寬谷邊緣(yuan)上(shang)散布的(de)丘陵地(di)(di)貌(mao)。這一(yi)帶山(shan)地(di)(di)海拔高(gao)度均在1000米以(yi)上(shang),屬于(yu)低山(shan)和(he)中(zhong)山(shan)范疇。?
云(yun)(yun)南(nan)烏蒙山(shan)國(guo)家級自然保護(hu)區(qu)位于云(yun)(yun)南(nan)東北(bei)部(bu)邊緣,地(di)處云(yun)(yun)貴川(chuan)三省結合部(bu),地(di)勢北(bei)低南(nan)高(gao),由(you)四川(chuan)盆地(di)逐漸(jian)向云(yun)(yun)貴高(gao)原抬(tai)升,保護(hu)區(qu)內山(shan)巒交錯,河谷縱橫,是四川(chuan)盆地(di)進入云(yun)(yun)南(nan)冷空氣(qi)的主要通道,易受冷空氣(qi)影響(xiang),常在昆明準靜止鋒控制下,氣(qi)候(hou)與云(yun)(yun)南(nan)大部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)不同,而(er)與具有中國(guo)東部(bu)型季(ji)(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)的特點的貴州相似,屬亞(ya)熱帶濕潤季(ji)(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)。
云(yun)南烏蒙山(shan)國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區年平均氣溫(wen)13~17℃;年日(ri)照時數在1000小(xiao)時以下,平均每天(tian)(tian)不(bu)到(dao)3小(xiao)時;無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)有(you)9~11個月,永(yong)善(shan)無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)320天(tian)(tian),鹽(yan)津(jin)(jin)無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)328天(tian)(tian),大關(guan)無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)310天(tian)(tian),彝(yi)良(liang)無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)295天(tian)(tian);年降水量600~1300毫米之間;西南部(bu)(bu)包括(kuo)(kuo)永(yong)善(shan)和彝(yi)良(liang)一部(bu)(bu)分地(di)區屬西部(bu)(bu)型(xing)季(ji)風氣候,東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)包括(kuo)(kuo)鹽(yan)津(jin)(jin)、大關(guan)全部(bu)(bu),永(yong)善(shan)和彝(yi)良(liang)大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)區,具有(you)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)型(xing)季(ji)風氣候區的特(te)征。?
云南烏蒙(meng)山(shan)國家級自然保護區(qu)大(da)部分(fen)地區(qu)都(dou)處于中、北亞熱帶,故(gu)而降雨量(liang)豐(feng)富,境內水系比較(jiao)發(fa)達,各個片區(qu)內都(dou)有多(duo)條河流(liu)和(he)溪流(liu)。?
云南烏蒙山國家級自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區及其(qi)(qi)附近(jin)地(di)區屬于(yu)金沙江(jiang)水系,較大(da)的(de)(de)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有洛澤河(he)(he)(he)、白水江(jiang)、黃(huang)水河(he)(he)(he)、大(da)關(guan)河(he)(he)(he)、木桿河(he)(he)(he)和(he)小河(he)(he)(he)等。這(zhe)些河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分布于(yu)昭通地(di)區的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)部和(he)北部,其(qi)(qi)支流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)多發源于(yu)保護(hu)(hu)區內。受高(gao)原(yuan)邊緣的(de)(de)地(di)勢(shi)條件與區內中(zhong)(zhong)部局(ju)部隆起的(de)(de)影響,河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)向(xiang)(xiang)較復雜,大(da)部分河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)由南向(xiang)(xiang)北流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),白水江(jiang)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)、西(xi)北流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動,而紅水河(he)(he)(he)向(xiang)(xiang)東流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),黃(huang)水河(he)(he)(he)與高(gao)橋河(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)局(ju)部河(he)(he)(he)段又向(xiang)(xiang)南流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),保護(hu)(hu)區內河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)基本上(shang)也是多向(xiang)(xiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動。?
云南(nan)烏蒙山國家(jia)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)位(wei)于(yu)云南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)東北部的昭通市境內,東連貴(gui)州巖溶山原,北與四川盆(pen)地(di)相(xiang)望(wang),南(nan)向滇(dian)中高(gao)原過渡,西處橫斷山脈邊緣。地(di)跨(kua)大關(guan)、彝良、鹽(yan)津、永善和(he)威信(xin)等5個(ge)縣(xian)、16個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),大關(guan)縣(xian)木桿鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(漂壩(ba)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、元亨村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、天星(xing)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(沿河(he)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、中心(xin)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)),永善縣(xian)細沙鄉(xiang)(xiang)(細沙村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、三(san)(san)(san)堡(bao)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、石(shi)坪(ping)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、團結鄉(xiang)(xiang)(東勝(sheng)(sheng)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、蘇(su)田(tian)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、向陽村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、大毛村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、檜溪鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(得勝(sheng)(sheng)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)),鹽(yan)津縣(xian)中和(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(大浩村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、柿子壩(ba)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(新生村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、岔(cha)河(he)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、廟壩(ba)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(流(liu)場村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、紅碧村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、豆沙鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(銀廠(chang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)),彝良縣(xian)小草(cao)壩(ba)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(小草(cao)壩(ba)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、大橋村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、兩河(he)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(兩河(he)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、大竹村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、白米村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、半(ban)河(he)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、鐘鳴鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(麻窩(wo)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、牛(niu)街(jie)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(三(san)(san)(san)合村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、龍海鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(龍海村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、放牛(niu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun))、洛旺鄉(xiang)(xiang)(中廠(chang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、樹草(cao)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)),威信(xin)縣(xian)長(chang)安鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(安穩村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)),地(di)理坐標介(jie)于(yu)東經(jing)103°51′47" ~104°45′04",北緯27°47′35"~28°17′42"之間。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)由三(san)(san)(san)江口(kou)(kou)片(pian)區(qu)(qu)、朝天馬片(pian)區(qu)(qu)和(he)海子坪(ping)片(pian)區(qu)(qu)三(san)(san)(san)個(ge)片(pian)區(qu)(qu)組(zu)成,三(san)(san)(san)江口(kou)(kou)片(pian)區(qu)(qu)由原來的三(san)(san)(san)江口(kou)(kou)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)和(he)小巖方(fang)市級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)組(zu)成;朝天馬片(pian)區(qu)(qu)由原來的朝天馬省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)和(he)羅漢壩(ba)市級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)組(zu)成;而海子坪(ping)片(pian)區(qu)(qu)是原海子坪(ping)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)。云南(nan)烏蒙山國家(jia)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)26186.65公頃(qing)。?
云南烏(wu)蒙(meng)山國家級(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)是保存面積較大而完整,類型(xing)結(jie)構典(dian)型(xing),并具有(you)云貴高原代表(biao)性(xing)的(de)亞熱(re)帶(dai)山地濕(shi)性(xing)常(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)(lin)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)生(sheng)態(tai)系統,同時以(yi)維護(hu)烏(wu)蒙(meng)山區(qu)與(yu)金(jin)沙江—長江流域生(sheng)態(tai)安全為(wei)主要保護(hu)管(guan)理目標(biao),其(qi)主要保護(hu)對象(xiang)為(wei)亞熱(re)帶(dai)濕(shi)性(xing)常(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)(lin)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)生(sheng)態(tai)系統、珍稀瀕危動(dong)植物物種資源(yuan)及(ji)其(qi)棲息(xi)地。?
哺乳類
截至2016年,云(yun)(yun)南(nan)烏蒙(meng)山(shan)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)有哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)9目、28科、70屬、92種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)分布有中國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和CITES附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄(lu)Ⅰ、附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄(lu)Ⅱ保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)類23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中,國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有金(jin)錢豹(bao)、云(yun)(yun)豹(bao)和林(lin)麝3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有黑(hei)熊、小熊貓(mao)、水獺(ta)(ta)、金(jin)貓(mao)、中華鬣(lie)羚(ling)(ling)、川西斑羚(ling)(ling)、穿山(shan)甲(jia)、水鹿、獼猴、藏酋猴、豺、青鼬(you)、小爪(zhua)水獺(ta)(ta)、大(da)靈(ling)貓(mao)、小靈(ling)貓(mao)、叢林(lin)貓(mao)16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),毛冠鹿是云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)野生哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu);CITES的(de)附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄(lu)-Ⅰ物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)多,除3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄(lu)Ⅰ物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中有黑(hei)熊、林(lin)麝、穿山(shan)甲(jia)、水獺(ta)(ta)、金(jin)貓(mao)、鬣(lie)羚(ling)(ling)和斑羚(ling)(ling)等7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亦被列(lie)為(wei)附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄(lu)-Ⅰ物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),另(ling)有中國(guo)未列(lie)入國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)野生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)名單(dan)的(de)豹(bao)貓(mao)和北樹鼩(qu)也(ye)被列(lie)為(wei)附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄(lu)-Ⅱ物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)哺(bu)(bu)乳(ru)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)較多是保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)另(ling)一大(da)特色。?
鳥類
截(jie)至2016年,云南(nan)烏蒙山國(guo)家(jia)級自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)共有(you)(you)356種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬于18目(mu)、66科;并且在各生境類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)中(zhong)都有(you)(you)分(fen)布(bu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)常綠闊(kuo)葉林記(ji)錄的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)最多有(you)(you)197種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)記(ji)錄總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)55.34%,針闊(kuo)混(hun)交林187種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)52.53 %、干熱(re)(re)河谷(gu)180種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),農田耕作地175種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕地93種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),松林生境類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)相對較(jiao)少有(you)(you)80種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)22.47%,反映了鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)生境多樣性特征。居留情況以(yi)(yi)(yi)留鳥(niao)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)絕對優勢(shi)計(ji)195種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)記(ji)錄總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)54.78%,夏候(hou)鳥(niao)50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)19.04%, 冬(dong)候(hou)鳥(niao)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)17. 98% ,旅(lv)鳥(niao)47種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)13. 20%。在該區(qu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)也十分(fen)的(de)(de)豐富(fu),總體上(shang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)東洋型(xing)(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)優勢(shi),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)所錄種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)31.18%,其中(zhong)又(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)~溫(wen)帶(dai)(dai)、熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)~北(bei)亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)和熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)~中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)繁(fan)殖鳥(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)為(wei)多;其次是喜馬拉(la)雅-橫斷(duan)山區(qu)型(xing)(xing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.29%,其中(zhong)又(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)橫斷(duan)山~喜馬拉(la)雅和在橫斷(duan)山區(qu)繁(fan)殖的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)為(wei)多;古(gu)北(bei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)14. 04%,泛古(gu)北(bei)型(xing)(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.11%,東北(bei)型(xing)(xing)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 9.55%,全北(bei)型(xing)(xing)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)7.30%,南(nan)中(zhong)國(guo)型(xing)(xing)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)7.02%,季風(feng)型(xing)(xing)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)1.12%。該區(qu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)分(fen)布(bu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)與區(qu)系組(zu)成表現(xian)出(chu)該區(qu)處于東洋界向古(gu)北(bei)界過渡的(de)(de)區(qu)域特征。該區(qu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)較(jiao)多,有(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)I級重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(四川(chuan)山鷓鴣、白鷴峨眉亞(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、黑(hei)頸鶴、黑(hei)鸛),國(guo)家(jia)II級重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。?
兩棲爬行類
截至2016年,云(yun)(yun)南(nan)烏(wu)蒙(meng)山國家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)保護(hu)區已知具有(you)93種(zhong)(zhong)兩棲爬行動物(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中兩棲動物(wu)(wu)(wu)39種(zhong)(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)于2目9科19屬(shu);爬行動物(wu)(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)于3目(亞目)11科29屬(shu)。該流(liu)域還具有(you)不少數量(liang)的珍稀、瀕危和(he)重點保護(hu)兩棲爬行動物(wu)(wu)(wu)的種(zhong)(zhong)類,其(qi)中包括2種(zhong)(zhong)國家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)保護(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu),大鯢和(he)貴州疣螈;3種(zhong)(zhong)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省保護(hu)的物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong),即舟山眼(yan)(yan)鏡(jing)蛇(she)、孟加拉眼(yan)(yan)鏡(jing)蛇(she)和(he)眼(yan)(yan)鏡(jing)王蛇(she);5種(zhong)(zhong)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省有(you)經濟價值的物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong),即平胸(xiong)龜、鱉、王錦(jin)蛇(she)、黑眉錦(jin)蛇(she)和(he)烏(wu)梢蛇(she);3種(zhong)(zhong)列(lie)入《瀕危野生(sheng)動植物(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)國際貿易(yi)公約》(CITES)附(fu)錄II的物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong),即平胸(xiong)龜、眼(yan)(yan)鏡(jing)蛇(she)和(he)眼(yan)(yan)鏡(jing)王蛇(she),它們屬(shu)于典型的熱(re)帶(dai)成(cheng)分,該區是該類群分布(bu)的最北限,在生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)地理上具有(you)特別重要的意義。?
魚類
云南烏蒙山國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內的(de)魚(yu)類區(qu)系(xi)在金沙江(jiang)(jiang)魚(yu)類區(qu)系(xi)中具有(you)典(dian)型的(de)代(dai)表(biao)地位。截至2016年(nian),金沙江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)共記(ji)載土著魚(yu)類86種(zhong),分(fen)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)6目11科57屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)小(xiao)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)共有(you)魚(yu)類47種(zhong),分(fen)別(bie)隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于3目9科39屬(shu)(shu)(shu),而保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)僅屬(shu)(shu)(shu)金沙江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)游(you)江(jiang)(jiang)段的(de)支流(liu)(liu)小(xiao)部分(fen)地區(qu),并不(bu)包括昭通水(shui)富(fu)、綏江(jiang)(jiang)等(deng)縣干流(liu)(liu)地區(qu),但物種(zhong)數(shu)卻占金沙江(jiang)(jiang)整(zheng)個流(liu)(liu)域(yu)總種(zhong)數(shu)的(de)54.6%。可見,保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)魚(yu)類區(qu)系(xi)雖由支流(liu)(liu)組(zu)成,但種(zhong)類豐富(fu),區(qu)系(xi)復雜,是云南金沙江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)魚(yu)類區(qu)系(xi)中具有(you)代(dai)表(biao)性的(de)地區(qu)。?
昆蟲
截至2016年,云(yun)南烏蒙(meng)山國家級自然保護區共記載昆(kun)蟲綱9目(mu)(mu)71科(ke)(ke)302屬(shu)(shu)423種(zhong)(zhong)。其中記載直翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)8屬(shu)(shu)10種(zhong)(zhong),半(ban)翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)6科(ke)(ke)26屬(shu)(shu)30種(zhong)(zhong),同(tong)翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)5科(ke)(ke)7屬(shu)(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong),脈(mo)翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)1科(ke)(ke)1屬(shu)(shu)1種(zhong)(zhong),鞘翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)17科(ke)(ke)68屬(shu)(shu)82種(zhong)(zhong),鱗翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)32科(ke)(ke)181屬(shu)(shu)242種(zhong)(zhong),雙翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)1科(ke)(ke)1屬(shu)(shu)2種(zhong)(zhong),膜(mo)翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)6科(ke)(ke)30屬(shu)(shu)45種(zhong)(zhong)。?
云南烏蒙(meng)山國家級自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)的自(zi)(zi)然(ran)環境條(tiao)件(jian)和植被地理特點獨(du)具一格,植被類型可以劃分(fen)為4個(ge)植被型、5個(ge)植被亞型、18個(ge)群系和44個(ge)群叢,主要森林(lin)(lin)植被類型為濕性常綠闊葉林(lin)(lin),以峨(e)眉栲林(lin)(lin)、硬斗石櫟林(lin)(lin)、華木荷(he)林(lin)(lin)、四(si)川(chuan)新(xin)木姜子林(lin)(lin)等4個(ge)群系為主。?
截至2016年(nian),云南烏蒙(meng)山國(guo)家(jia)(jia)級(ji)(ji)自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)共(gong)記(ji)載(zai)野(ye)生(sheng)維管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)179科,756屬(shu)(shu),2174種(zhong)(zhong)(包(bao)括(kuo)28亞種(zhong)(zhong),153變(bian)(bian)(bian)種(zhong)(zhong))。其中,蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)33科,91屬(shu)(shu),242種(zhong)(zhong)(包(bao)括(kuo)2亞科,3變(bian)(bian)(bian)種(zhong)(zhong));裸(luo)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)4科,5屬(shu)(shu),6種(zhong)(zhong)(包(bao)括(kuo)1變(bian)(bian)(bian)種(zhong)(zhong));被(bei)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)142科,660屬(shu)(shu),1926種(zhong)(zhong)(包(bao)括(kuo)26亞種(zhong)(zhong),149變(bian)(bian)(bian)種(zhong)(zhong));種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共(gong)146科,665屬(shu)(shu),1932種(zhong)(zhong)(包(bao)括(kuo)26亞種(zhong)(zhong),150變(bian)(bian)(bian)種(zhong)(zhong))。 保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)146科可劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為9個(ge)(ge)類型(xing)(xing)和(he)11個(ge)(ge)變(bian)(bian)(bian)型(xing)(xing),顯示出(chu)該區(qu)(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)在(zai)科級(ji)(ji)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)上(shang)的(de)(de)地理成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)較為復(fu)雜(za),聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)較為廣泛(fan)(fan)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)653屬(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為15個(ge)(ge)類型(xing)(xing)和(he)17個(ge)(ge)變(bian)(bian)(bian)型(xing)(xing),基本涵蓋了(le)(le)中國(guo)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)類型(xing)(xing),顯示了(le)(le)本區(qu)(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)在(zai)屬(shu)(shu)級(ji)(ji)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)上(shang)的(de)(de)地理成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)性(xing),以及同(tong)世界其它地區(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)(fan)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。種(zhong)(zhong)級(ji)(ji)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)上(shang)的(de)(de)地理成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)十分(fen)(fen)(fen)廣泛(fan)(fan)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)著(zhu)1911種(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),可劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為14個(ge)(ge)類型(xing)(xing)和(he)20個(ge)(ge)變(bian)(bian)(bian)型(xing)(xing),顯示出(chu)該保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)在(zai)地理區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)上(shang)的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)(fan)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。中國(guo)特(te)(te)有(you)(you)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、東(dong)亞成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)熱(re)帶亞洲成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)是構(gou)成(cheng)本區(qu)(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)級(ji)(ji)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)主體成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen),反映了(le)(le)本區(qu)(qu)(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)級(ji)(ji)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)既(ji)有(you)(you)廣泛(fan)(fan)性(xing)又有(you)(you)自身的(de)(de)明顯特(te)(te)征。 在(zai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內眾多植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中,珍稀瀕危保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類極具特(te)(te)色(se),按(an)1999年(nian)國(guo)務院(yuan)頒布(bu)的(de)(de)《國(guo)家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)名(ming)錄(lu)(lu)(第一批)》統計,有(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)珙桐、南方紅(hong)豆杉、福建(jian)柏、連香(xiang)(xiang)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、香(xiang)(xiang)果樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、十齒(chi)花、水(shui)青樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、金(jin)毛狗、中華桫(suo)欏(luo)、粗齒(chi)桫(suo)欏(luo)、小黑桫(suo)欏(luo)、桫(suo)欏(luo)、禿(tu)葉黃(huang)檗、金(jin)蕎麥(mai)和(he)異穎草等(deng)15種(zhong)(zhong)。按(an)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)級(ji)(ji)別劃分(fen)(fen)(fen),屬(shu)(shu)于國(guo)家(jia)(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)2種(zhong)(zhong),屬(shu)(shu)于國(guo)家(jia)(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)13種(zhong)(zhong)。云南省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)15種(zhong)(zhong),被(bei)IUCN紅(hong)色(se)名(ming)錄(lu)(lu)收(shou)(shou)錄(lu)(lu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)在(zai)易危(VU)以上(shang)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)19種(zhong)(zhong),被(bei)CITES收(shou)(shou)錄(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)24種(zhong)(zhong)。
三江口(kou)片區(qu)是(shi)昭通市天然林保(bao)(bao)存最好的一(yi)個地區(qu),也(ye)是(shi)全省乃至全國(guo)范圍(wei)內珙桐(tong)、筇竹最集(ji)中(zhong)連片分布的地區(qu)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內現(xian)有(you)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)珙桐(tong)、南(nan)方紅豆杉,國(guo)家(jia)II級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)連香樹、福(fu)建柏(bo)、水青樹、十齒(chi)花(hua)、水青樹等,其(qi)他具有(you)重要經濟及觀賞價值的動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)若干。
朝天馬(ma)片(pian)區(qu)內(nei)的森林(lin)類型(xing)按照優勢種和結構大體分為:珙桐(tong)—水青樹林(lin)、十齒花—五加(jia)林(lin)、樺—木荷—栲類林(lin)、散(san)生小(xiao)徑竹林(lin)。在已公布(bu)的國家第一(yi)、二(er)批1032種珍(zhen)稀瀕危保護植物中,朝天馬(ma)片(pian)區(qu)分布(bu)有(you)29種。在云南省(sheng)1989年公布(bu)的215種省(sheng)級重點保護野生植物中,朝天馬(ma)片(pian)區(qu)分布(bu)有(you)5種。
海子坪片(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)保(bao)(bao)護毛(mao)竹(zhu)、水竹(zhu)、羅(luo)漢竹(zhu)等常綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)為(wei)主要(yao)對(dui)象的森林(lin)生態系統類型(xing)自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)。該(gai)片(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)有(you)(you)國家Ⅰ級保(bao)(bao)護植物2種,II級保(bao)(bao)護植物3種(具憑證(zheng)標本的)。在海子坪片(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)天(tian)然分(fen)布的毛(mao)竹(zhu)林(lin)面積超過200公頃,是(shi)(shi)目前國內(nei)保(bao)(bao)護好、古老的原(yuan)始毛(mao)竹(zhu)林(lin),也是(shi)(shi)我國毛(mao)竹(zhu)分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu)的西(xi)部(bu)邊緣地(di)帶,這(zhe)對(dui)研究野生毛(mao)竹(zhu)林(lin)的遺傳多樣性(xing)及(ji)分(fen)布規律有(you)(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)價(jia)值。該(gai)片(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)還是(shi)(shi)我國野生天(tian)麻的原(yuan)產地(di)之一,是(shi)(shi)小草(cao)壩野生天(tian)麻原(yuan)產地(di)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)組成部(bu)分(fen)。?
2014年12月25日,昭通市機構編制委員會批準(zhun)成立云南(nan)烏蒙山國家級自然保護區管理(li)局(ju),為昭通市林(lin)業局(ju)下(xia)屬相當于(yu)正科級財政全(quan)額預(yu)算事業單(dan)位(wei),核定(ding)事業編制15名、科級領導職數3名(1正2副)。
2015年12月1日(ri),云(yun)南省機構編制委員(yuan)會批準(zhun)設(she)立云(yun)南烏蒙山國家(jia)級自然保護(hu)區(qu)管護(hu)局(ju),為昭(zhao)通市林業局(ju)下屬正(zheng)處(chu)級事業單位,核定事業編制62名(ming),其(qi)中:局(ju)長1名(ming)(正(zheng)處(chu)級),副局(ju)長3名(ming)(副處(chu)級)。?
2016年9月7日,云南(nan)烏蒙(meng)山國家級自然保護(hu)區管護(hu)局開展集中(zhong)整(zheng)治破壞森林資源違法行(xing)為(wei)專(zhuan)項行(xing)動。?
2014年(nian),為準(zhun)確評(ping)(ping)價天然(ran)氣(qi)輸送管道工(gong)程(cheng)建設對(dui)烏蒙(meng)山國家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響程(cheng)度及其可控性,全面(mian)調查評(ping)(ping)價區(qu)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性現狀(zhuang),并重點闡述了(le)建設項目對(dui)評(ping)(ping)價區(qu)景觀(生(sheng)態系(xi)統)、生(sheng)物(wu)群落(棲息地)、物(wu)種(種群)、主要(yao)保護對(dui)象和生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響評(ping)(ping)價。?
扎西(xi)(xi)會(hui)(hui)議紀念館位(wei)于云南(nan)威(wei)信縣(xian)仔(zi)細鎮(zhen)北,由扎西(xi)(xi)會(hui)(hui)議會(hui)(hui)址、陳(chen)列館、紅軍烈士紀念碑三個(ge)部分組成,占地3824平方米。是云南(nan)省重(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位(wei)。1985年,中(zhong)共中(zhong)央書記胡耀邦視察(cha)昭通時題(ti)寫“扎西(xi)(xi)會(hui)(hui)議會(hui)(hui)址”。
黃連(lian)河(he)瀑布(bu)群,位于大(da)關縣城東南(nan)側5公里(li),緊鄰213國道,面積42平(ping)方公里(li),有(you)(you)“中(zhong)國瀑布(bu)之(zhi)鄉”之(zhi)稱(cheng)。5平(ping)方公里(li)的(de)主游(you)覽區內就有(you)(you)大(da)小瀑布(bu)40余個,山(shan)(shan)有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)源,水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)靈,山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)有(you)(you)水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)在山(shan)(shan)中(zhong),大(da)關黃連(lian)河(he)瀑布(bu)群有(you)(you)著險峻挺(ting)拔的(de)山(shan)(shan),清秀靈逸的(de)水(shui)(shui),山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)交(jiao)融(rong)相(xiang)得益彰(zhang)描繪了(le)一幅美侖美奐的(de)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)畫。此外(wai)還(huan)有(you)(you)地(di)下溶洞、奇(qi)峰峭(qiao)壁、密(mi)林山(shan)(shan)花、古剎名勝、苗族風情(qing)等景觀(guan),集山(shan)(shan)、水(shui)(shui)、林、洞融(rong)為一體,以(yi)峻、秀、奇(qi)、幽(you)蔚為大(da)觀(guan),是開展旅(lv)游(you)觀(guan)光、休閑(xian)娛樂、度假療養的(de)旅(lv)游(you)勝地(di)。?
海子坪是1984年省(sheng)人民政府批準建立(li)(li)(li)的(de)以保(bao)護(hu)天(tian)然(ran)毛竹(zhu)(zhu)林(lin)、水竹(zhu)(zhu)林(lin)、羅漢(han)竹(zhu)(zhu)林(lin)、小熊(xiong)貓(mao)等(deng)野生(sheng)動植物(wu)(wu)、天(tian)麻生(sheng)境等(deng)為主(zhu)的(de)省(sheng)級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區,位于彝良縣(xian)東北部(bu)洛旺鄉中(zhong)廠村(cun),地處滇(dian)、川(chuan)邊界,與(yu)四川(chuan)筠連(lian)、昭通市鎮雄縣(xian)、威信(xin)縣(xian)接壤,距(ju)彝良縣(xian)城160公里,海拔1239—1709米(mi)(mi)之間(jian),活(huo)立(li)(li)(li)木總蓄積量11.50萬立(li)(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi) [13] ?,面積達(da)4.5萬畝 [14] ?。保(bao)護(hu)區內有(you)國家(jia)(jia)一級保(bao)護(hu)樹珙桐,古老工藝竹(zhu)(zhu)種羅漢(han)竹(zhu)(zhu)和(he)世界馳名的(de)觀賞竹(zhu)(zhu)種方(fang)竹(zhu)(zhu)等(deng)。其中(zhong):毛竹(zhu)(zhu)0.7萬畝,21.44萬株,最高達(da)15米(mi)(mi),胸徑14~18厘米(mi)(mi);水竹(zhu)(zhu)1.05萬畝。有(you)國家(jia)(jia)一級保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)(wu)娃(wa)娃(wa)雞(ji)(ji)、紅(hong)腹(fu)錦雞(ji)(ji)、白腹(fu)錦雞(ji)(ji)、白鷴(xian)錦雞(ji)(ji)、大鯢魚(娃(wa)娃(wa)魚);國家(jia)(jia)二級保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)(wu)小熊(xiong)貓(mao);國家(jia)(jia)三(san)級保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)(wu)黑熊(xiong)、野牛(niu)等(deng)。
云南(nan)烏蒙山(shan)國家(jia)級自然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保護區(qu)由(you)于(yu)獨特的(de)(de)自然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)地(di)(di)理和氣候條件,使得區(qu)內(nei)生(sheng)物多樣性極(ji)(ji)為(wei)豐(feng)富(fu),區(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)亞熱帶山(shan)地(di)(di)濕(shi)性常綠闊葉林極(ji)(ji)具典(dian)型(xing)性和代表性,也(ye)是(shi)同緯(wei)度的(de)(de)華(hua)中華(hua)東地(di)(di)區(qu)天然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)植被的(de)(de)代表,是(shi)真(zhen)正的(de)(de)高山(shan)水塔,保護好這(zhe)一地(di)(di)區(qu)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)天然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)森林生(sheng)態系統和天然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)物種基因庫意義十分(fen)重大。?
云南烏蒙山國家級自然保護(hu)(hu)區的建立(li),為滇東北、川西南山地特有種、中國重(zhong)點保護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)、國際珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕(bin)危物種 —— 四川山鷓鴣、白鷴(xian)峨眉亞種、黑頸鶴、黑鸛等種類(lei)(lei)及其對西南山地亞區、川西南滇東北山地小區的區系成分,提供了良好的棲息地保護(hu)(hu),并對長江上游水源林(lin)保護(hu)(hu)具有特殊(shu)意(yi)義。