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歷史沿革

2000年，山東省政府批復成立榮(rong)成天鵝湖省級自然保護區。

2007年4月，晉升為國家級自(zi)然保護區。

地理環境

位置

榮(rong)成(cheng)(cheng)大天鵝國家級(ji)自然(ran)保護區，地處山東(dong)半島的東(dong)端(duan)，介于(yu)東(dong)經122°23′～122°35′，北緯(wei)36°58′～37°25′之間，北、東(dong)、南上面瀕臨黃(huang)海，由眾多港灣和(he)淺(qian)海灘(tan)涂(tu)組成(cheng)(cheng)，總面積10500平(ping)方公里。

氣候

保護區(qu)(qu)屬溫帶季風型濕潤(run)氣(qi)候(hou)區(qu)(qu)，四(si)季分明，年平均(jun)氣(qi)溫11.1℃，是山(shan)東沿海(hai)平均(jun)氣(qi)溫低(di)的海(hai)灣(wan)之一。極端(duan)高溫度36.8℃，極端(duan)低(di)溫度-18.3℃，平均(jun)日(ri)照時(shi)數2578.5h，無霜期214天，平均(jun)降(jiang)水量786mm。

地貌

保護區近岸(an)陸地(di)有丘陵、臺(tai)地(di)、溝谷(gu)、河谷(gu)、平原，發育有棕壤、潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)、草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)、風(feng)沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)類，海岸(an)帶岬角與(yu)海灣(wan)相間排(pai)列，間有河流(liu)入海灣(wan)，形(xing)成各(ge)類濕地(di)；沿海濕地(di)水深適中(zhong)，底有礁石、沙礫、粗礦、粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)粉砂(sha)。

面積范圍

榮成(cheng)大天鵝(e)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)國家級(ji)保護區(qu)(qu)由天鵝(e)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、養(yang)魚(yu)池灣(wan)、臨洛(luo)灣(wan)3個獨立(li)的瀉湖(hu)(hu)(hu)組成(cheng)，即月湖(hu)(hu)(hu)（天鵝(e)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)）、朝(chao)陽湖(hu)(hu)(hu)（朝(chao)陽天鵝(e)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)）以及養(yang)魚(yu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)（馬山(shan)港天鵝(e)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)）。總(zong)面積10500公頃(qing)(qing)，其中(zhong)核心區(qu)(qu)3720.2公頃(qing)(qing)、緩沖區(qu)(qu)3056.5公頃(qing)(qing)、實驗區(qu)(qu)3723.3公頃(qing)(qing)。

南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)湖(hu)區東(dong)(dong)(dong)以(yi)(yi)月湖(hu)沙壩(ba)的北(bei)(bei)端為(wei)(wei)起(qi)點，向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)沿(yan)(yan)沙壩(ba)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)瀉湖(hu)口，再(zai)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬山(shan)路(lu)，沿(yan)(yan)馬山(shan)路(lu)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與張家(jia)路(lu)交叉處(chu)(chu)(chu)，順路(lu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)下至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蘆葦塘東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再(zai)向(xiang)正西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)18米(mi)(mi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)養漁(yu)池灣(wan)海邊(bian)，沿(yan)(yan)養漁(yu)池灣(wan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)海岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，經(jing)養漁(yu)池草島(dao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)該島(dao)的東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再(zai)沿(yan)(yan)-3米(mi)(mi)等深線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花斑(ban)彩石正東(dong)(dong)(dong)165米(mi)(mi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)；南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)165米(mi)(mi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)再(zai)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)經(jing)姜島(dao)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬道(dao)河入(ru)海口，順河南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)岸(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬道(dao)河橋；西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)起(qi)馬道(dao)河橋沿(yan)(yan)河北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入(ru)海口，順臨(lin)洛灣(wan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)海岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)上至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)301省(sheng)道(dao)65.8公里處(chu)(chu)(chu)，沿(yan)(yan)301省(sheng)道(dao)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)69.1公里處(chu)(chu)(chu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)拐，沿(yan)(yan)車祝溝村后小路(lu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)，順月湖(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)上至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)角；北(bei)(bei)以(yi)(yi)月湖(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)角為(wei)(wei)起(qi)點，沿(yan)(yan)月湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)沙壩(ba)北(bei)(bei)端止。

保護目標

對象

榮成(cheng)大(da)天(tian)鵝湖(hu)國家級保(bao)護區以保(bao)護大(da)天(tian)鵝等瀕危鳥(niao)類和濕地生態系統為主，是鳥(niao)類南遷(qian)北(bei)移的重要(yao)中(zhong)轉站和越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)棲息(xi)地，每年有近(jin)萬只大(da)天(tian)鵝來此越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)，是世(shi)界上大(da)的大(da)天(tian)鵝越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)種群棲息(xi)地。

動物

保護區(qu)共分布有陸棲(qi)脊椎動物185種(zhong)，其中兩棲(qi)類(lei)(lei)3科、7種(zhong)，爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)7科、13種(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)7科、12種(zhong)，鳥類(lei)(lei)15目、41科、153種(zhong)，遷徙性(xing)鳥類(lei)(lei)特別是旅(lv)鳥構成了鳥類(lei)(lei)區(qu)系分布的基(ji)本類(lei)(lei)群，且呈(cheng)現出明顯(xian)的南北過渡的地帶(dai)性(xing)。

保護區內(nei)有國(guo)家I級(ji)保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)東方白鸛、黑鸛、中華秋沙鴨(ya)、大鴇、白頭鶴(he)、金雕(diao)等6種(zhong)；國(guo)家II級(ji)保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)大天鵝、黃嘴白鷺、鴛鴦、白鵝雁、灰鶴(he)、小杓鷸等17種(zhong)；屬于瀕危野生動(dong)植物(wu)種(zhong)國(guo)際貿易公約保護物(wu)種(zhong)17種(zhong)；中澳候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保護協定(ding)保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)36種(zhong)；中日(ri)候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保護協定(ding)保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)94種(zhong)。

植物

保護(hu)區(qu)系(xi)中的單細胞浮游(you)藻類包(bao)括近岸廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)116種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近岸暖水(shui)(shui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近岸溫(wen)帶(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；維(wei)管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)被劃分(fen)為(wei)6大生(sheng)(sheng)態類群(qun)，包(bao)括鹽(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、濕生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、中生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、旱生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、沙生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，保護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)濕地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被的建群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、優(you)勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均(jun)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)、濕生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)或鹽(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，反映了(le)濕地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被的隱域性；維(wei)管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)按照生(sheng)(sheng)活型劃分(fen)，有20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高位芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)、4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)上芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)、54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)面芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)、48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)下(xia)芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)和68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1年生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，維(wei)管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)屬(shu)(shu)有14個地(di)(di)理(li)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)類型，包(bao)括世界分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)42屬(shu)(shu)、溫(wen)帶(dai)分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)55屬(shu)(shu)、熱帶(dai)分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)30屬(shu)(shu)、古地(di)(di)中海屬(shu)(shu)2屬(shu)(shu)、東亞分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)4屬(shu)(shu)、中國(guo)特(te)有分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)1屬(shu)(shu)。

管理措施

①污水達(da)標排(pai)放(fang)治理。加(jia)強(qiang)天鵝湖(hu)入(ru)湖(hu)徑流(liu)全流(liu)域水體質(zhi)量監測，對污水排(pai)放(fang)終流(liu)入(ru)天鵝湖(hu)的(de)企(qi)事業單位，逐一(yi)排(pai)查登記(ji)，限期整改。

②項目建(jian)設的審(shen)查監管。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)范圍(wei)內不得(de)(de)(de)新建(jian)任(ren)何破(po)壞、侵占(zhan)濕地(di)資源的海產養殖項目；原(yuan)有侵占(zhan)濕地(di)的養殖項目，在合同(tong)到期(qi)后要全部收回，并恢復濕地(di)原(yuan)貌(mao)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)邊界外(wai)500米(mi)范圍(wei)內不得(de)(de)(de)審(shen)批任(ren)何商業、住宅項目；已(yi)建(jian)和在建(jian)的要嚴格落實污染物排放(fang)治理措施，未經環保(bao)部門審(shen)驗合格的，不得(de)(de)(de)投入使(shi)用。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)邊界外(wai)500—1500米(mi)范圍(wei)內不得(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設產生(sheng)較大噪音和排放(fang)有毒(du)氣體、廢棄物的企業，新建(jian)建(jian)筑物高度(du)不得(de)(de)(de)超過25米(mi)。。

③旅游觀(guan)光人(ren)員管理(li)。每年11月1日(ri)至翌年3月31日(ri)為大(da)天(tian)鵝自(zi)(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)封(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)管理(li)期，期間進入(ru)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)的通道全部實(shi)行封(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)管理(li)，并安(an)(an)排(pai)專人(ren)值守，未經批準嚴禁任何單位和(he)個人(ren)進入(ru)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)核心區(qu)(qu)、緩沖區(qu)(qu)活動。對(dui)冬(dong)季(ji)來榮觀(guan)賞、拍攝大(da)天(tian)鵝的人(ren)員要加強宣教和(he)監管，嚴禁轟趕、驚(jing)嚇(xia)天(tian)鵝。為保持大(da)天(tian)鵝自(zi)(zi)然本性，非冰凍(dong)封(feng)(feng)湖或出現(xian)其他特殊情況，嚴禁游客(ke)私自(zi)(zi)向(xiang)天(tian)鵝投食，確需進行投食時，由保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理(li)部門(men)統一組織安(an)(an)排(pai)。

④入湖(hu)(hu)徑流(liu)(liu)全流(liu)(liu)域生態(tai)治(zhi)理。保(bao)護(hu)區及周(zhou)邊松林(lin)、蘆(lu)葦等自然植物群落保(bao)護(hu)，嚴禁任(ren)何(he)單位以任(ren)何(he)借口進行破(po)壞；對天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)湖(hu)(hu)周(zhou)邊不(bu)宜(yi)耕作的農田逐步(bu)退耕還(huan)林(lin)還(huan)草(cao)，主栽蘆(lu)葦、牧草(cao)等低(di)矮植被；對天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)湖(hu)(hu)西北部淤積區域實施清淤治(zhi)理，恢復(fu)濕地生態(tai)功能；對湖(hu)(hu)口沙(sha)壩進行保(bao)護(hu)性修復(fu)，堅(jian)決阻(zu)止沙(sha)壩侵蝕(shi)的進一步(bu)發展。結合(he)河道治(zhi)理、水系生態(tai)綠化(hua)(hua)、小流(liu)(liu)域治(zhi)理和沿海防護(hu)林(lin)建設工程，統(tong)籌抓好(hao)入湖(hu)(hu)徑流(liu)(liu)的全流(liu)(liu)域綠化(hua)(hua)。

⑤日常執法巡查和違法打擊。對在保護區(qu)及周邊違法進行(xing)的建設、圍(wei)墾、取土、挖(wa)沙、挖(wa)塘、毀林、燒荒、排污、捕撈、放(fang)牧、養殖、獵捕、筑壩等行(xing)為，要及時(shi)制(zhi)止，從重打擊。

地位價值

榮(rong)成大天鵝湖(hu)國(guo)家級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區區內(nei)存在蘆(lu)葦沼澤、灘涂和(he)淺海及瀉(xie)湖(hu)四種濕(shi)地(di)類(lei)型。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內(nei)的(de)沙壩—瀉(xie)湖(hu)體系(xi)(xi)，屬中國(guo)少有(you)(you)的(de)典(dian)(dian)型的(de)沙嘴型灣頂瀉(xie)湖(hu)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統具有(you)(you)典(dian)(dian)型性、稀有(you)(you)性、脆弱性和(he)多樣性等特點，具有(you)(you)特殊的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)重要的(de)科學研究價值。

榮成(cheng)大(da)(da)天鵝(e)國家級(ji)自然保護區建(jian)立對于(yu)保護大(da)(da)天鵝(e)這一(yi)珍稀、頻危物(wu)種和生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性，進(jin)一(yi)步改善區域生(sheng)態環(huan)境，維(wei)持(chi)生(sheng)態系統良性循環(huan)，促(cu)進(jin)經濟、社會可持(chi)續發展(zhan)都具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)要意義。

交通路線

①班車：威(wei)海-成山衛-煙墩角(jiao)-夏(xia)莊、威(wei)海-埠(bu)柳-馬道(dao)；

②自駕：下(xia)威(wei)海(hai)高速，沿海(hai)濱公(gong)路(lu)往路(lu)標（“西(xi)霞(xia)口動物園”、“天盡頭”）方向(xiang)走。離動物園約十公(gong)里處，向(xiang)右拐彎(wan)至成山鎮(zhen)即可。

③包車：可聯系威海(hai)“自由(you)左岸”老沙(sha)的“游(you)威海(hai)-自由(you)左岸自助(zhu)游(you)服務網(wang)”提供包車，拼(pin)車服務。