地理環境
位置
大黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)家級自(zi)然保護區位于內(nei)蒙古赤峰(feng)市與遼寧省交(jiao)界(jie)處,屬敖漢旗東(dong)南(nan)部(bu),燕(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈努魯(lu)爾虎山(shan)(shan)(shan)中東(dong)部(bu),北(bei)部(bu)和西(xi)北(bei)部(bu)與中國(guo)科爾沁沙(sha)地(di)相臨,地(di)理(li)坐標(biao)為東(dong)經120°00′00″-121°31′36″,北(bei)緯42°00′00″-42°14′14″。
地質地貌
保護(hu)區山(shan)(shan)體呈(cheng)現(xian)東北(bei)—西(xi)南走向(xiang),是中生代燕山(shan)(shan)期(qi)造山(shan)(shan)運動塑造而成,地貌屬(shu)于低(di)山(shan)(shan)丘陵區,東西(xi)兩面(mian)高(gao)(gao)、中間低(di),保護(hu)區西(xi)部海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)度800-1255米,東部海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)度為700-1074米,中部海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)度590-900米,山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)多為光(guang)頂(ding)狀(zhuang),局部出現(xian)渾(hun)圓狀(zhuang)或(huo)平臺(tai)狀(zhuang),山(shan)(shan)脊線(xian)呈(cheng)現(xian)南北(bei)向(xiang)分布,山(shan)(shan)鞍與(yu)山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)區分明顯(xian),山(shan)(shan)坡(po)平直(zhi)多凸坡(po),坡(po)度20-30度,局部陡(dou)坡(po)60-80度,山(shan)(shan)體西(xi)側溝壑(he)(he)發育,并(bing)連成樹枝狀(zhuang),斷面(mian)呈(cheng)V型,壑(he)(he)底和壑(he)(he)坡(po)多被5-10米的第四系(xi)沉積物所覆(fu)蓋,山(shan)(shan)體主要(yao)由(you)第三系(xi)玄武巖、上侏羅(luo)系(xi)熔巖及燕山(shan)(shan)期(qi)-印支期(qi)花崗巖組成。
氣候
保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)屬溫帶(dai)干(gan)旱(han)-半干(gan)旱(han)大(da)(da)陸性(xing)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候區(qu)(qu),冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)漫長寒冷,降(jiang)雪(xue)量(liang)(liang)(liang)少,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)干(gan)旱(han),多大(da)(da)風(feng)(feng)天氣(qi),夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)短促炎熱,降(jiang)雨量(liang)(liang)(liang)集中(zhong),秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)氣(qi)溫下(xia)降(jiang)快(kuai),霜凍來臨早(zao)。年(nian)總(zong)輻射量(liang)(liang)(liang)為6000mi/㎡,年(nian)日(ri)照數為2800小時,植物生(sheng)長期(qi)(4-9月(yue))日(ri)照時數在(zai)1470-1680小時之間。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫在(zai)4.9-7.5°C之間,七月(yue)份最(zui)熱,初霜期(qi)在(zai)9月(yue)底(di)(di),終霜期(qi)在(zai)4月(yue)底(di)(di)到5月(yue)初,無(wu)霜期(qi)為140-145天,≥10°C的(de)積(ji)溫為3200°C。大(da)(da)氣(qi)降(jiang)水(shui)是保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的(de)主要(yao)水(shui)分來源。冬春(chun)兩季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)雨雪(xue)少,春(chun)旱(han)較嚴重,年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)400-450mm,降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)70%集中(zhong)在(zai)夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),年(nian)蒸發量(liang)(liang)(liang)為2200mm,濕(shi)潤(run)度為0.6-1.0。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)盛行西(xi)北風(feng)(feng),多年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)風(feng)(feng)速(su)為4.7米/秒,一年(nian)之中(zhong)以春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)風(feng)(feng)最(zui)多,≥8級(ji)大(da)(da)風(feng)(feng)日(ri)數約20-30天,夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)(feng)速(su)最(zui)小,冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)大(da)(da)于秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。
水文
保護區境內分布有(you)西遼河(he)一級支(zhi)流叫來河(he)及其(qi)支(zhi)流,年涵養水源約1.4億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)。境內叫來河(he)中段(duan)有(you)一座水庫,興利庫容928萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(正常高水位),總庫容9171萬(wan)立(li)方(fang)米(mi)。
植被
保(bao)護區(qu)是(shi)東北、華北、內蒙三區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物交匯處(chu),是(shi)溫帶(dai)夏綠(lv)闊葉林(lin)與草原(yuan)交接過(guo)渡帶(dai)。保(bao)護區(qu)有5個植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)類型,14個群(qun)系,主要有草原(yuan)、森林(lin)、灌叢(cong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)、半灌叢(cong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)、草甸植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)。
區域范圍
保護區(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)86799.4公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),其中十八盤核心區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為828.18公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),四道(dao)營子大山核心區(qu)3410.23公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),緩沖區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為7763.4公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),實驗區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為74797.6公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。
保護目標
重點對象
保(bao)(bao)護區是一個(ge)以保(bao)(bao)護草原、森(sen)林等多樣生態(tai)系統及珍稀野生動植物棲息地和水源涵養地為主要保(bao)(bao)護對象的丘陵山地綜合(he)性自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護區。
生態系統
截至2013年,保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)內(nei)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)16目(mu)41科(ke)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中國(guo)際受脅鳥(niao)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家一級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)金雕1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家二級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)鳶、雀鷹、紅(hong)腳隼、黃爪隼等(deng)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)(you)哺乳動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)6目(mu)13科(ke)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中黃羊國(guo)家二級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu);有(you)(you)(you)昆(kun)蟲(chong)7目(mu)30科(ke)158種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。野(ye)生(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)維管束植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)82科(ke)301屬592種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分別占內(nei)蒙古自治區(qu)科(ke)的59%,屬的44.5%,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的25.4%;有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)家重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、藥用(yong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)374種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中國(guo)家重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)藥用(yong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并(bing)保(bao)存(cun)有(you)(you)(you)小葉(xie)樸、大(da)果榆(yu)、胡桃楸等(deng)為(wei)群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的古老殘遺植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群(qun)落。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)有(you)(you)(you)毛(mao)櫻桃、興安杜鵑、迎紅(hong)杜鵑、桃葉(xie)衛矛、丁香等(deng)可開發利用(yong)的觀賞植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源(yuan)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)是(shi)北方園(yuan)林綠化樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)要的天(tian)然(ran)分布地(di)。
管理措施
大黑山(shan)國(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)是一(yi)(yi)個以(yi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)西遼河水源涵(han)養地(di)和珍稀野生動植物及其賴(lai)以(yi)生存的(de)草原、森林、河流等多樣的(de)生態系統為(wei)主的(de)綜合性自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。為(wei)加強自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)有效管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li),內蒙古自(zi)治區(qu)(qu)(qu)敖(ao)漢旗(qi)旗(qi)委、旗(qi)政府成(cheng)立了(le)大黑山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局成(cheng)立以(yi)來,積(ji)極協(xie)調林業、畜牧(mu)、農(nong)業等有關部門,調整保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)結構,加大管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)力度,結合國(guo)家實施(shi)林業分類經營改革(ge),將自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)天(tian)然(ran)林和人工林劃為(wei)生態公益林而禁伐,同時在有效保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)基礎(chu)上,在保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)以(yi)外積(ji)極開(kai)發(fa)和培育一(yi)(yi)百余種(zhong)觀賞(shang)植物資源,為(wei)周邊地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)提供(gong)了(le)大量的(de)觀賞(shang)植物。
生態價值
大黑(hei)山(shan)自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區(qu)地(di)處西遼河干流(liu)的教來河水系(xi)(xi)與大凌河水系(xi)(xi)的分水嶺地(di)帶,是科爾沁沙地(di)南侵的天然(ran)(ran)生態屏障,是內蒙(meng)高原(yuan)與松遼平原(yuan)毗鄰的自然(ran)(ran)環境(jing)(jing)轉(zhuan)換帶,更是環境(jing)(jing)演化的敏(min)感(gan)區(qu),也是華北、東(dong)北、蒙(meng)新(xin)動物區(qu)系(xi)(xi)的過渡地(di)帶。是一個以保(bao)(bao)(bao)護草原(yuan)、森(sen)林、濕地(di)等多(duo)樣生態系(xi)(xi)統及珍稀野生動植物和西遼河水源(yuan)涵養、水土保(bao)(bao)(bao)持為主要(yao)對象(xiang)的丘(qiu)陵(ling)山(shan)區(qu)綜(zong)合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區(qu)。該保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區(qu)生物資(zi)源(yuan)多(duo)樣,具(ju)有(you)很強的典型性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、代(dai)表性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、特有(you)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及脆弱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),在全國生物多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護方(fang)面占有(you)重要(yao)地(di)位(wei)。對研究全球環境(jing)(jing)演變具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)的價(jia)值。