基本信息
成立時間
1996年(nian)(nian)經(jing)吉林省(sheng)人(ren)民政府(fu)批復建(jian)立省(sheng)級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu),2002年(nian)(nian)經(jing)中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)務院(yuan)批復成立了(le)天佛指(zhi)山國(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)。是中(zhong)國(guo)第一個珍貴食用菌類的(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)。
保護區類型
屬自然生(sheng)(sheng)態系統類型與野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物類型。
保護對象
北溫帶(dai)森林(lin)系統中特有的赤(chi)松—蒙古(gu)櫟(li)森林(lin)生態系統。
地理位置
天佛指山國(guo)家(jia)級自然保(bao)護(hu)區位于吉林省東(dong)南部,延邊朝鮮族自治州龍井市境內,距龍井市10。2公里(li)。
地理坐標
東經129°16′~129°46′,北緯42°23′~42°41′。
保護區范圍
保護(hu)區(qu)東部和南部與(yu)朝鮮隔江(jiang)相(xiang)望,北部與(yu)龍井市的德新(xin)(xin)鄉(xiang)、光新(xin)(xin)鄉(xiang)、開山(shan)屯鎮相(xiang)接(jie),西部與(yu)和龍市毗鄰(lin)。行(xing)政范圍包括龍井市五個鄉(xiang)鎮,總面積(ji)(ji)77317公頃,松茸生長(chang)分布區(qu)面積(ji)(ji)32000公頃。
保護區面積
總面積(ji)77317公頃,其中核(he)心區17577公頃,緩沖區10998公頃,實驗(yan)區48742公頃。
簡介
天(tian)(tian)佛指山(shan)自(zi)然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位(wei)于吉林(lin)省延邊朝鮮族自(zi)治州龍井(jing)(jing)市區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei),距龍井(jing)(jing)市10.2公(gong)(gong)里,東部(bu)和(he)(he)南部(bu)與(yu)朝鮮隔(ge)江相望(wang),北(bei)部(bu)與(yu)龍井(jing)(jing)市德新(xin)鄉(xiang)、光新(xin)鄉(xiang)、開山(shan)屯(tun)鎮相連,西部(bu)與(yu)和(he)(he)龍市毗鄰(lin)。包(bao)括龍井(jing)(jing)市的白金鄉(xiang)、三合鎮、智新(xin)鎮和(he)(he)光新(xin)鄉(xiang)、開山(shan)屯(tun)鎮的一部(bu)分。總面積(ji)77 317公(gong)(gong)頃,其中核心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)17 577公(gong)(gong)頃,緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)10 998公(gong)(gong)頃,實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)48 742公(gong)(gong)頃。該區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)林(lin)業用地(di)74 733公(gong)(gong)頃,總蓄積(ji)量448.3萬立方米(mi)。該區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為溫(wen)帶大陸性(xing)半濕潤季風(feng)氣(qi)候,年平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)5.2℃,年降水量550~700毫米(mi),無霜期120天(tian)(tian)左右。該區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)屬長白山(shan)山(shan)脈,海(hai)拔170~1 331米(mi)。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)母質為花崗巖、沙(sha)巖、頁巖風(feng)化物。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型主(zhu)要(yao)為薄層(ceng)酸性(xing)巖森林(lin)灰棕壤(rang)(rang),還有暗棕壤(rang)(rang)、草甸(dian)土(tu)、白漿土(tu)等(deng),是(shi)天(tian)(tian)然松茸(rong)和(he)(he)赤松林(lin)生長的棲息(xi)地(di)。
吉林天佛指山國家級自然保護區地處龍井市境內,東南部與朝鮮隔圖們江相望,邊境線長132公里。該區以保護松茸為主,天佛指山(shan)主,還有野(ye)豬、狍子、黑熊(xiong)、山(shan)兔、松(song)雞(ji)、啄木鳥、云雀、赤松(song)、水曲柳(liu)等珍貴動植物(wu)。
松茸(rong)(rong)(rong)具有(you)很高的食用價值和醫療保健價值,營養豐富(fu),是天然(ran)綠(lv)色食品。特別是龍井(jing)天佛(fo)指山生(sheng)長的松茸(rong)(rong)(rong),以其個(ge)頭大(da)、肉(rou)質(zhi)細、色澤好(hao)、味道香(xiang)、質(zhi)地優(you)良而居中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)松茸(rong)(rong)(rong)之(zhi)首。日(ri)本、韓國(guo)(guo)有(you)關(guan)專家(jia)普遍認(ren)為,龍井(jing)天佛(fo)指山的松茸(rong)(rong)(rong)質(zhi)量最佳,是在(zai)日(ri)本、韓國(guo)(guo)市場(chang)唯一高價收購的松茸(rong)(rong)(rong)。自1980年開始往日(ri)本、韓國(guo)(guo)出口松茸(rong)(rong)(rong)以來,即為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)創造了大(da)量外(wai)匯,又為當地農(nong)民開辟了一條致富(fu)之(zhi)路(lu)。
在保護區內,有(you)美麗的(de)自然景觀,傳統的(de)朝鮮族民(min)居和奇異的(de)邊境風(feng)光(guang),吸引(yin)了(le)大批中外(wai)游客。
自然狀況
地質地貌
天佛(fo)指(zhi)山(shan)(shan)保(bao)護區(qu)地(di)處長白山(shan)(shan)脈東(dong)(dong)麓,海拔高(gao)(gao)度(du)為170-1331米(mi)(mi)。山(shan)(shan)高(gao)(gao)谷深、坡度(du)陡峭。區(qu)內最高(gao)(gao)的(de)三(san)(san)個山(shan)(shan)峰是(shi)(shi)昆石(shi)列(lie)山(shan)(shan)、天佛(fo)指(zhi)山(shan)(shan)、老龍(long)八(ba)山(shan)(shan),其海拔高(gao)(gao)分(fen)別為1331米(mi)(mi)、1226米(mi)(mi)和1107米(mi)(mi)。東(dong)(dong)北、西南走向的(de)大脈山(shan)(shan)、天佛(fo)指(zhi)山(shan)(shan)、昆石(shi)列(lie)山(shan)(shan)、老龍(long)八(ba)山(shan)(shan)、郭將(jiang)峰山(shan)(shan)一(yi)線是(shi)(shi)該(gai)區(qu)分(fen)水(shui)嶺。分(fen)水(shui)嶺北側(ce)(ce)有(you)四條(tiao)大型溝壑,南側(ce)(ce)有(you)三(san)(san)條(tiao)大型溝壑,峰頂(ding)谷底高(gao)(gao)差(cha)大,海拔高(gao)(gao)度(du)700米(mi)(mi)以上。雄偉壯觀、巖石(shi)怪異,構成了本(ben)區(qu)獨特(te)的(de)地(di)貌(mao)景(jing)觀。
氣候
本區屬于溫(wen)帶(dai)大陸性半濕(shi)潤季(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)氣候(hou)。其特點春季(ji)(ji)(ji)干旱多風(feng),夏季(ji)(ji)(ji) 溫(wen)熱多雨,秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)天高氣爽,冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)寒冷少雪。無(wu)霜期120天左右,年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫(wen)5。2C,極端最低溫(wen)度-34。8℃,極端最高氣溫(wen)36。5℃。海拔(ba)500米(mi)左右地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)有效積(ji)溫(wen)為2400℃-2600℃;海拔(ba)800米(mi)左右地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),有效積(ji)溫(wen)為1800℃—2000℃;海拔(ba)1100米(mi)左右地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),有效積(ji)溫(wen)為1400℃—1600℃,年(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量550毫(hao)米(mi)—700毫(hao)米(mi),多集中(zhong)在6-9月(yue),占全(quan)年(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量的60%。且呈現出雨、光、熱同季(ji)(ji)(ji)特征(zheng),主導風(feng)向春季(ji)(ji)(ji)為東南風(feng),最大風(feng)速(su)4。75米(mi)/s,秋(qiu)冬為西北風(feng)最大風(feng)速(su)7。56米(mi)/s,年(nian)平均(jun)封凍日150天,平均(jun)冰厚0。6—0。8米(mi)。
土壤
本區土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)母質(zhi)為花崗巖(yan)、沙巖(yan)、頁巖(yan)風化物。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型主(zhu)要是酸性(xing)巖(yan)森(sen)林(lin)灰(hui)棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang),此外(wai)還(huan)有暗棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)、白漿土(tu)、草甸(dian)土(tu)、沼澤(ze)土(tu)、泥炭土(tu)、沖(chong)積土(tu)等(deng),這些(xie)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中酸性(xing)巖(yan)森(sen)林(lin)灰(hui)棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)透水(shui)性(xing)好,PH值為5。0左(zuo)右,偏酸性(xing)是赤松林(lin)生長的(de)最佳條件,因此也(ye)是松茸主(zhu)要蘊藏(zang)帶。
河流湖泊
本區水(shui)(shui)力資源十分豐富,屬圖(tu)們(men)江水(shui)(shui)系(xi),發源于(yu)長白山主峰將軍(jun)峰之東(dong)麓,自和龍市流入貫穿(chuan)保(bao)護區境(jing)內110公里。經白金、富裕、三合(he)出境(jing),流域面積(ji)達1650公頃(qing),區內水(shui)(shui)系(xi)呈(cheng)樹狀分布,構成較密的水(shui)(shui)網,流程5公里以上(shang)的河流有29條(tiao)(tiao)。主要支流有山溪(xi)溝(gou)(gou)、大東(dong)溝(gou)(gou)、下馬來(lai)溝(gou)(gou)、西來(lai)和安民(min)臺(tai)溝(gou)(gou),全部流入圖(tu)們(men)江。近200條(tiao)(tiao)小(xiao)溝(gou)(gou)屬季節性河流,除春和夏訊外(wai),一般呈(cheng)斷流狀態。
海蘭河支流(liu)區內(nei)勇新溝(gou)(gou)、樺田(tian)溝(gou)(gou)、遠東溝(gou)(gou)、六道河水(shui)全部(bu)流(liu)入海蘭河,集水(shui)面積達164平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里。保護區內(nei)有2座水(shui)庫(ku),其中大新水(shui)庫(ku)水(shui)源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)海蘭河支流(liu),地(di)表(biao)水(shui)比(bi)較豐(feng)富,水(shui)資源(yuan)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)10877。5立方(fang)(fang)米,一(yi)部(bu)分來自天(tian)然(ran)降水(shui)的(de)占(zhan)40%,其凈流(liu)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)10831。4萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米,地(di)下水(shui)多以(yi)花崗(gang)巖網狀(zhuang)裂隙(xi)水(shui)為(wei)(wei)主,從泄流(liu)泉(quan)形(xing)成排泄于溝(gou)(gou)谷,地(di)下水(shui)徑流(liu)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)5萬(wan)噸/年平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里,資源(yuan)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)385175萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米。
資源
植被資源
天佛(fo)指(zhi)山(shan)天佛(fo)指(zhi)山(shan)自然植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)屬典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的長白山(shan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)系(xi),海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)(gao)度相(xiang)差懸殊,具(ju)明顯的垂直(zhi)分布特(te)征。按海(hai)拔高(gao)(gao)(gao)度可分為四個野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)型(xing)(xing),即山(shan)頂(ding)岳樺(hua)、白樺(hua)林(lin)(lin)+亞(ya)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)區(qu);海(hai)拔1000-1331米之間,魚鱗云杉(shan)、臭(chou)冷杉(shan)針闊(kuo)混交林(lin)(lin)+亞(ya)高(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)區(qu);海(hai)拔500-1000米之間,紅(hong)松(song)、赤松(song)、臭(chou)冷杉(shan)針葉闊(kuo)混交林(lin)(lin)+草(cao)(cao)(cao)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)區(qu);海(hai)拔500米以(yi)下的低山(shan)區(qu),赤松(song)、蒙古櫟(li)+草(cao)(cao)(cao)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)區(qu)。據東北(bei)師本環(huan)科(ke)學院調查(cha),此(ci)區(qu)域內植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源十分豐(feng)富,約近千種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong):真菌門4科(ke)76種(zhong),蕨(jue)類(lei)15科(ke)47種(zhong),裸(luo)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)門2科(ke)18種(zhong),被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)門75科(ke)412種(zhong)。
按用(yong)途分類(lei),藥用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)72科(ke)(ke)289種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),食用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)39科(ke)(ke)216種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),蜜源植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)38科(ke)(ke)185種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),工業(ye)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)40科(ke)(ke)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),香(xiang)料(liao)(liao)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)28科(ke)(ke)75種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);染料(liao)(liao)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)10科(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),觀賞植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)32科(ke)(ke)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),建(jian)筑用(yong)喬木20多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。主(zhu)(zhu)要針葉(xie)(xie)樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有赤(chi)松、沙松、臭松、魚(yu)鱗松、紅松等(deng);闊葉(xie)(xie)樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有胡(hu)桃(tao)楸、黃蘋蘿(luo)、水曲(qu)柳、楊(yang)、樺、椴(duan)、槭(qi)、柞等(deng);主(zhu)(zhu)要藥用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有黨參、黃芪、五味子、刺五加、東北雷公藤(teng)、細辛、桔梗、苦參、獼猴(hou)桃(tao)等(deng);主(zhu)(zhu)要食用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有松茸、木耳、蕨(jue)菜、榛蘑(mo)、龍芽蔥木、山芹、猴(hou)頭等(deng)。保(bao)護區內有8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國家(jia)級瀕(bin)危保(bao)護植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu),即松茸、紅松、野(ye)生(sheng)參、胡(hu)桃(tao)楸、野(ye)大豆、紫椴(duan)仃、水曲(qu)柳和黃檗(bo)。
松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)具有很高的食用(yong)價值(zhi)(zhi)和醫(yi)療保(bao)健價值(zhi)(zhi),營養豐富。松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)還(huan)具有強(qiang)身、驅蟲、止痛及理(li)氣化痰等功能和抗癌(ai)作用(yong)。保(bao)護區成立后,制定了一(yi)系列(lie)長(chang)、短期規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和具體措施,對(dui)松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)資源進行了統(tong)一(yi)管理(li),對(dui)松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)生長(chang)地實行了承包經營與規(gui)(gui)范化管理(li)。使(shi)森林生態、資源得(de)到了恢復和發展,松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)質量(liang)、數(shu)量(liang)有了明(ming)顯提高,為松(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的保(bao)護、科(ke)研、開發和利用(yong)創造了良好(hao)的條件。
森林資源
保護區(qu)(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)77317公頃(qing)(qing),主要針葉(xie)樹(shu)種為赤松,地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶性森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植被(bei)是(shi)以赤松為主的(de)(de)針闊混交林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。其中:有(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)68218公頃(qing)(qing),占總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)88。3%;疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)1309公頃(qing)(qing),占總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)1。7%;灌木(mu)(mu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)3411公頃(qing)(qing),占總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)4。4%;未(wei)成林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)造林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)1003公頃(qing)(qing),占總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)1。3%;草地(di)(di)(di)(di)、采伐跡地(di)(di)(di)(di)、沼澤地(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)無林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)3376公頃(qing)(qing), 占總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)4。3%。本區(qu)(qu)森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)覆蓋率88。3%。活立(li)(li)(li)木(mu)(mu)總蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)448。33萬(wan)立(li)(li)(li)方米。其中:有(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)446。2萬(wan)立(li)(li)(li)方米,疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)2。1萬(wan)立(li)(li)(li)方米,散生木(mu)(mu)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)0。037立(li)(li)(li)方米。有(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)中,天然林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)所占比重較大,面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)59569公頃(qing)(qing),蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)401。9萬(wan)立(li)(li)(li)方米,分(fen)別占有(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)有(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)87。3%和(he)90。1%;其次是(shi)人(ren)工林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8649公頃(qing)(qing),蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)43。4萬(wan)立(li)(li)(li)方米,分(fen)別占有(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)有(you)(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)12。7%和(he)9。9%。
野生動物資源
天佛指山(shan)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區風(feng)景秀麗、人(ren)煙稀少、村(cun)屯分散、水(shui)草茂密,野生動(dong)物(wu)資(zi)源豐(feng)富。其中(zhong),鳥類(lei)種群已記錄到(dao)14目36科(ke)(ke)59屬91種;動(dong)物(wu)有5目10科(ke)(ke)15種;爬行類(lei)2科(ke)(ke)10種;兩棲(qi)類(lei)類(lei)6科(ke)(ke)10種;魚類(lei)8目13科(ke)(ke)近(jin)38種。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區內有中(zhong)國國家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)I級(ji)野生動(dong)物(wu)1種,即紫(zi)貂;中(zhong)國國家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)Ⅱ級(ji)野生動(dong)物(wu)12種,即黑(hei)熊、猞猁、鴛鴦、燕隼(sun)、紅(hong)腳(jiao)隼(sun)、紅(hong)隼(sun)、花尾榛(zhen)雞、長(chang)尾林鶚(e)(e)、短(duan)耳鶚(e)(e)、鶚(e)(e)、鳶、鵲鷂等;珍稀魚類(lei)有大麻哈魚、斑頭魚、日本七鰣鰻3種。
該區水(shui)(shui)系(xi)發達,呈樹冠(guan)狀分布,水(shui)(shui)網密集。該區內植(zhi)物(wu)資源416種(zhong)84科(ke);鳥類種(zhong)群較多,有(you)89種(zhong)36科(ke);爬行(xing)類、兩棲類動物(wu)12種(zhong)。該區珍稀瀕危物(wu)種(zhong)豐富,有(you)中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級保護植(zhi)物(wu)野山參,中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級保護植(zhi)物(wu)松茸、紅(hong)松、紫(zi)椴(duan)、胡桃楸、野大(da)豆、水(shui)(shui)曲柳和黃檗;中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級保護動物(wu)紫(zi)貂,中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級保護動物(wu)黑熊、猞猁、鴛鴦、燕隼、紅(hong)腳隼、花尾(wei)榛(zhen)雞等。
開發保護
隨著日本、韓國市場對松(song)(song)(song)茸需(xu)求量(liang)的(de)增大,高(gao)價位的(de)松(song)(song)(song)茸引(yin)來了無數采(cai)挖者,松(song)(song)(song)茸主產(chan)地天(tian)佛指山(shan)林區隨之遭到重創(chuang),各(ge)種毀滅式采(cai)掘松(song)(song)(song)茸的(de)手段致(zhi)使林區破壞,松(song)(song)(song)茸資源瀕臨(lin)滅絕。松(song)(song)(song)茸年產(chan)量(liang)由20世紀80年代的(de)100余噸(dun)銳減到1995年的(de)十幾噸(dun)。
1996年,吉林省(sheng)建(jian)立龍井天佛(fo)指山(shan)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)自然保護區,成立保護區管理局。由(you)于松(song)茸(rong)(rong)成體“壽命”短,從(cong)破土(tu)而(er)出到腐爛只有(you)十幾天的(de)(de)時間,若(ruo)不及(ji)時采集,就會白(bai)白(bai)浪費資源;加(jia)上當地(di)朝鮮族群眾素來有(you)上山(shan)采集松(song)茸(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)習慣,處理好松(song)茸(rong)(rong)保護與利用的(de)(de)關系必須(xu)采取針對性強的(de)(de)措施。
1997年,保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理局在(zai)核心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)以外(wai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)推(tui)行(xing)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)責任制,將松茸(rong)生(sheng)長地(di)(di)(di)劃塊(kuai)(kuai)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)給(gei)居住在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)。承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)合同(tong)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利、責任和義(yi)務做了(le)(le)(le)明(ming)確規定(ding):承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人需繳納承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)用(yong),享(xiang)有在(zai)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)(di)塊(kuai)(kuai)采集松茸(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利,并(bing)承(cheng)擔護(hu)林防火、林地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)務。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理局負責承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)(di)塊(kuai)(kuai)巡護(hu)責任,同(tong)時向承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人提供技術咨(zi)詢和政(zheng)策服務,對違規的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人,保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理局可取消其承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)。合同(tong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)期(qi)限(xian)為10——15年,充(chong)分(fen)調動(dong)了(le)(le)(le)方(fang)方(fang)面(mian)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性,使松茸(rong)資源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)與開發(fa)工作(zuo)發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)深刻(ke)變化。承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)后農(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)利益與林地(di)(di)(di)安危休戚相關(guan),如今一(yi)(yi)有森林火情,農(nong)(nong)民(min)主動(dong)上(shang)山協同(tong)林業部門撲滅火災。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)得到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)力(li)支持。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)將75%的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)交給(gei)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)政(zheng)府,增加了(le)(le)(le)財政(zheng)收入。松茸(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有序(xu)收購(gou)又為當地(di)(di)(di)培植涵養了(le)(le)(le)稅源。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian),保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)從承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)責任制中獲得了(le)(le)(le)可觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收益,這筆經(jing)費(fei)(fei)既解決了(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理費(fei)(fei)用(yong)短缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾,又為松茸(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馴化栽(zai)培研(yan)究、推(tui)廣科研(yan)成果提供了(le)(le)(le)資金保(bao)(bao)(bao)障。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian),通(tong)過(guo)(guo)推(tui)行(xing)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)責任制,保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)成功地(di)(di)(di)將過(guo)(guo)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)資源破壞(huai)者(zhe)變成了(le)(le)(le)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內管(guan)(guan)護(hu)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)盟軍,無形中壯大(da)了(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理隊伍。
由于采取行之(zhi)有效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)管理措(cuo)施,使松茸(rong)的(de)保護與(yu)利用工(gong)作走上了良性發展軌(gui)道(dao),并獲得了明顯的(de)生態效(xiao)(xiao)益和經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益,保護區的(de)松茸(rong)年產量(liang)已(yi)經(jing)達到(dao)30余噸。