湖南(nan)省桂(gui)東八面(mian)山(shan)(shan)自然保護區地(di)(di)處羅霄山(shan)(shan)脈的中南(nan)段, 東連湘贛(gan)邊(bian)界和萬(wan)洋山(shan)(shan)和諸廣山(shan)(shan),南(nan)抵洪水山(shan)(shan),地(di)(di)理(li)坐(zuo)標為(wei)東經113度48分(fen)(fen)(fen) -113度51分(fen)(fen)(fen) ,北緯25度57分(fen)(fen)(fen) -26度03分(fen)(fen)(fen) 。總(zong)面(mian)積為(wei)六(liu)萬(wan)多畝,位(wei)于(yu)湖南(nan)省桂(gui)東縣境(jing)內的西北部,西與(yu)資興交界,東與(yu)四都鄉毗連,南(nan)與(yu)青山(shan)(shan)鄉接壤。有(you)林(lin)面(mian)積四萬(wan)多畝。距桂(gui)東縣城(cheng)76公里。
八(ba)面(mian)山國家(jia)級(ji)自然保(bao)護區總面(mian)積(ji)10974公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),其中核(he)心區面(mian)積(ji)3137公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),緩沖區面(mian)積(ji)2141公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),實驗區面(mian)積(ji)5696公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。保(bao)護區位于湖南省桂東(dong)(dong)縣境(jing)內(nei),范圍(wei)在(zai)東(dong)(dong)經(jing)113°37′39″—113°50′08″,北(bei)緯25°54′02″—26°06′59″之間。東(dong)(dong)以(yi)海拔1724米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)為起點(dian)向南沿(yan)山脊線經(jing)1666.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1617米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)流源鄉(xiang)(xiang)芳村(cun)(cun),向東(dong)(dong)南至(zhi)(zhi)四(si)都鄉(xiang)(xiang)新龍村(cun)(cun)、雙溪村(cun)(cun),經(jing)1034.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1530.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1734.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1206米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1077.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1084.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、906米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1403.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)四(si)都鄉(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)水村(cun)(cun)、文(wen)閣村(cun)(cun)宋坪(ping)(ping)國有林場(chang)(chang)八(ba)面(mian)山分場(chang)(chang)、青山鄉(xiang)(xiang)上游(you)村(cun)(cun)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)羅家(jia)村(cun)(cun)、青山鄉(xiang)(xiang)青峰(feng)(feng)林場(chang)(chang);南界經(jing)1299米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山峰(feng)(feng)沿(yan)江至(zhi)(zhi)青山鄉(xiang)(xiang)彩(cai)洞村(cun)(cun);西界經(jing)1435.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1666.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)興(xing)市(shi)連坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)成康村(cun)(cun),再經(jing)1669.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1674.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、2046.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1714.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)興(xing)市(shi)連坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)金塘村(cun)(cun)、資(zi)興(xing)市(shi)天鵝山國有林場(chang)(chang)、青市(shi)紅星村(cun)(cun)、資(zi)興(xing)市(shi)煙坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)頂寮村(cun)(cun);北(bei)界沿(yan)山脊線經(jing)1651米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)、齊云亭、1679米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)山峰(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)株洲(zhou)市(shi)炎陵縣龍渣鄉(xiang)(xiang)雙奎村(cun)(cun),再向東(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)株洲(zhou)市(shi)炎陵縣平樂鄉(xiang)(xiang)平樂村(cun)(cun)止。
八面山(shan)是以(yi)縱谷脊嶺為(wei)(wei)主的(de)中(zhong)山(shan)地貌, 低海拔860米,高主峰(feng)為(wei)(wei)2043米。高山(shan)聳峙,氣(qi)勢(shi)雄偉,層(ceng)巒疊嶂,林海蒼茫,以(yi)“離天三尺三,人(ren)過(guo)要低頭,馬過(guo)要下(xia)鞍”而聞(wen)名。 清代桂東知(zhi)縣(xian)洪鐘的(de)詩《過(guo)八面山(shan)》描:“峭壁萬仞鬼斧劈,鳥道飛懸不盈尺。驅走怪石開(kai)鴻蒙,奇幼天生倚空碧(bi)。一(yi)峰(feng)未過(guo)一(yi)峰(feng)橫,上天入淵心(xin)擔驚(jing)。饑鷹掠人(ren)晝厲吻(wen),哀猿嘯侶夜(ye)深鳴(ming)。平生游歷(li)境不到,疑汝鑿開(kai)混沌(dun)竅(qiao)。胸中(zhong)五岳(yue)森崢(zheng)嶸,對此何能(neng)夸(kua)奇奧(ao)。百里雷(lei)封(feng)萬笏山(shan),青驄(cong)黃(huang)綬白云間。但愿五都(dou)厚風俗,人(ren)心(xin)人(ren)面莫與此山(shan)竟孱(chan)顏。”八面山(shan)的(de)驚(jing)、險、奇可見一(yi)斑(ban)。
八(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)自然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)貌(mao)格局的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內外(wai)營(ying)力(li)共(gong)同作(zuo)用下,經(jing)歷了(le)(le)漫長地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)歷史(shi)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。深(shen)受其所處區(qu)(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)殼運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)、地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)、巖(yan)石性質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)外(wai)力(li)作(zuo)用控制和(he)支配。在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)時期(qi)中(zhong),正處于南(nan)(nan)嶺(ling)東(dong)西構(gou)造(zao)(zao)帶(dai)和(he)羅(luo)霄山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈南(nan)(nan)北構(gou)造(zao)(zao)帶(dai)相互干擾(rao)、相互交叉(cha)和(he)重疊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域;它主要里東(dong)、印支、燕(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)新構(gou)造(zao)(zao)等歷史(shi)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)。這里從震(zhen)旦系至志留系長達四(si)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)史(shi)時期(qi)曾(ceng)是(shi)片海洋,位于湘(xiang)中(zhong)、湘(xiang)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)“華(hua)夏古陸”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊緣(yuan)古海槽沉積(ji)區(qu)(qu)(qu),志留紀(ji)末,加里東(dong)造(zao)(zao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong),海水退卻,隆(long)起為(wei)(wei)(wei)陸。表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)。中(zhong)三迭紀(ji)末的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印支運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong),表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擠壓,產生長約45公里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水口――八(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)S狀旋卷(juan)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)。中(zhong)侏羅(luo)紀(ji)末發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燕(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong),表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷塊(kuai)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)近南(nan)(nan)北向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)褶皺山(shan)(shan)(shan)。燕(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)后,構(gou)造(zao)(zao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)以間(jian)歇性抬升(sheng)(sheng)剝蝕夷(yi)(yi)平(ping),造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)所見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海拔1000米(mi)以上(shang)五(wu)級(ji)剝夷(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian),形成(cheng)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)“H”形地(di)(di)貌(mao)輪廓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雛型(xing)。晚第三紀(ji)開始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新構(gou)造(zao)(zao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)繼(ji)承了(le)(le)燕(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng),繼(ji)續斷塊(kuai)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng),且明顯地(di)(di)表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)間(jian)歇性和(he)差異性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,使境內海拔1000米(mi)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)級(ji)剝夷(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)到(dao)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度,而呈現(xian)(xian)出現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本輪廓。由于地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)流水、風化(hua)和(he)重力(li)作(zuo)用等外(wai)部營(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),形成(cheng)了(le)(le)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)嶺(ling)谷(gu)縱橫相間(jian),切割甚深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“U”、“H”型(xing)峽谷(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)特(te)征(zheng)。
八面(mian)山自然(ran)保護區屬于(yu)(yu)南亞熱帶山地濕潤氣(qi)候,冬無嚴寒,夏無酷暑(shu),秋溫高于(yu)(yu)春(chun)溫,區內年平均氣(qi)溫15.8℃,無霜期240—280天,光(guang)照充(chong)足,小氣(qi)候變(bian)化多樣,素(su)有“天然(ran)空(kong)調”之(zhi)稱。
八面山(shan)自然保(bao)護區內(nei)海拔800—2042米, 高(gao)山(shan)聳(song)峙,氣勢雄偉,層巒(luan)疊(die)嶂,林海蒼茫,系典型(xing)的(de)中亞(ya)熱(re)帶濕(shi)潤地區,原(yuan)始森林植(zhi)被保(bao)存完(wan)好(hao),珍稀瀕危物(wu)種資源豐富(fu),生物(wu)多(duo)樣性水(shui)平高(gao),溝谷地生長(chang)的(de)常綠闊葉林為(wei)南嶺溝谷雨(yu)林,區內(nei)山(shan)中有種子植(zhi)物(wu)146科,584屬,1182種,有很多(duo)屬國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)護的(de)珍稀樹種,如銀杉(shan)、伯樂樹等。大銀杉(shan)樹徑達(da)1.34米,高(gao)32米;密的(de)銀杉(shan)群落(luo),五畝內(nei)達(da)112株(zhu)。另(ling)有國(guo)家(jia)二、三級(ji)保(bao)護植(zhi)物(wu)是29種。
八面山(shan)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區內野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)136種(zhong),其(qi)中稀(xi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)珍貴野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)物(wu),數量為(wei)(wei)湖南(nan)第一(yi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬于國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)華(hua)(hua)南(nan)虎、金貓(mao)、云豹等,屬于國(guo)(guo)家二(er)級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)獼(mi)猴(hou)等,共15種(zhong),動(dong)植物(wu)生態(tai)渾(hun)然(ran)天(tian)成,至今仍處(chu)于原(yuan)始狀(zhuang)態(tai),沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人為(wei)(wei)改造痕跡。地貌(mao)類型是以縱谷脊嶺為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)中山(shan)地貌(mao),低(di)海拔860米(mi),高(gao)主峰2043米(mi), 山(shan)上,千年(nian)鐵(tie)杉(shan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)黃山(shan)之秀,千年(nian)古(gu)道有(you)(you)(you)(you)華(hua)(hua)山(shan)之險。石(shi)筍千姿百態(tai),有(you)(you)(you)(you)張家界之景;草原(yuan)在云霧中時(shi)隱(yin)時(shi)現,與(yu)仙境無異。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)杜鵑花漫山(shan)遍(bian)野(ye)(ye),相(xiang)思鳥情滿其(qi)間(jian)。 幸存享(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)植物(wu)“熊貓(mao)”之稱的(de)(de)(de)“國(guo)(guo)寶”一(yi)一(yi)銀杉(shan)和中國(guo)(guo)三大(da)名虎之一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)華(hua)(hua)南(nan)虎,是中國(guo)(guo)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)基因庫(ku),也是中國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)個以華(hua)(hua)南(nan)虎為(wei)(wei)重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)對象而(er)設立的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區,有(you)(you)(you)(you)“動(dong)植物(wu)王國(guo)(guo)”之稱。
八(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的前(qian)(qian)身是(shi)桂東縣(xian)宋(song)坪林(lin)場八(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)分(fen)場, 1984年(nian)建自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu),實行(xing)一套人馬兩(liang)(liang)塊牌(pai)子(場所)的管(guan)理(li)辦(ban)法(fa),并代管(guan)區(qu)內(nei)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)農(nong)(nong)隊,總人口(kou)260人。現(xian)有管(guan)理(li)干部4名(ming),護(hu)(hu)林(lin)員(yuan)20名(ming),林(lin)場工(gong)人28名(ming),兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)農(nong)(nong)隊216人,其(qi)中桃寮(liao)隊99人,金銀鋪117人,為(wei)漢(han)族。人口(kou)密度為(wei)5.68人/平方(fang)公里(li)。主要(yao)集中在管(guan)理(li)所附近。兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)農(nong)(nong)隊有水(shui)田(tian)173.5畝,占自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)總面(mian)(mian)積的0.27%,居(ju)住區(qu)和水(shui)田(tian)、旱(han)田(tian)分(fen)布在海拔(ba)1000米左右的山(shan)谷(gu)中。目前(qian)(qian)糧食(shi)(shi)產量低,不能自給(gei),每年(nian)返銷8.5萬斤糧食(shi)(shi)。1981-1984年(nian)人均年(nian)收(shou)入216元。過去為(wei)增加糧食(shi)(shi)產量和經濟收(shou)入,當(dang)地農(nong)(nong)民毀林(lin)開(kai)荒、伐木、挖筍、種香(xiang)菇等,造成(cheng)森林(lin)面(mian)(mian)積減(jian)少;水(shui)土流失;動植物資源隨之減(jian)少。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)與外(wai)界(jie)只有一條相通(tong)的公路(lu),距縣(xian)城80公里(li)。
保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)按功能(neng)分區(qu)(qu)(qu),劃為核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、緩沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)三(san)個區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu),核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的精華,包含了主要的森林(lin)群落類型和(he)珍稀野(ye)生動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)棲息環(huan)境等保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)對象。核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)禁止人(ren)為活動(dong),以使(shi)受保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的珍稀瀕危野(ye)生動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)一個不受人(ren)為干擾的自(zi)然(ran)生活環(huan)境,保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)存完整的自(zi)然(ran)生態(tai)系統;緩沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)位于(yu)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)四周,是核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)這之間的緩沖地帶,對核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)起保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)緩沖作(zuo)用(yong),以擴大和(he)延(yan)伸被保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種的生長和(he)活動(dong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu);實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)處(chu)于(yu)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、緩沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)外圍,為保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的經(jing)營(ying)區(qu)(qu)(qu),是提供科研教學,生態(tai)旅游、經(jing)營(ying)管理的地方。
保(bao)護(hu)區是新(xin)建(jian)的國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區,自建(jian)立(li)保(bao)護(hu)區以來(lai),投(tou)入建(jian)設(she)經費(fei)300多萬(wan)元(yuan),改造(zao)修建(jian)自然保(bao)護(hu)區保(bao)護(hu)管(guan)理分站5個,在臨近村莊和交通要道共設(she)立(li)固定宣傳(chuan)牌、指示牌36座,在核(he)心(xin)區界(jie)(jie)線上埋設(she)界(jie)(jie)樁近500個,維修公路35km;投(tou)入補(bu)償(chang)(chang)償(chang)(chang)資金(jin)100多萬(wan)元(yuan),對核(he)心(xin)區進(jin)行了(le)補(bu)償(chang)(chang),使保(bao)護(hu)區的道路等基礎建(jian)設(she)得(de)到(dao)有(you)效改善,林農(nong)利益得(de)到(dao)基本保(bao)障,有(you)力地(di)促進(jin)了(le)保(bao)護(hu)區的健康(kang)發展。
在加強基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施建設(she)的(de)同時(shi),保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)加強了科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)監測工作,與(yu)有關科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)合作,開展了一(yi)(yi)系列科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)監測活動。1999年,邀(yao)請湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省林(lin)業科(ke)(ke)學院、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)師(shi)范大(da)(da)(da)學、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省地質研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所的(de)10多(duo)名(ming)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家、教(jiao)授和(he)林(lin)業局(ju)組織的(de)考察隊對自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)進(jin)(jin)行了綜(zong)合考察;2003年又邀(yao)請湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省林(lin)業科(ke)(ke)學研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)院、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)師(shi)范大(da)(da)(da)學的(de)有關專(zhuan)(zhuan)家、教(jiao)授和(he)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管理站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)技術(shu)人員(yuan)一(yi)(yi)道進(jin)(jin)入保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)進(jin)(jin)行了補充調(diao)查,增補了大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)真菌和(he)昆蟲等考察內容。同時(shi)組織技術(shu)人員(yuan)對保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內的(de)珍(zhen)稀(xi)樹種(zhong)和(he)重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)對象(xiang)進(jin)(jin)行清查、建檔。與(yu)中國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學院會同生態定位(wei)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)站(zhan)(zhan)、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)林(lin)業科(ke)(ke)學院等單(dan)(dan)位(wei)一(yi)(yi)起完成(cheng)了多(duo)個(ge)課題的(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu),并取得一(yi)(yi)定的(de)成(cheng)果。配合中國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學院武(wu)漢植物(wu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所、華東師(shi)范大(da)(da)(da)學進(jin)(jin)行了植物(wu)資源(yuan)調(diao)查。開展了珍(zhen)稀(xi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)樹種(zhong)的(de)就地保(bao)(bao)存(cun)與(yu)遷地保(bao)(bao)存(cun)技術(shu)的(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。通過考察,基(ji)本掌握了保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)自然(ran)(ran)環境和(he)自然(ran)(ran)資源(yuan)情(qing)況,為進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、建設(she)和(he)利用(yong)好保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)提供(gong)了科(ke)(ke)學依(yi)據。
健(jian)全了(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)機構(gou)。設(she)立保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)局,下設(she)管(guan)(guan)理(li)站(zhan),具體負(fu)責保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、建設(she)和(he)科研及開發(fa),編制(zhi)(zhi)13人,同時(shi)(shi)聘用28名當地居民(min)(min)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)巡護(hu)員。二是(shi)加(jia)(jia)大宣傳力(li)度(du)。建立保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)后,區(qu)(qu)(qu)內實行禁伐,對(dui)(dui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內群眾(zhong)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)活構(gou)成了(le)(le)一定的(de)影響。為爭取農民(min)(min)群眾(zhong)的(de)理(li)解、支持,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)利(li)用大小會(hui)議、廣播電視(shi)、發(fa)放宣傳單等方式進行了(le)(le)廣泛深入的(de)宣傳,在主(zhu)要路口制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)固定標(biao)語標(biao)牌,同時(shi)(shi)舉(ju)辦各種學習(xi)培(pei)訓班,在提高農民(min)(min)認識的(de)基礎上(shang),讓農民(min)(min)掌握一兩門實用技術,促進了(le)(le)社區(qu)(qu)(qu)共建,收到(dao)了(le)(le)良好的(de)宣傳效果。三是(shi)健(jian)全了(le)(le)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。出臺(tai)了(le)(le)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)森林防火管(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)》,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)建立完善(shan)了(le)(le)崗(gang)位(wei)責任制(zhi)(zhi),使保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)日趨制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)化、規范化。四(si)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)強綜合(he)治(zhi)理(li)。縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府(fu)對(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)資源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)十分重視(shi),多次組織(zhi)工作(zuo)隊,對(dui)(dui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內的(de)資源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)工作(zuo)進行綜合(he)整治(zhi),打擊區(qu)(qu)(qu)內各類林業犯罪。
多年(nian)(nian)來(lai),保(bao)護(hu)區把(ba)森林(lin)防(fang)火(huo)(huo)工(gong)作(zuo)當(dang)作(zuo)頭等大事(shi)來(lai)抓。廣泛(fan)開展森防(fang)宣(xuan)傳(chuan),貫(guan)徹“森林(lin)防(fang)火(huo)(huo)責(ze)任(ren)重于泰山”的意識,做(zuo)到家喻戶(hu)曉;認真落實(shi)森防(fang)工(gong)作(zuo)責(ze)任(ren)制,縣、鄉、村層(ceng)層(ceng)簽(qian)訂森防(fang)工(gong)作(zuo)責(ze)任(ren)狀;局、鄉、村各級(ji)都(dou)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)義(yi)務(wu)撲(pu)(pu)火(huo)(huo)隊(dui),全區共成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)撲(pu)(pu)火(huo)(huo)隊(dui)24支500余(yu)人。保(bao)護(hu)區成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)至今,未(wei)發生過森林(lin)火(huo)(huo)警、火(huo)(huo)災。五(wu)是社區共管有新路(lu)。從(cong)1998年(nian)(nian)起,保(bao)護(hu)區不斷引進項(xiang)目、資(zi)金和技術,一手(shou)抓保(bao)護(hu)區管理,一手(shou)抓社區發展。累計投入各項(xiang)資(zi)金200余(yu)萬(wan)元(yuan),初步改善了(le)(le)(le)社區群(qun)眾的交通、通訊和生產、生活等條件,扶持發展了(le)(le)(le)沼氣用戶(hu)80余(yu)戶(hu),發展“農家樂”旅(lv)游接待點11處,并(bing)引導(dao)當(dang)地群(qun)眾積極參與(yu)保(bao)護(hu)區管理與(yu)建設項(xiang)目實(shi)施,增加區內群(qun)眾的收(shou)入,融(rong)洽了(le)(le)(le)社區群(qun)眾的關系。
在嚴格保護自然資源和生態環境的(de)基礎上(shang)(shang),充(chong)分發(fa)揮保護區自然資源優勢,合(he)理(li)規劃,適度開(kai)發(fa)生態旅(lv)游,是搞好(hao)資源保護和開(kai)發(fa)利用并舉的(de)有(you)效途徑(jing)。近年(nian)來,保護區逐步規劃開(kai)發(fa)了(le)一些旅(lv)游景(jing)點和線路。每年(nian)游客(ke)人(ren)數達5000人(ren)次以上(shang)(shang)。
由于強烈的地質運動(dong), 八(ba)面山(shan)(shan)主(zhu)峰八(ba)面懸(xuan)崖峭(qiao)壁(bi),危石(shi)聳立,溝谷(gu)縱橫,形(xing)成了雞心石(shi)、金雞叫(jiao)天門、天宮神(shen)印、仙牛(niu)騰云、銅(tong)鑼圈、小石(shi)林等(deng)極具觀賞價值的自然景觀,區內氣候宜人,生(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)清閑幽(you)雅,動(dong)植物資源豐富,各種古樹名木、異(yi)獸珍(zhen)禽、琪花瑤草(cao)充斥其間(jian)。春季(ji)(ji),杜鵑花漫山(shan)(shan)遍野,相思鳥情滿(man)其間(jian);夏季(ji)(ji),山(shan)(shan)頂的柳葉箬草(cao)翠(cui)綠如(ru)茵,軟如(ru)綠毯(tan);秋季(ji)(ji),紅(hong)葉似(si)火焰,盡(jin)顯“層(ceng)林盡(jin)染”的秀麗景象(xiang);冬季(ji)(ji),玉樹瓊枝,猶如(ru)千樹萬(wan)樹梨花開,呈現一派粉妝(zhuang)玉砌的世界。穿(chuan)行在峰巒幽(you)谷(gu)之中,汪(wang)汪(wang)碧波與涓涓細流(liu)(liu)相通(tong),溪依山(shan)(shan)流(liu)(liu),山(shan)(shan)依溪轉,地形(xing)各異(yi),泉(quan)水(shui)不同,如(ru)瑤琴低訴,似(si)鼓(gu)瑟齊鳴(ming),若玉帶飄蕩。“山(shan)(shan)得水(shui)而活(huo),水(shui)因山(shan)(shan)更幽(you)”,多姿的水(shui)流(liu)(liu)給八(ba)面山(shan)(shan)以生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)與活(huo)力。漫步其中,有“無山(shan)(shan)不綠,有水(shui)皆清,四時噴香,萬(wan)壑鳥鳴(ming)”的美妙意境(jing)。
八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)古跡有(you)南天古廟舊(jiu)址、八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)碑刻(ke)、傳說中(zhong)郭法主(zhu)(zhu)鎮妖的(de)火燒山(shan)(shan)(shan)、百合神仙耕種地(di)(di)等(deng),令人油然而生(sheng)思古之幽情。1934—1949年(nian)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(西邊山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)區)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)斗爭(zheng)連綿不斷,此處還有(you)紅軍三五九旅(lv)南征北返宿(su)營(ying)地(di)(di)遺址。八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)境(jing)內桃(tao)寮村(cun)有(you)“紅軍村(cun)”之稱。1928年(nian),該(gai)村(cun)17戶60多人中(zhong),就有(you)17名青年(nian)參加紅軍,村(cun)內先后有(you)46人為革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)犧牲。1934年(nian)在(zai)此建立(li)了(le)紅軍長征后湖南第一(yi)個蘇維埃政權,毛澤東(dong)、朱(zhu)德(de)、彭德(de)懷、陳毅、劉伯承等(deng)老一(yi)輩無(wu)產階級革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)家也曾在(zai)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)開展(zhan)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)活動。抗日(ri)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)時期,美國空(kong)軍飛(fei)虎隊飛(fei)機在(zai)與(yu)敵機戰(zhan)斗中(zhong)墜(zhui)毀在(zai)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)桃(tao)寮,使八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)披上了(le)一(yi)層傳奇的(de)色彩,更(geng)是進行愛(ai)國主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)傳統教育的(de)基地(di)(di)。
八面山的(de)(de)(de)(de)主峰石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),高(gao)2043米。石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)騰云等景點在桂東流傳(chuan)著許(xu)多(duo)美麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說,流傳(chuan)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)桂東牛(niu)(niu)(niu)郎織女(nv)與石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說。傳(chuan)說天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)因觸犯了(le)天(tian)(tian)(tian)規被(bei)貶下(xia)天(tian)(tian)(tian)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)灰(hui)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)大仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被(bei)降伏于(yu)此。石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就是(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)說中牛(niu)(niu)(niu)郎所找到的(de)(de)(de)(de)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)。八面山,由于(yu)離天(tian)(tian)(tian)只有(you)三尺三,故而氣(qi)候(hou)涼(liang)爽,傳(chuan)說當(dang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)酷暑(shu)(shu)南耐時(shi),是(shi)(shi)神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)每年夏天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)凡(fan)避(bi)暑(shu)(shu)納涼(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方,他們于(yu)漚江河邊洗(xi)澡(zao)(zao)降溫,或游水嘻戲(xi)。 神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在山頂上(shang)(shang)下(xia)棋,仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)在那河里洗(xi)澡(zao)(zao),乃人間仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)境。在天(tian)(tian)(tian)上(shang)(shang)酷暑(shu)(shu)難耐之時(shi),織女(nv)和諸(zhu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)也(ye)一起(qi)下(xia)凡(fan)納涼(liang),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)有(you)了(le)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)郎在仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助下(xia)終于(yu)與織女(nv)相(xiang)會(hui),結(jie)下(xia)了(le)美滿姻(yin)緣(yuan)。流下(xia)了(le)千(qian)古愛情的(de)(de)(de)(de)佳話(hua)。
石牛仙同(tong)時(shi)也是桂東和資(zi)興兩(liang)縣著名的佛(fo)教仙場,解放前香火(huo)旺盛,是一(yi)個有(you)一(yi)定規模(mo)的寺(si)廟(miao)(miao)。文革中被(bei)毀,另一(yi)小廟(miao)(miao)里至今仍供奉著兩(liang)尊被(bei)毀去(qu)頭顱的佛(fo)像(xiang)。此外(wai),八(ba)面山(shan)上(shang)仍存有(you)南天舊(jiu)庫舊(jiu)址、八(ba)面山(shan)碑刻等(deng)古跡(ji),并還有(you)“郭法主(zhu)鎮妖火(huo)燒(shao)山(shan)、百合神仙耕種(zhong)”等(deng)美麗(li)傳說。
八面山(shan)自然保護區內有(you)(you)上(shang)、中、下(xia)三條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)千(qian)年(nian)古道,自四都經金銀鋪、小屋溪、江腦(nao)里可至資興赤竹(zhu)園(yuan)、青市,全(quan)長40公里,在桂東(dong)沒(mei)有(you)(you)通公路(lu)之前,是桂東(dong)通往(wang)郴州的(de)主(zhu)要官道。路(lu)邊古木參天(tian),怪石嶙峋,崎嶇(qu)險峻,行人視為(wei)險途。相(xiang)傳(chuan)古時有(you)(you)幾位秀(xiu)才打(da)這條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)路(lu)往(wang)省府趕(gan)考(kao),為(wei)了緩解旅(lv)途的(de)疲(pi)乏,相(xiang)約每隔十(shi)(shi)里吟詩一句(ju):“一十(shi)(shi)高龍(long)(long)仙,二十(shi)(shi)牛(niu)市冒青煙;三十(shi)(shi)槽里穿山(shan)谷(gu),四十(shi)(shi)青岡不見(jian)天(tian);五十(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)渣(zha)水淼淼,六十(shi)(shi)苗公走上(shang)天(tian)……”詩中所描敘的(de)就是當年(nian)這條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)古道上(shang)的(de)情景。文(wen)者早已仙逝,而(er)詩謠至今仍在民間口(kou)口(kou)相(xiang)傳(chuan)。1957年(nian)106國(guo)道竣通之后,這條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)路(lu)多湮沒(mei)于草(cao)蔓荒野之間,漸(jian)漸(jian)在人們的(de)記憶中淡忘,現已難(nan)于考(kao)證(zheng)。桂東(dong)八面山(shan)風(feng)景優美,林海茫茫,是科學考(kao)察、旅(lv)游、夏令營活動的(de)極好場(chang)所。
八(ba)面山,坐(zuo)落在(zai)湖南省桂東縣西部,屬省級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區。當你走進這座巍峨大山,你就走進了(le)原(yuan)始、古樸、自(zi)然(ran)的美麗畫卷。隨(sui)意按下相(xiang)機(ji)快門,就會攝下一幅(fu)幅(fu)精(jing)美的瞬間。
八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)是以(yi)縱(zong)谷脊嶺為主的(de)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地貌,低海拔(ba)860米(mi),高(gao)主峰為2043米(mi)。高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)聳峙,氣勢雄(xiong)偉(wei),層巒疊(die)嶂,林(lin)海蒼(cang)茫,以(yi)“離天三(san)尺三(san),人(ren)(ren)過(guo)(guo)要低頭,馬(ma)過(guo)(guo)要下鞍”而聞名。正如清代桂東知縣洪(hong)鐘的(de)詩《過(guo)(guo)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》描述的(de)那樣(yang):“峭壁萬仞鬼斧(fu)劈,鳥道飛懸不盈尺。驅(qu)走(zou)怪石開鴻蒙(meng),奇(qi)(qi)幼天生倚空碧。一(yi)峰未過(guo)(guo)一(yi)峰橫,上天入淵心擔驚(jing)。饑鷹掠人(ren)(ren)晝厲吻,哀(ai)猿嘯侶夜深鳴。平生游(you)歷境不到,疑汝鑿開混沌竅。胸(xiong)中五岳森崢(zheng)嶸,對此(ci)何能夸奇(qi)(qi)奧。百(bai)里雷封萬笏(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),青馬(ma)總黃綬(shou)白(bai)云間。但愿五都厚風俗,人(ren)(ren)心人(ren)(ren)面(mian)莫與此(ci)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)竟孱(chan)顏(yan)。”八(ba)(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)驚(jing)、險、奇(qi)(qi)由(you)此(ci)可見一(yi)斑。
八面山(shan)除了(le)千(qian)年古道有(you)華山(shan)之(zhi)險外,千(qian)年鐵杉(shan)亦有(you)黃(huang)山(shan)之(zhi)秀(xiu),石筍千(qian)姿百態,更有(you)張家界之(zhi)奇。山(shan)頂(ding)草場在(zai)云霧中(zhong)時隱時現(xian),宛(wan)若仙境。山(shan)谷中(zhong),許多灘流和疊瀑漸次由高處(chu)奔流而下,水(shui)汽蒸騰,令人(ren)(ren)神(shen)清氣爽(shuang)。春季(ji),杜鵑花漫山(shan)遍野,競相綻放。綿延數(shu)里杜鵑長廊,讓人(ren)(ren)目不(bu)暇接、驚嘆不(bu)已。相思鳥啁啾其間,唱不(bu)完(wan)的(de)相思情深;夏季(ji),山(shan)頂(ding)的(de)柳葉(xie)箸草叢(cong)翠綠(lv)(lv)如(ru)茵,柔軟如(ru)毯;秋季(ji),絢(xuan)爛濃艷的(de)紅(hong)葉(xie)在(zai)山(shan)谷中(zhong)洶涌彌漫,綠(lv)(lv)葉(xie)似(si)碧玉鑲嵌其間,隨處(chu)可見的(de)荔枝、草莓等各種野果(guo),伸(shen)手可及(ji),令人(ren)(ren)垂涎;冬季(ji),玉樹瓊枝,猶如(ru)千(qian)樹萬樹梨(li)花開,呈(cheng)現(xian)一派冰雕玉砌的(de)景象。
八(ba)面山的總面積為10974公頃(qing),森林覆蓋(gai)率(lv)85.2%。山中(zhong)有(you)(you)種(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)178科,834屬,2031種(zhong)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)一(yi)(yi)級保護(hu)的珍(zhen)稀樹種(zhong)有(you)(you)銀杉、伯(bo)樂(le)樹等。大銀杉樹徑達1.38米,高24米。密的銀杉群落,5畝內達112株。另(ling)有(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)重點保護(hu)一(yi)(yi)、二級野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)21種(zhong)。區內野生(sheng)動物(wu)240種(zhong),其中(zhong)稀有(you)(you)珍(zhen)貴野生(sheng)動物(wu)數量為湖(hu)南第一(yi)(yi)。有(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)一(yi)(yi)級保護(hu)動物(wu)華南虎、金貓、云豹以及國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)二級保護(hu)動物(wu)獼(mi)猴等,共43種(zhong)。這里的山水草木(mu)、飛禽(qin)走獸無不(bu)保持著(zhu)原(yuan)始(shi)質樸的風貌,鮮(xian)見(jian)一(yi)(yi)絲人(ren)工痕跡。
八(ba)(ba)面山的(de)(de)古跡有(you)(you)南天古廟舊址、八(ba)(ba)面山碑刻、傳說(shuo)中(zhong)郭法主鎮妖的(de)(de)火燒山、百(bai)合神仙耕種地(di)等,令人(ren)油然(ran)而(er)生思(si)古之幽(you)情(qing)。1934—1949年八(ba)(ba)面山(西邊山地(di)區(qu))革(ge)命(ming)斗(dou)爭(zheng)連(lian)綿不斷,此處還有(you)(you)紅軍三五九旅(lv)南征北返宿營地(di)遺址。八(ba)(ba)面山境內桃寮村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)有(you)(you)“紅軍村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)”之稱。1928年,該(gai)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)17戶60多人(ren)中(zhong),就有(you)(you)17名青年參加紅軍,村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)內先后(hou)有(you)(you)46人(ren)為革(ge)命(ming)獻出了生命(ming)。1934年在(zai)(zai)此建立(li)了紅軍長征后(hou)湖南第一個(ge)蘇維埃政(zheng)權,毛澤東、朱德、彭(peng)德懷、陳毅、劉伯承等老一輩無產階級革(ge)命(ming)家也曾在(zai)(zai)八(ba)(ba)面山開展革(ge)命(ming)活動。抗日(ri)戰爭(zheng)時期,美(mei)國空軍飛虎隊飛機(ji)在(zai)(zai)與敵機(ji)戰斗(dou)中(zhong)墜(zhui)毀在(zai)(zai)八(ba)(ba)面山桃寮,使(shi)八(ba)(ba)面山披上了一層傳奇的(de)(de)色(se)彩,更是進行愛國主義傳統(tong)教育的(de)(de)基地(di)。