湖南省桂東(dong)(dong)八面山(shan)(shan)自然保護(hu)區(qu)地(di)處(chu)羅霄(xiao)山(shan)(shan)脈的中南段, 東(dong)(dong)連湘贛邊界(jie)和萬(wan)洋山(shan)(shan)和諸廣山(shan)(shan),南抵洪(hong)水山(shan)(shan),地(di)理坐標為(wei)東(dong)(dong)經(jing)113度(du)48分(fen)(fen) -113度(du)51分(fen)(fen) ,北緯25度(du)57分(fen)(fen) -26度(du)03分(fen)(fen) 。總面積為(wei)六萬(wan)多畝,位于湖南省桂東(dong)(dong)縣境內的西北部,西與資興(xing)交界(jie),東(dong)(dong)與四都鄉(xiang)毗連,南與青(qing)山(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)接壤。有林面積四萬(wan)多畝。距桂東(dong)(dong)縣城76公里。
八面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)國家(jia)(jia)級自然保護(hu)區總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)10974公頃,其(qi)中核心(xin)區面(mian)積(ji)3137公頃,緩沖區面(mian)積(ji)2141公頃,實驗區面(mian)積(ji)5696公頃。保護(hu)區位于湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)桂東(dong)縣(xian)境內,范圍在東(dong)經(jing)(jing)113°37′39″—113°50′08″,北緯25°54′02″—26°06′59″之間。東(dong)以海拔1724米(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)為起(qi)點向南(nan)沿山(shan)(shan)(shan)脊(ji)線(xian)經(jing)(jing)1666.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1617米(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)源鄉(xiang)(xiang)芳村(cun),向東(dong)南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)都(dou)(dou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)新龍村(cun)、雙溪村(cun),經(jing)(jing)1034.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1530.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1734.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1206米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1077.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1084.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)、906米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1403.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)都(dou)(dou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)水村(cun)、文(wen)閣村(cun)宋坪(ping)(ping)國有林場(chang)(chang)八面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)分場(chang)(chang)、青(qing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)上游村(cun)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)羅家(jia)(jia)村(cun)、青(qing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)青(qing)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)林場(chang)(chang);南(nan)界(jie)(jie)經(jing)(jing)1299米(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)沿江(jiang)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)青(qing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)彩洞村(cun);西界(jie)(jie)經(jing)(jing)1435.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1666.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)興市連坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)成康村(cun),再(zai)經(jing)(jing)1669.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1674.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)、2046.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)、1714.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)興市連坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)金塘村(cun)、資(zi)興市天鵝山(shan)(shan)(shan)國有林場(chang)(chang)、青(qing)市紅星村(cun)、資(zi)興市煙坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)頂寮村(cun);北界(jie)(jie)沿山(shan)(shan)(shan)脊(ji)線(xian)經(jing)(jing)1651米(mi)(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)、齊云亭、1679米(mi)(mi)(mi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株洲市炎(yan)陵(ling)縣(xian)龍渣(zha)鄉(xiang)(xiang)雙奎(kui)村(cun),再(zai)向東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株洲市炎(yan)陵(ling)縣(xian)平樂鄉(xiang)(xiang)平樂村(cun)止。
八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)是以縱谷脊(ji)嶺(ling)為主(zhu)的中(zhong)山(shan)地貌, 低海拔860米(mi),高主(zhu)峰(feng)為2043米(mi)。高山(shan)聳峙(zhi),氣勢雄偉,層巒疊嶂,林(lin)海蒼茫,以“離天(tian)三尺(chi)三,人(ren)過要低頭,馬(ma)過要下鞍”而(er)聞名。 清(qing)代桂(gui)東知縣洪鐘的詩《過八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)》描:“峭壁(bi)萬(wan)仞鬼斧劈,鳥道飛(fei)懸不(bu)盈尺(chi)。驅走怪(guai)石開(kai)鴻蒙,奇幼天(tian)生(sheng)倚空碧。一峰(feng)未(wei)過一峰(feng)橫,上天(tian)入淵心(xin)擔驚(jing)。饑鷹掠人(ren)晝厲(li)吻(wen),哀猿嘯侶(lv)夜深鳴。平生(sheng)游歷境不(bu)到(dao),疑汝(ru)鑿開(kai)混(hun)沌竅。胸中(zhong)五岳(yue)森(sen)崢嶸,對此(ci)何能(neng)夸奇奧。百里雷封萬(wan)笏山(shan),青(qing)驄黃綬(shou)白云間。但愿五都厚風(feng)俗,人(ren)心(xin)人(ren)面(mian)莫與此(ci)山(shan)竟孱顏。”八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)的驚(jing)、險、奇可見一斑。
八面(mian)山(shan)自(zi)然保護區現(xian)(xian)在(zai)地(di)貌(mao)格(ge)局的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)是在(zai)內(nei)外(wai)營(ying)力(li)共同作(zuo)用(yong)下,經歷(li)了(le)漫長(chang)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)歷(li)史(shi)過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。深(shen)受(shou)其所處(chu)(chu)區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)殼運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)、地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)、巖(yan)石(shi)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)外(wai)力(li)作(zuo)用(yong)控制和(he)支配(pei)。在(zai)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)期中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),正處(chu)(chu)于南嶺東西構(gou)造(zao)(zao)帶和(he)羅霄山(shan)脈(mo)南北(bei)(bei)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)帶相互干擾、相互交叉(cha)和(he)重(zhong)疊(die)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域;它(ta)主要里東、印(yin)支、燕(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)新(xin)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)等(deng)歷(li)史(shi)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)。這里從震旦系至(zhi)志(zhi)留(liu)系長(chang)達四系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)史(shi)時(shi)期曾(ceng)是片海(hai)洋(yang),位于湘(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、湘(xiang)東南“華(hua)夏(xia)古陸(lu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊緣古海(hai)槽(cao)沉積(ji)區,志(zhi)留(liu)紀末,加里東造(zao)(zao)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong),海(hai)水退(tui)卻,隆起為陸(lu)。表現(xian)(xian)為大面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)三迭紀末的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)支運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong),表現(xian)(xian)為強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擠壓,產生長(chang)約(yue)45公里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水口(kou)――八面(mian)山(shan)一(yi)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)S狀(zhuang)旋(xuan)卷構(gou)造(zao)(zao)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)侏羅紀末發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong),表現(xian)(xian)為明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷塊運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)近南北(bei)(bei)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)褶(zhe)皺山(shan)。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)后,構(gou)造(zao)(zao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)以間歇性(xing)抬升(sheng)剝蝕(shi)夷(yi)平,造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)所見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1000米以上(shang)(shang)五(wu)級(ji)(ji)剝夷(yi)面(mian),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)八面(mian)山(shan)“H”形(xing)(xing)地(di)貌(mao)輪(lun)廓(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雛型。晚第(di)三紀開(kai)始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)繼承了(le)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征,繼續斷塊上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),且明顯(xian)地(di)表現(xian)(xian)為間歇性(xing)和(he)差異性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點,使(shi)境內(nei)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1000米以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)級(ji)(ji)剝夷(yi)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)到現(xian)(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度,而呈現(xian)(xian)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)貌(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本輪(lun)廓(kuo)。由于地(di)面(mian)流(liu)水、風(feng)化和(he)重(zhong)力(li)作(zuo)用(yong)等(deng)外(wai)部營(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)現(xian)(xian)代八面(mian)山(shan)嶺谷縱橫相間,切割甚深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“U”、“H”型峽谷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)貌(mao)特(te)(te)征。
八面山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區屬于南亞熱帶山地濕潤(run)氣候,冬(dong)無嚴(yan)寒,夏無酷(ku)暑,秋溫(wen)高于春溫(wen),區內(nei)年平均氣溫(wen)15.8℃,無霜期240—280天,光照(zhao)充足,小(xiao)氣候變化(hua)多樣,素有“天然(ran)空(kong)調”之稱。
八面山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)內(nei)海拔800—2042米, 高山聳峙(zhi),氣勢雄偉,層巒疊嶂,林(lin)(lin)海蒼茫,系(xi)典型的(de)(de)中(zhong)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)濕潤地區(qu),原始森林(lin)(lin)植被保(bao)存(cun)完好,珍稀瀕危物(wu)種(zhong)資(zi)源豐富,生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣性水平高,溝谷(gu)地生(sheng)長的(de)(de)常綠闊葉林(lin)(lin)為(wei)南嶺(ling)溝谷(gu)雨林(lin)(lin),區(qu)內(nei)山中(zhong)有(you)種(zhong)子植物(wu)146科(ke),584屬,1182種(zhong),有(you)很多(duo)(duo)屬國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)護的(de)(de)珍稀樹種(zhong),如銀(yin)杉(shan)、伯樂樹等。大銀(yin)杉(shan)樹徑(jing)達1.34米,高32米;密的(de)(de)銀(yin)杉(shan)群落(luo),五畝(mu)內(nei)達112株(zhu)。另有(you)國(guo)家(jia)二、三級(ji)保(bao)護植物(wu)是29種(zhong)。
八面山(shan)(shan)自然(ran)保護區(qu)內野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)136種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)稀(xi)有(you)珍貴野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu),數量為湖(hu)南第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi),有(you)屬于國家一(yi)(yi)(yi)級保護動(dong)物(wu)華南虎、金貓、云(yun)(yun)豹(bao)等(deng),屬于國家二級保護動(dong)物(wu)獼猴等(deng),共15種(zhong),動(dong)植物(wu)生態渾然(ran)天成,至(zhi)今仍處于原(yuan)始狀態,沒(mei)有(you)人為改造痕跡(ji)。地(di)貌(mao)類(lei)型(xing)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)縱谷(gu)脊嶺為主的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)地(di)貌(mao),低海拔860米,高主峰2043米, 山(shan)(shan)上(shang),千年鐵杉有(you)黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)秀,千年古道有(you)華山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)險(xian)。石筍(sun)千姿百態,有(you)張(zhang)家界之(zhi)(zhi)景;草原(yuan)在云(yun)(yun)霧(wu)中(zhong)時(shi)隱時(shi)現(xian),與仙(xian)境(jing)無異。還有(you)杜鵑(juan)花漫(man)山(shan)(shan)遍野(ye),相思鳥(niao)情(qing)滿其(qi)間。 幸存享有(you)植物(wu)“熊貓”之(zhi)(zhi)稱的(de)(de)(de)“國寶”一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)銀杉和中(zhong)國三大名虎之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)華南虎,是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國大的(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)基因庫,也是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個以(yi)華南虎為重點保護對象而設立的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)保護區(qu),有(you)“動(dong)植物(wu)王國”之(zhi)(zhi)稱。
八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)的(de)前(qian)身是桂東縣宋(song)坪林(lin)場(chang)(chang)(chang)八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)分場(chang)(chang)(chang), 1984年建自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu),實(shi)行一套(tao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)馬兩(liang)塊牌(pai)子(場(chang)(chang)(chang)所)的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)辦法,并代管(guan)(guan)區(qu)內(nei)兩(liang)個農(nong)隊(dui),總(zong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)260人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。現有(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)理(li)干部4名(ming),護林(lin)員20名(ming),林(lin)場(chang)(chang)(chang)工人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)28名(ming),兩(liang)個農(nong)隊(dui)216人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),其中(zhong)(zhong)桃(tao)寮隊(dui)99人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),金銀鋪(pu)117人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),為(wei)漢族。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)密度為(wei)5.68人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)/平方公(gong)里。主要集中(zhong)(zhong)在管(guan)(guan)理(li)所附近(jin)。兩(liang)個農(nong)隊(dui)有(you)(you)水田173.5畝(mu),占自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積的(de)0.27%,居住區(qu)和(he)水田、旱田分布(bu)在海拔1000米左右(you)的(de)山(shan)谷中(zhong)(zhong)。目前(qian)糧食產量低(di),不能自(zi)給(gei),每年返銷(xiao)8.5萬斤糧食。1981-1984年人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)均(jun)年收入216元。過去為(wei)增加糧食產量和(he)經濟收入,當地(di)農(nong)民毀林(lin)開荒、伐木、挖筍、種香菇等,造(zao)成森(sen)林(lin)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積減少;水土流失;動植物資(zi)源隨之減少。保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)與外界只有(you)(you)一條相通的(de)公(gong)路,距縣城80公(gong)里。
保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)按功(gong)能分區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),劃(hua)為核(he)(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、緩沖(chong)(chong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)三(san)個區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu),核(he)(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)精(jing)華,包含了主要的(de)(de)森林群落類型(xing)和(he)珍稀(xi)(xi)野生(sheng)動(dong)植物棲息環境(jing)等保(bao)(bao)護(hu)對象。核(he)(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)禁止人為活動(dong),以(yi)使受(shou)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)珍稀(xi)(xi)瀕危野生(sheng)動(dong)植物有一個不受(shou)人為干擾(rao)的(de)(de)自然(ran)生(sheng)活環境(jing),保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)保(bao)(bao)存完整的(de)(de)自然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)系統;緩沖(chong)(chong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位于核(he)(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)四周,是(shi)核(he)(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)這之間的(de)(de)緩沖(chong)(chong)地帶,對核(he)(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)起(qi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)緩沖(chong)(chong)作用(yong),以(yi)擴大和(he)延伸被保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物種的(de)(de)生(sheng)長和(he)活動(dong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu);實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)處于核(he)(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、緩沖(chong)(chong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)外圍,為保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)經營區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),是(shi)提供(gong)科研教學,生(sheng)態(tai)旅游、經營管理的(de)(de)地方。
保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)是(shi)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu),自建(jian)(jian)(jian)立保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)以(yi)來,投入建(jian)(jian)(jian)設經費300多萬(wan)元,改造修建(jian)(jian)(jian)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)管理分站5個,在臨近村莊(zhuang)和交通要道共設立固定(ding)宣傳牌(pai)、指(zhi)示牌(pai)36座,在核(he)心區(qu)(qu)界(jie)線上埋設界(jie)樁近500個,維修公(gong)路35km;投入補償(chang)(chang)(chang)償(chang)(chang)(chang)資金100多萬(wan)元,對(dui)核(he)心區(qu)(qu)進行了補償(chang)(chang)(chang),使保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)的(de)道路等基礎(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設得到(dao)有效改善,林農利益得到(dao)基本保(bao)障,有力(li)地促(cu)進了保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)的(de)健(jian)康發展(zhan)。
在加強(qiang)基礎設施建設的(de)同時(shi),保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)加強(qiang)了(le)(le)(le)科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作(zuo),與(yu)有(you)關科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)單(dan)位合作(zuo),開(kai)展(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)系列科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)活動。1999年,邀請(qing)湖(hu)南(nan)省林(lin)(lin)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學院(yuan)、湖(hu)南(nan)師(shi)范(fan)大學、湖(hu)南(nan)省地質研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所的(de)10多名(ming)專家(jia)、教授(shou)和(he)林(lin)(lin)業(ye)局組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)考察(cha)(cha)隊對(dui)(dui)自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)綜合考察(cha)(cha);2003年又邀請(qing)湖(hu)南(nan)省林(lin)(lin)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)、湖(hu)南(nan)師(shi)范(fan)大學的(de)有(you)關專家(jia)、教授(shou)和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)管(guan)理站的(de)技(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)一(yi)道進(jin)(jin)(jin)入保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)補(bu)(bu)充調(diao)查,增(zeng)補(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)大型真菌(jun)和(he)昆蟲等考察(cha)(cha)內(nei)(nei)容。同時(shi)組(zu)織(zhi)技(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)的(de)珍稀樹(shu)種(zhong)和(he)重點保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)對(dui)(dui)象進(jin)(jin)(jin)行清查、建檔。與(yu)中國(guo)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學院(yuan)會同生態定位研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)站、湖(hu)南(nan)林(lin)(lin)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學院(yuan)等單(dan)位一(yi)起(qi)完成了(le)(le)(le)多個課題的(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),并取得一(yi)定的(de)成果。配合中國(guo)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學院(yuan)武漢植(zhi)物研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所、華東師(shi)范(fan)大學進(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)植(zhi)物資源調(diao)查。開(kai)展(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)珍稀保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)樹(shu)種(zhong)的(de)就地保(bao)(bao)(bao)存(cun)與(yu)遷地保(bao)(bao)(bao)存(cun)技(ji)術的(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。通過考察(cha)(cha),基本(ben)掌握了(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)自然環境和(he)自然資源情況,為進(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、建設和(he)利(li)用好保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)提供了(le)(le)(le)科(ke)(ke)(ke)學依據。
健(jian)全了(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)機構。設(she)立(li)(li)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局,下設(she)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)站,具體負責保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、建設(she)和科研及開發,編制(zhi)(zhi)13人(ren),同時聘用28名(ming)當地居民(min)為保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)巡護(hu)(hu)(hu)員。二(er)是加大宣傳(chuan)力度(du)(du)(du)。建立(li)(li)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)后,區(qu)內(nei)(nei)實行禁伐,對區(qu)內(nei)(nei)群眾的(de)生產生活構成了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)影響。為爭取農(nong)民(min)群眾的(de)理(li)(li)解、支持,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)利(li)用大小會議、廣播(bo)電(dian)視、發放宣傳(chuan)單等方式進(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)廣泛深入的(de)宣傳(chuan),在主要(yao)路口制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)標語標牌,同時舉(ju)辦各種學習(xi)培訓班(ban),在提高農(nong)民(min)認識的(de)基礎上,讓農(nong)民(min)掌握一(yi)兩(liang)門實用技術,促(cu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)(le)社區(qu)共建,收到了(le)(le)(le)良好的(de)宣傳(chuan)效(xiao)果。三是健(jian)全了(le)(le)(le)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。出臺了(le)(le)(le)《保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)森(sen)林(lin)防火管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)》,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)建立(li)(li)完(wan)善了(le)(le)(le)崗位(wei)責任制(zhi)(zhi),使保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)日趨制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)化(hua)、規范化(hua)。四是加強綜合治理(li)(li)。縣委(wei)、縣政府對保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)十分重(zhong)視,多次組(zu)織工(gong)作(zuo)隊(dui),對區(qu)內(nei)(nei)的(de)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)作(zuo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行綜合整治,打擊區(qu)內(nei)(nei)各類(lei)林(lin)業(ye)犯罪。
多(duo)年來,保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)把森(sen)林(lin)防(fang)火(huo)工(gong)作(zuo)當作(zuo)頭等大事來抓。廣泛開展(zhan)森(sen)防(fang)宣(xuan)傳,貫徹(che)“森(sen)林(lin)防(fang)火(huo)責任重(zhong)于泰山”的意識(shi),做到(dao)家(jia)喻戶曉;認真(zhen)落實森(sen)防(fang)工(gong)作(zuo)責任制,縣(xian)、鄉(xiang)、村層層簽(qian)訂森(sen)防(fang)工(gong)作(zuo)責任狀;局、鄉(xiang)、村各(ge)(ge)級都成(cheng)立了義務撲火(huo)隊(dui)(dui),全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)共成(cheng)立撲火(huo)隊(dui)(dui)24支(zhi)500余(yu)人。保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)成(cheng)立至今,未發(fa)(fa)(fa)生過(guo)森(sen)林(lin)火(huo)警、火(huo)災。五(wu)是(shi)社區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)共管有新路。從1998年起,保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)不斷引進項(xiang)目、資(zi)金和技術,一手抓保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管理,一手抓社區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。累計投入各(ge)(ge)項(xiang)資(zi)金200余(yu)萬(wan)元(yuan),初步改善了社區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)群(qun)眾(zhong)的交通、通訊(xun)和生產、生活等條件,扶持發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)了沼氣(qi)用(yong)戶80余(yu)戶,發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)“農家(jia)樂”旅(lv)游(you)接待點(dian)11處,并引導當地群(qun)眾(zhong)積極參與(yu)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管理與(yu)建設項(xiang)目實施,增加(jia)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內群(qun)眾(zhong)的收入,融洽了社區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)群(qun)眾(zhong)的關系。
在嚴格保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)自(zi)然資源(yuan)(yuan)和生態環境的基礎上,充分發揮保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區自(zi)然資源(yuan)(yuan)優(you)勢,合理(li)規劃,適(shi)度開(kai)發生態旅游,是(shi)搞好資源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和開(kai)發利(li)用并舉的有效途徑(jing)。近年(nian)來,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區逐步規劃開(kai)發了一(yi)些旅游景點和線路。每年(nian)游客人(ren)數達5000人(ren)次以上。
由于(yu)強烈的(de)(de)地質運動(dong), 八面(mian)山主峰八面(mian)懸崖峭(qiao)壁(bi),危石(shi)聳(song)立(li),溝谷縱橫,形成了雞(ji)心石(shi)、金(jin)雞(ji)叫天門、天宮神印、仙牛騰云、銅鑼圈、小石(shi)林等極具觀(guan)(guan)賞價(jia)值的(de)(de)自然景(jing)觀(guan)(guan),區內(nei)氣候(hou)宜人(ren),生態環境清閑幽(you)雅,動(dong)植物資(zi)源豐富,各(ge)種(zhong)古樹(shu)名木、異獸珍禽(qin)、琪花(hua)(hua)瑤草充斥其間。春季(ji),杜鵑(juan)花(hua)(hua)漫(man)山遍野,相(xiang)思鳥情滿(man)其間;夏季(ji),山頂的(de)(de)柳葉(xie)箬草翠綠(lv)(lv)如(ru)茵,軟(ruan)如(ru)綠(lv)(lv)毯(tan);秋季(ji),紅葉(xie)似火(huo)焰,盡顯(xian)“層林盡染”的(de)(de)秀麗景(jing)象;冬季(ji),玉樹(shu)瓊枝,猶(you)如(ru)千樹(shu)萬樹(shu)梨花(hua)(hua)開(kai),呈(cheng)現一派(pai)粉(fen)妝(zhuang)玉砌的(de)(de)世界。穿行在峰巒幽(you)谷之中(zhong),汪汪碧(bi)波與(yu)涓(juan)涓(juan)細流相(xiang)通,溪依山流,山依溪轉,地形各(ge)異,泉水不同,如(ru)瑤琴(qin)低(di)訴,似鼓瑟齊鳴,若玉帶(dai)飄(piao)蕩。“山得(de)水而活(huo),水因山更幽(you)”,多姿的(de)(de)水流給八面(mian)山以(yi)生命與(yu)活(huo)力。漫(man)步其中(zhong),有(you)“無山不綠(lv)(lv),有(you)水皆清,四時噴香,萬壑鳥鳴”的(de)(de)美妙意境。
八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)的(de)古(gu)(gu)跡有南(nan)天古(gu)(gu)廟舊址、八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)碑刻、傳說中郭法主鎮妖的(de)火燒山(shan)(shan)、百(bai)合神仙耕種地(di)等(deng),令人(ren)油然而生思古(gu)(gu)之幽情。1934—1949年(nian)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(西(xi)邊山(shan)(shan)地(di)區)革命(ming)(ming)斗(dou)爭(zheng)連綿不斷(duan),此(ci)處(chu)還有紅(hong)(hong)軍三五九旅南(nan)征(zheng)(zheng)北返宿營地(di)遺址。八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)境內桃(tao)(tao)寮(liao)村有“紅(hong)(hong)軍村”之稱。1928年(nian),該(gai)村17戶60多人(ren)中,就有17名(ming)青年(nian)參加紅(hong)(hong)軍,村內先后(hou)有46人(ren)為革命(ming)(ming)犧牲。1934年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)建立了紅(hong)(hong)軍長征(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)湖南(nan)第一個蘇維埃政權,毛澤(ze)東、朱德、彭(peng)德懷、陳(chen)毅(yi)、劉伯承等(deng)老一輩無產階級革命(ming)(ming)家也曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)開展革命(ming)(ming)活動(dong)。抗(kang)日戰爭(zheng)時期,美國(guo)空軍飛虎隊飛機在(zai)(zai)(zai)與(yu)敵機戰斗(dou)中墜毀在(zai)(zai)(zai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)桃(tao)(tao)寮(liao),使八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)披(pi)上了一層傳奇(qi)的(de)色彩,更是進行愛國(guo)主義傳統教(jiao)育的(de)基地(di)。
八面山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)主峰石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),高2043米。石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)騰云(yun)等(deng)景點在(zai)桂東(dong)流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)著許(xu)多美(mei)麗(li)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)說,流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)廣的(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)桂東(dong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)郎織(zhi)女(nv)(nv)與(yu)石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)說。傳(chuan)(chuan)說天(tian)(tian)上因(yin)觸犯了(le)天(tian)(tian)規被(bei)貶下(xia)(xia)天(tian)(tian)來(lai)的(de)(de)灰(hui)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)大仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被(bei)降伏于(yu)(yu)此。石牛(niu)(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)說中牛(niu)(niu)(niu)郎所找到的(de)(de)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)。八面山(shan)(shan),由于(yu)(yu)離天(tian)(tian)只有三尺三,故(gu)而氣候涼(liang)(liang)爽,傳(chuan)(chuan)說當(dang)天(tian)(tian)上的(de)(de)神仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)酷暑南耐時,是(shi)神仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)每年夏天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)凡避暑納涼(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)地方,他們于(yu)(yu)漚江河邊洗澡降溫,或游(you)水嘻(xi)戲。 神仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)頂上下(xia)(xia)棋,仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)在(zai)那(nei)河里洗澡,乃人間(jian)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)境(jing)。在(zai)天(tian)(tian)上酷暑難耐之時,織(zhi)女(nv)(nv)和諸仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)女(nv)(nv)也(ye)一起下(xia)(xia)凡納涼(liang)(liang),于(yu)(yu)是(shi)有了(le)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)郎在(zai)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)幫(bang)助(zhu)下(xia)(xia)終于(yu)(yu)與(yu)織(zhi)女(nv)(nv)相會,結下(xia)(xia)了(le)美(mei)滿姻緣。流(liu)下(xia)(xia)了(le)千古愛情的(de)(de)佳話。
石牛仙(xian)同時也是桂東和資興(xing)兩(liang)縣著名的佛教仙(xian)場,解放前香火旺盛,是一個有一定規(gui)模的寺廟(miao)。文(wen)革中被(bei)毀,另(ling)一小廟(miao)里(li)至(zhi)今仍(reng)供奉著兩(liang)尊(zun)被(bei)毀去頭顱(lu)的佛像(xiang)。此外,八(ba)面山上(shang)仍(reng)存有南天(tian)舊庫(ku)舊址、八(ba)面山碑刻等(deng)古跡,并(bing)還有“郭法主鎮妖(yao)火燒山、百合神仙(xian)耕種”等(deng)美麗傳說(shuo)。
八面山自(zi)然保護區內(nei)有(you)上(shang)、中(zhong)、下三條(tiao)千年古道,自(zi)四都經金銀鋪、小屋(wu)溪、江(jiang)腦里(li)可至資興赤竹園、青(qing)市,全長40公(gong)里(li),在(zai)桂東沒(mei)有(you)通(tong)(tong)公(gong)路之(zhi)前,是(shi)桂東通(tong)(tong)往郴州的(de)主要(yao)官道。路邊古木參天,怪石(shi)嶙峋,崎(qi)嶇險峻(jun),行人(ren)視(shi)為險途。相傳古時有(you)幾位秀才打這條(tiao)路往省(sheng)府趕考,為了緩解(jie)旅途的(de)疲乏,相約每隔十(shi)里(li)吟詩(shi)一(yi)句:“一(yi)十(shi)高龍仙,二十(shi)牛市冒(mao)青(qing)煙;三十(shi)槽里(li)穿山谷,四十(shi)青(qing)岡不(bu)見天;五(wu)十(shi)龍渣水淼(miao)淼(miao),六十(shi)苗公(gong)走(zou)上(shang)天……”詩(shi)中(zhong)所描敘的(de)就是(shi)當(dang)年這條(tiao)古道上(shang)的(de)情景(jing)。文者早已(yi)仙逝,而詩(shi)謠至今仍在(zai)民間口口相傳。1957年106國道竣(jun)通(tong)(tong)之(zhi)后,這條(tiao)路多湮沒(mei)于(yu)草蔓荒野之(zhi)間,漸(jian)漸(jian)在(zai)人(ren)們的(de)記憶(yi)中(zhong)淡忘,現已(yi)難于(yu)考證。桂東八面山風景(jing)優(you)美(mei),林海茫茫,是(shi)科學(xue)考察、旅游、夏令(ling)營活動的(de)極(ji)好(hao)場所。
八(ba)面山,坐落在(zai)湖南(nan)省桂東縣西部(bu),屬(shu)省級自(zi)然保護區。當你(ni)走進(jin)(jin)這座巍峨大山,你(ni)就(jiu)走進(jin)(jin)了原(yuan)始、古樸、自(zi)然的美麗畫卷(juan)。隨(sui)意按下相機快門,就(jiu)會(hui)攝下一幅幅精美的瞬間。
八面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)縱(zong)谷脊嶺為主的(de)(de)中(zhong)山(shan)地貌,低海拔(ba)860米,高主峰(feng)為2043米。高山(shan)聳峙,氣勢雄偉(wei),層巒疊(die)嶂,林(lin)海蒼茫,以(yi)(yi)“離天(tian)(tian)三尺三,人過要低頭,馬過要下鞍”而聞名。正(zheng)如(ru)清代桂東(dong)知縣(xian)洪鐘的(de)(de)詩《過八面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)》描述的(de)(de)那樣(yang):“峭壁萬仞鬼(gui)斧劈(pi),鳥道飛(fei)懸不(bu)盈(ying)尺。驅走怪石(shi)開(kai)(kai)鴻蒙,奇(qi)幼(you)天(tian)(tian)生(sheng)倚空碧。一(yi)峰(feng)未過一(yi)峰(feng)橫,上(shang)天(tian)(tian)入淵心擔驚。饑鷹掠人晝厲吻,哀猿嘯侶夜深鳴。平生(sheng)游歷境不(bu)到,疑(yi)汝鑿開(kai)(kai)混沌竅。胸中(zhong)五岳森崢嶸,對此何能(neng)夸奇(qi)奧。百(bai)里雷封萬笏山(shan),青馬總黃綬白云間(jian)。但愿五都厚風俗,人心人面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)莫與此山(shan)竟孱顏。”八面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)的(de)(de)驚、險、奇(qi)由此可見一(yi)斑。
八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)除(chu)了千(qian)年(nian)古(gu)道有華山(shan)之(zhi)險外,千(qian)年(nian)鐵杉(shan)亦(yi)有黃山(shan)之(zhi)秀,石筍(sun)千(qian)姿百態,更有張(zhang)家界之(zhi)奇。山(shan)頂(ding)草(cao)場在(zai)(zai)云霧中時隱時現,宛(wan)若仙境。山(shan)谷中,許多灘流和疊瀑漸次(ci)由(you)高(gao)處奔流而下,水汽(qi)蒸騰,令人神(shen)清氣(qi)爽。春季(ji),杜鵑花(hua)漫山(shan)遍(bian)野(ye),競相綻放。綿延數里杜鵑長廊,讓人目不暇接、驚嘆不已。相思鳥啁(zhou)啾其間,唱不完的(de)相思情(qing)深;夏季(ji),山(shan)頂(ding)的(de)柳葉箸草(cao)叢翠綠如茵,柔軟如毯;秋(qiu)季(ji),絢爛濃艷的(de)紅葉在(zai)(zai)山(shan)谷中洶涌彌(mi)漫,綠葉似碧玉鑲嵌其間,隨處可見(jian)的(de)荔枝(zhi)、草(cao)莓等各種野(ye)果,伸(shen)手可及,令人垂涎;冬(dong)季(ji),玉樹瓊(qiong)枝(zhi),猶如千(qian)樹萬樹梨花(hua)開,呈現一派冰雕(diao)玉砌的(de)景象。
八面山的(de)(de)總面積為10974公頃,森(sen)林覆蓋率85.2%。山中有(you)種(zhong)子植(zhi)物178科,834屬,2031種(zhong)。國(guo)家一級保護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)珍稀(xi)樹種(zhong)有(you)銀杉、伯樂樹等(deng)。大(da)銀杉樹徑達1.38米,高24米。密的(de)(de)銀杉群落,5畝(mu)內(nei)達112株。另有(you)國(guo)家重(zhong)點保護(hu)(hu)一、二(er)級野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物21種(zhong)。區內(nei)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動物240種(zhong),其中稀(xi)有(you)珍貴野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動物數量(liang)為湖南(nan)第一。有(you)國(guo)家一級保護(hu)(hu)動物華南(nan)虎、金(jin)貓、云豹以(yi)及國(guo)家二(er)級保護(hu)(hu)動物獼猴等(deng),共43種(zhong)。這里的(de)(de)山水草木、飛禽(qin)走獸(shou)無不(bu)保持著原(yuan)始質(zhi)樸的(de)(de)風貌(mao),鮮見一絲人工痕跡。
八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)的(de)古(gu)跡有(you)南(nan)天古(gu)廟舊址、八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)碑刻、傳(chuan)說中郭法主鎮妖的(de)火燒山(shan)、百合(he)神仙耕種地(di)等,令人(ren)(ren)油然而生(sheng)(sheng)思(si)古(gu)之幽情(qing)。1934—1949年八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(西邊(bian)山(shan)地(di)區)革命(ming)(ming)斗爭連(lian)綿不斷,此處還有(you)紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun)三五九旅南(nan)征北返宿營地(di)遺(yi)址。八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)境內桃(tao)寮(liao)村(cun)(cun)有(you)“紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun)村(cun)(cun)”之稱(cheng)。1928年,該村(cun)(cun)17戶60多(duo)人(ren)(ren)中,就有(you)17名青年參加紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun),村(cun)(cun)內先(xian)后(hou)有(you)46人(ren)(ren)為革命(ming)(ming)獻出了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)。1934年在(zai)此建立(li)了(le)紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun)長征后(hou)湖南(nan)第一(yi)個蘇維埃政權,毛(mao)澤東、朱德(de)(de)、彭德(de)(de)懷、陳毅(yi)、劉(liu)伯承等老(lao)一(yi)輩無(wu)產階級革命(ming)(ming)家也(ye)曾在(zai)八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)開(kai)展革命(ming)(ming)活動。抗日戰爭時期(qi),美國空軍(jun)飛虎隊飛機(ji)(ji)在(zai)與敵機(ji)(ji)戰斗中墜(zhui)毀在(zai)八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)桃(tao)寮(liao),使八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)披上了(le)一(yi)層傳(chuan)奇的(de)色彩(cai),更是進(jin)行愛國主義(yi)傳(chuan)統(tong)教育的(de)基地(di)。