長江天鵝洲(zhou)白鰭豚國家級自然保(bao)護區有(you)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于64科(ke)168屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。共有(you)高(gao)等陸生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中，鳥(niao)類(lei)14目(mu)33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中包(bao)括中國國家一級保(bao)護鳥(niao)類(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二(er)級保(bao)護鳥(niao)類(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸(shou)類(lei)6目(mu)8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包(bao)括國家一級保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)白暨(ji)豚和麋鹿，二(er)級保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)長江江豚；兩棲(qi)(qi)類(lei)1目(mu)3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)2目(mu)6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)調查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)最高(gao)記錄曾(ceng)達到(dao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分屬(shu)(shu)(shu)18科(ke)，其中鯉形(xing)目(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占67.5%，是“四大(da)家魚(yu)”的(de)(de)(de)天然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)源庫。故道水(shui)體共有(you)浮游植物(wu)(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底(di)棲(qi)(qi)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐度的(de)(de)(de)定義——相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐度是指該區域的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量占所屬(shu)(shu)(shu)行政(zheng)省(sheng)(sheng)區的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量的(de)(de)(de)比例。湖北省(sheng)(sheng)約有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右(you)；陸生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右(you)，魚(yu)類(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據此可以(yi)粗略的(de)(de)(de)估(gu)算出(chu)天鵝洲(zhou)動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐度。高(gao)等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐度比較(jiao)低，僅約占全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)6.4%，按標準規定屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)低”的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平；動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)約占全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)41.7%，屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)高(gao)”的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲白鰭(qi)豚國(guo)家級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)位于江(jiang)(jiang)漢平(ping)原南緣，由(you)于地(di)勢低(di)(di)平(ping)，水流的(de)(de)擺動和沖(chong)刷，長江(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)荊江(jiang)(jiang)河道(dao)(dao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)“九曲回腸”的(de)(de)獨特景觀，后(hou)經自(zi)然(ran)或人工裁彎(wan)取直留下(xia)了眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)(牛軛湖)。天(tian)鵝(e)洲故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)是(shi)1972年自(zi)然(ran)截彎(wan)取直而成(cheng)。故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)呈(cheng)新月形(xing)(xing)(xing)，環繞天(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)，天(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)呈(cheng)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)，東南側(ce)在(zai)枯水期與小河鎮相(xiang)連，呈(cheng)半島(dao)型；汛(xun)期則完全(quan)被故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)包圍。1998年大(da)洪水后(hou)，為了保護(hu)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)區(qu)人民的(de)(de)生命(ming)財產安全(quan)，在(zai)漁政站、春風(feng)閘(zha)一帶(dai)修筑了平(ping)均高度達38.5米(mi)的(de)(de)圍堤，之(zhi)后(hou)又在(zai)此基礎上(shang)(shang)加高1米(mi)，即現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)沙灘(tan)子大(da)堤，僅有下(xia)口閘(zha)在(zai)汛(xun)期通過人為調控與長江(jiang)(jiang)相(xiang)連。 天(tian)鵝(e)洲濕地(di)以故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)水面為最低(di)(di)，山故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)淺灘(tan)逐(zhu)漸(jian)向江(jiang)(jiang)岸增高。平(ping)均海拔(ba)一般35米(mi)左右(you)，最高點為38.44米(mi)，最低(di)(di)點32.91米(mi)，相(xiang)對高差不大(da)。一年一度的(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)水泛濫，加上(shang)(shang)洞(dong)庭湖的(de)(de)頂托，流速降低(di)(di)，泥沙淤積(ji)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)大(da)片的(de)(de)蘆葦沼澤濕地(di)。
天鵝洲白鰭(qi)豚國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)屬(shu)于(yu)亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)季風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候。保(bao)護區(qu)內的年(nian)太陽輻射總量達(da)106千卡/平(ping)方厘(li)米(mi)，能充分滿足植物光合(he)作用的需(xu)要。全年(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)總時數(shu)1844小(xiao)(xiao)時左石(shi)，夏(xia)(xia)季初(chu)秋(qiu)(qiu)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)多(duo)，月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)時數(shu)達(da)215小(xiao)(xiao)時的有7個月(yue)（4-10月(yue)），全年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)每天日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)5小(xiao)(xiao)時以上(shang)。最(zui)(zui)多(duo)“月(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出現(xian)(xian)在7月(yue)，為318.8小(xiao)(xiao)時，最(zui)(zui)少“月(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出現(xian)(xian)在12月(yue)，為25.7小(xiao)(xiao)時，年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)百分率為42%。 保(bao)護區(qu)年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)16.5℃左右(you)(you)，最(zui)(zui)熱(re)(re)月(yue)7月(yue)份平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)28.5℃左右(you)(you)，極端最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)38.6℃左右(you)(you)；最(zui)(zui)冷月(yue)l月(yue)份平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)3.5℃左右(you)(you)，極端最(zui)(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-14.9℃，0℃以上(shang)活(huo)動(dong)積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)達(da)6000℃。每年(nian)的無霜(shuang)期長達(da)261天，超(chao)過石(shi)首市(shi)258天的平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)數(shu)。冬季受強大的蒙古(gu)冷高(gao)壓控制和(he)(he)影響(xiang)，多(duo)偏北(bei)風，天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)寒冷、干燥；夏(xia)(xia)季受太平(ping)洋(yang)副熱(re)(re)帶(dai)高(gao)壓、印度洋(yang)熱(re)(re)低(di)壓影響(xiang)和(he)(he)控制，多(duo)偏南風，天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)炎(yan)熱(re)(re)；春(chun)季、初(chu)夏(xia)(xia)、晚秋(qiu)(qiu)，南北(bei)冷熱(re)(re)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)經常在長江中下游一(yi)帶(dai)匯合(he)交鋒，造成較多(duo)降水，常出現(xian)(xian)春(chun)雨(yu)、梅雨(yu)和(he)(he)秋(qiu)(qiu)雨(yu)。
保護區的(de)年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)達(da)(da)1200毫(hao)米(mi)以上(shang)，其中6月(yue)(yue)最多，達(da)(da)191毫(hao)米(mi)左右，1月(yue)(yue)最少，只有30毫(hao)米(mi)左右。年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)絕對濕度大(da)17.4毫(hao)巴(ba)，年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)相對濕度為80%左右。歷(li)年(nian)(nian)3-8月(yue)(yue)均(jun)(jun)雨量(liang)都大(da)于100毫(hao)米(mi)，4-10月(yue)(yue)的(de)總雨量(liang)高達(da)(da)859.7毫(hao)米(mi)，占全年(nian)(nian)總雨量(liang)的(de)74.5%。
保(bao)護區所在的石首市的災害天氣有：陣陰雨、寒潮、低溫、大風、降雪(xue)、積雪(xue)、雹、雷、霧、霜(shuang)、霜(shuang)凍(dong)等(deng)13種(zhong)，其中值得引起(qi)保(bao)護區足夠(gou)重視的主要有旱、澇、風、凍(dong)等(deng)4種(zhong)。
天鵝洲長江(jiang)故道濕地(di)(di)(di)自然保(bao)護(hu)區屬(shu)典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近代河(he)(he)流(liu)相沖積、洪積物(wu)堆積而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洲灘(tan)平原(yuan)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史不長，成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)質(zhi)以(yi)砂(sha)(sha)質(zhi)粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主，發育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤為(wei)草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類。根據80年代中國第(di)二次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類方案，該(gai)地(di)(di)(di)區只(zhi)有一(yi)個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類（草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個(ge)來(lai)類（淺(qian)色草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(shu)（河(he)(he)灘(tan)草甸(dian)(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根據沉積物(wu)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)比例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，續分(fen)(fen)為(wei)蘆(lu)葦河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種，其中又以(yi)生長草甸(dian)(dian)植(zhi)被(bei)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查(cha)家化(hua)樣分(fen)(fen)析結(jie)果來(lai)看(kan)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理化(hua)性狀較好，如荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)適中（中壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層次(ci)明(ming)顯，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型為(wei)A—B—C型，全剖面(mian)具(ju)有強石灰反(fan)應，PH值8.0左(zuo)(zuo)右，上下層差異不大，原(yuan)因在(zai)(zai)于(yu)成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)質(zhi)為(wei)富含(han)(han)(han)碳酸鈣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉積物(wu)。這種沉積物(wu)在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)勢低平，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤淋(lin)溶作用(yong)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下所形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤都具(ju)有石灰反(fan)應強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)性。根據家化(hua)樣分(fen)(fen)析，表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層（A層，厚度16cm左(zuo)(zuo)右）有機質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)1.62%—3.35%，全氮(dan)0.12%—0.19%，堿(jian)解(jie)氮(dan)56—132PPM，速效磷5.36—6.27PPM，速效鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤容(rong)量(liang)1.4g/cm3，代換(huan)量(liang)20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長(chang)江天鵝洲白暨豚國(guo)家(jia)級自然保護區動(dong)物多樣性
長(chang)江(jiang)天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚國家級自(zi)然保護區(qu)得天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)地(di)理氣候條(tiao)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生、水(shui)(shui)生及水(shui)(shui)陸兩棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)提(ti)供了很(hen)好的(de)(de)棲息地(di)。據(ju)統計(ji)，該(gai)區(qu)共有231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)觀察到(dao)的(de)(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有14目(mu)33科201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)6目(mu)8科13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)1目(mu)3科5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)3目(mu)6科12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)7目(mu)11科50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；底(di)棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；浮(fu)游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年，湖北省水(shui)(shui)產科學研究所根據(ju)天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)的(de)(de)馬蹄形，以(yi)洲(zhou)為(wei)(wei)軸，設立了五個采(cai)樣(yang)點，分別于5月、8月、12月三次采(cai)樣(yang)。浮(fu)游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)通過三次采(cai)樣(yang)，共檢出(chu)浮(fu)游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)原(yuan)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)數量最多(duo)，達到(dao)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，輪蟲18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，橈足類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，枝(zhi)(zhi)角類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所占(zhan)比例分別為(wei)(wei)40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原(yuan)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)沙殼蟲屬為(wei)(wei)主，輪蟲以(yi)多(duo)肢輪蟲、臂尾(wei)輪蟲較(jiao)多(duo)，枝(zhi)(zhi)角類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)以(yi)秀體蚤較(jiao)多(duo)，橈足類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)劍(jian)水(shui)(shui)蚤、猛水(shui)(shui)蚤、膘水(shui)(shui)蚤均有。
底棲動物(wu)經(jing)三(san)次采(cai)集(ji)(ji)，共(gong)采(cai)集(ji)(ji)到底棲生(sheng)物(wu)26種，其(qi)中寡毛類8種，水生(sheng)昆(kun)蟲4種，軟體動物(wu)12種，其(qi)他動物(wu)1種。
魚(yu)(yu)類1997年經調查統計，長(chang)江天鵝(e)洲白暨(ji)豚國家(jia)級自然保護區(qu)1-9月的漁獲量(liang)為(wei)87.4kg，分屬(shu)7目11科(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)，其中鯉科(ke)魚(yu)(yu)類占(zhan)30種(zhong)(zhong)，其中鰍科(ke)3種(zhong)(zhong)，攀(pan)鱸科(ke)4種(zhong)(zhong)，銀魚(yu)(yu)科(ke)、鮠科(ke)、鱧科(ke)各占(zhan)2種(zhong)(zhong)，鯡科(ke)、鯰科(ke)、科(ke)、合鰓科(ke)各占(zhan)1種(zhong)(zhong)
兩棲類(lei)天(tian)鵝洲故道(dao)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)兩棲類(lei)共有(you)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)5種(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)發(fa)現的(de)5種(zhong)兩棲動物可(ke)以(yi)劃分(fen)：二個生(sheng)態類(lei)群，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)金線蛙(wa)(wa)和(he)黑斑蛙(wa)(wa)以(yi)及澤陸蛙(wa)(wa)屬于靜水(shui)棲息型(xing)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)后兩種(zhong)的(de)數量很(hen)多，在(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)長(chang)(chang)滿蒿草的(de)淺(qian)水(shui)地(di)(di)(di)帶(非故道(dao))中(zhong)(zhong)，不斷(duan)地(di)(di)(di)可(ke)以(yi)聽(ting)到它們(men)的(de)鳴聲(sheng)和(he)岸上跳下(xia)水(shui)的(de)聲(sheng)音；第二種(zhong)生(sheng)態類(lei)群是屬于陸棲型(xing)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)華大瞻(zhan)蜍、澤陸蛙(wa)(wa)和(he)飾紋姬蛙(wa)(wa)。在(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)(di)勢稍高而長(chang)(chang)滿蘆葦(wei)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)帶中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)以(yi)發(fa)現很(hen)多的(de)澤陸蛙(wa)(wa)，在(zai)(zai)長(chang)(chang)滿蒿草的(de)淺(qian)水(shui)地(di)(di)(di)帶的(de)陸上及居民(min)點周(zhou)圍(wei)，幾乎走幾步就會(hui)發(fa)現一只瞻(zhan)蜍，其(qi)密度很(hen)高。 爬行類(lei)天(tian)鵝濕(shi)(shi)故道(dao)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)爬行動物有(you)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)、12種(zhong)。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)別(bie)為：龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；6科(ke)別(bie)為：龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)淡水(shui)龜(gui)科(ke)（烏龜(gui)）和(he)鱉科(ke)（鱉）、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)石(shi)龍子科(ke)（蝘蜓）和(he)壁虎科(ke)（多疣壁虎）、蛇目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)游蛇科(ke)（赤練蛇、王錦蛇、紅點錦蛇、黑眉錦蛇、虎斑游蛇、滑(hua)鼠蛇、烏梢蛇）和(he)蝰(kui)科(ke)（蝮(fu)蛇）。
獸類(lei)天鵝(e)洲濕地麋(mi)鹿自(zi)然保護區(qu)有獸類(lei)6目8科13種，國家一(yi)級保護動物白鱀(ji)豚和(he)麋(mi)鹿，二級保護動物長江江豚。
鳥類(lei)天(tian)鵝洲濕地(di)麋鹿自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區有(you)鳥類(lei)14目33科201種，其中包括國(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥類(lei)6種，二級保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥類(lei)17種。
長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家級自然保護區植物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性 浮游植物(wu)(wu)
1997年，湖北(bei)省水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)科學研究所根據天鵝洲的馬蹄形(xing)，以洲為(wei)軸(zhou)，設立了五個采(cai)樣(yang)點，分(fen)別于5月(yue)(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)(yue)三(san)(san)次采(cai)樣(yang)。經5月(yue)(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)(yue)三(san)(san)次對保護區水(shui)(shui)(shui)域(yu)內(nei)的浮(fu)游(you)植(zhi)物進行監(jian)測，從采(cai)集中的水(shui)(shui)(shui)樣(yang)共檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)浮(fu)游(you)植(zhi)物7門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong)，檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)類以8月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)多，達84種(zhong)(zhong)。各月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)的優勢(shi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)類：5月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。從鏡檢(jian)(jian)結果看，綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類的比(bi)例(li)最(zui)高，甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類的比(bi)例(li)最(zui)低，若把(ba)各門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類從少到多排列，其(qi)順序為(wei)甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。其(qi)中甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)2.8%；金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)4.7%；黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)6.6%；裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)10.4%；硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)16.1%；藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)29.2%；綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年(nian)對長江(jiang)故道天鵝(e)洲白暨(ji)豚自然保護(hu)區水生和濕(shi)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源和植(zhi)(zhi)被概(gai)況進行調(diao)查，調(diao)查范(fan)圍主要為水域及(ji)岸邊季(ji)節(jie)性淹(yan)水濕(shi)地。采集植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)標(biao)本(ben)經分類鑒定，并參考(kao)有關文(wen)獻材料，整理出自然保護(hu)區植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名(ming)錄。計有高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)30科，59屬(shu)(shu)69種(zhong)，其中苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1科，1屬(shu)(shu)種(zhong)，蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1科，1屬(shu)(shu)1種(zhong)。被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)28科，57屬(shu)(shu)67種(zhong)。
根據(ju)各科(ke)所含(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)統計(ji)：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)(you)13個，占(zhan)所有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)46%，含(han)(han)(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)所有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)29.3%，含(han)(han)(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上的(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)(you)4個，占(zhan)總數(shu)的(de)(de)14.3%。最大的(de)(de)科(ke)為菊科(ke)，含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其次有(you)(you)禾本科(ke)，含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其占(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)21.7%。從屬(shu)的(de)(de)統計(ji)看：含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)屬(shu)有(you)(you)53個，占(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)屬(shu)的(de)(de)91.2%，毛莨(lang)屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)最多(duo)：4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其次為眼子(zi)(zi)菜屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它們分別為濕生植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)和(he)水生植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)優(you)勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)，其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)占(zhan)總數(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)，有(you)于(yu)固堤(di)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)天(tian)鵝(e)村段(duan)堤(di)邊，面積水(shui)(shui)(shui)大(da)，呈(cheng)條分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，喜濕潤生境，與池(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)相互(hu)交錯。(2)意楊林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)，在保(bao)護區內為主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)的(de)護堤(di)林(lin)，在上口(kou)至(zhi)中(zhong)中(zhong)段(duan)的(de)右岸(an)(保(bao)護區管理)(3)旱柳林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)，栽種于(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)連(lian)續分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)目(mu)上河口(kou)村段(duan)堤(di)壩，長度曾達(da)4km，極耐水(shui)(shui)(shui)淹。(4)池(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin)，條狀(zhuang)間(jian)斷分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)兩岸(an)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)(chu)，與水(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)鑲嵌(qian)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，面積較(jiao)小，亦耐水(shui)(shui)(shui)淹。草(cao)本濕地植(zhi)被沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)物 (1)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜群(qun)(qun)落(luo)為本區水(shui)(shui)(shui)生植(zhi)被絕對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)種，帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)連(lian)續分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)河訂(ding)離岸(an)線約(yue)(yue)5-10m處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)寬5-10m不等。并(bing)在上口(kou)岸(an)河口(kou)村淺灘處(chu)(chu)大(da)面積分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)覆蓋整個水(shui)(shui)(shui)面。群(qun)(qun)落(luo)組成較(jiao)單一(yi)(yi)，有(you)穗(sui)花狐藻(zao)(zao)、黑藻(zao)(zao)間(jian)雜(za)其間(jian)。竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜難成本區的(de)絕對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)種與天(tian)鵝(e)洲長江故道水(shui)(shui)(shui)質清澈，營養貧乏，基底較(jiao)硬有(you)關。(2)穗(sui)花狐尾藻(zao)(zao)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)關分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜帶(dai)(dai)之處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)寬可達(da)15-20m，植(zhi)物扎根較(jiao)深，約(yue)(yue)3-4m，但主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)占領上半(ban)層水(shui)(shui)(shui)體，層水(shui)(shui)(shui)體由苦草(cao)和金(jin)魚藻(zao)(zao)占領。(3)黑藻(zao)(zao)+菹草(cao)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜內側，水(shui)(shui)(shui)深較(jiao)淺，約(yue)(yue)1-2m經常有(you)許多水(shui)(shui)(shui)綿呈(cheng)煙霧狀(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)中(zhong)，影響植(zhi)物光合作用，是水(shui)(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)大(da)害，應采(cai)取適(shi)當措施予以控制。(4)針藺群(qun)(qun)落(luo)廣泛分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)上口(kou)河口(kou)村段(duan)淺灘片，水(shui)(shui)(shui)深約(yue)(yue)1m，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)挺(ting)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)面，伴生種有(you)小燈心草(cao)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)碎米薺。
天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區，天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)(zhou)位(wei)于荊楚大(da)地，人文歷史悠久(jiu)，燦爛的(de)楚文化(hua)和三國的(de)古(gu)戰(zhan)場(chang)在荊楚大(da)地留(liu)下許多(duo)名勝(sheng)古(gu)跡，如荊州的(de)紀南城遺址、蒲圻(qi)的(de)赤壁古(gu)戰(zhan)場(chang)等等。這里已經建(jian)有兩個中國國家級瀕危(wei)動物自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區，即天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區和麋鹿自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區。
天鵝洲故道東南距離東洞庭湖濕地候鳥自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區僅幾十(shi)公里，由此向西逆江(jiang)而上是全世界(jie)注目的生態(tai)熱點三(san)峽(xia)庫(ku)區，不遠可到達保康臘梅自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區和動植物(wu)寶(bao)庫(ku)神(shen)農架自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲長江故(gu)道濕地集自然(ran)地理、珍稀動(dong)物(wu)以及自然(ran)濕地生(sheng)態保護于一身，具有重(zhong)要的科研、文化、生(sheng)態及旅(lv)游價值(zhi)。
青青子衿 
