長江(jiang)天(tian)鵝(e)洲白(bai)鰭(qi)豚國家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)有植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)于64科(ke)168屬(shu)。共有高等(deng)陸生脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)，鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)14目33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)包括中(zhong)國國家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二(er)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸類(lei)(lei)6目8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包括國家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)白(bai)暨(ji)豚和麋(mi)鹿，二(er)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)長江(jiang)江(jiang)豚；兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)2目6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)調查的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高記(ji)錄曾達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分屬(shu)18科(ke)，其中(zhong)鯉形(xing)目種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占67.5%，是“四大家(jia)魚(yu)”的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)源庫。故道水體共有浮(fu)游植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮(fu)游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)(feng)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)義——相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)(feng)度(du)(du)是指該區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量(liang)占所屬(shu)行政(zheng)省(sheng)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例。湖(hu)北(bei)省(sheng)約有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右；陸生脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右，魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據此(ci)可以粗略(lve)的(de)(de)(de)估(gu)算出(chu)天(tian)鵝(e)洲動(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)(feng)度(du)(du)。高等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)(feng)度(du)(du)比(bi)較低，僅約占全(quan)省(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)6.4%，按標準規定(ding)屬(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較低”的(de)(de)(de)水平；動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)約占全(quan)省(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)41.7%，屬(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較高”的(de)(de)(de)水平。
天鵝(e)洲白鰭豚國家級(ji)自然保護區位于江(jiang)漢平(ping)原南緣，由于地(di)勢低平(ping)，水流(liu)的(de)(de)擺動(dong)和沖(chong)刷，長江(jiang)在(zai)荊江(jiang)河道(dao)(dao)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)“九曲回腸”的(de)(de)獨(du)特(te)景觀，后經自然或人(ren)工裁(cai)彎取直留下了眾多的(de)(de)故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(牛(niu)軛湖)。天鵝(e)洲故(gu)道(dao)(dao)是1972年自然截彎取直而成(cheng)。故(gu)道(dao)(dao)呈新月形(xing)(xing)，環(huan)繞天鵝(e)島(dao)，天鵝(e)島(dao)呈橢圓形(xing)(xing)，東(dong)南側在(zai)枯水期(qi)與小河鎮相(xiang)連(lian)，呈半島(dao)型(xing)；汛(xun)(xun)期(qi)則完全被(bei)故(gu)道(dao)(dao)包圍。1998年大(da)(da)洪(hong)水后，為(wei)了保護故(gu)道(dao)(dao)區人(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)生(sheng)命財(cai)產安(an)全，在(zai)漁政站、春(chun)風閘一(yi)帶(dai)修筑了平(ping)均高度達38.5米的(de)(de)圍堤(di)，之后又(you)在(zai)此基(ji)礎上加(jia)高1米，即現(xian)在(zai)的(de)(de)沙(sha)灘子(zi)大(da)(da)堤(di)，僅有(you)下口(kou)閘在(zai)汛(xun)(xun)期(qi)通過人(ren)為(wei)調控與長江(jiang)相(xiang)連(lian)。 天鵝(e)洲濕地(di)以故(gu)道(dao)(dao)水面為(wei)最低，山故(gu)道(dao)(dao)淺灘逐漸(jian)向江(jiang)岸增(zeng)高。平(ping)均海拔一(yi)般35米左(zuo)右，最高點為(wei)38.44米，最低點32.91米，相(xiang)對(dui)高差(cha)不大(da)(da)。一(yi)年一(yi)度的(de)(de)江(jiang)水泛濫(lan)，加(jia)上洞庭(ting)湖的(de)(de)頂托，流(liu)速降低，泥(ni)沙(sha)淤(yu)積，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)大(da)(da)片的(de)(de)蘆葦沼澤濕地(di)。
天(tian)鵝洲白鰭豚國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)屬(shu)于亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)季風氣(qi)候。保(bao)護區(qu)內的(de)年太(tai)陽輻射(she)總量達106千卡/平(ping)(ping)方(fang)厘(li)米，能充分(fen)滿足植(zhi)物(wu)光合(he)作用(yong)的(de)需要。全(quan)年日(ri)(ri)(ri)照總時(shi)數1844小(xiao)時(shi)左(zuo)(zuo)石(shi)，夏(xia)季初秋(qiu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)照多(duo)(duo)，月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日(ri)(ri)(ri)照時(shi)數達215小(xiao)時(shi)的(de)有(you)7個月(yue)(yue)（4-10月(yue)(yue)），全(quan)年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)每天(tian)日(ri)(ri)(ri)照5小(xiao)時(shi)以上。最(zui)多(duo)(duo)“月(yue)(yue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)照”出現(xian)在7月(yue)(yue)，為(wei)318.8小(xiao)時(shi)，最(zui)少“月(yue)(yue)日(ri)(ri)(ri)照”出現(xian)在12月(yue)(yue)，為(wei)25.7小(xiao)時(shi)，年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日(ri)(ri)(ri)照百(bai)分(fen)率(lv)為(wei)42%。 保(bao)護區(qu)年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫16.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，最(zui)熱(re)(re)月(yue)(yue)7月(yue)(yue)份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫28.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，極端(duan)(duan)最(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)溫38.6℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)；最(zui)冷(leng)月(yue)(yue)l月(yue)(yue)份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫3.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，極端(duan)(duan)最(zui)低氣(qi)溫-14.9℃，0℃以上活動積溫達6000℃。每年的(de)無霜期長達261天(tian)，超過石(shi)首市258天(tian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)數。冬季受(shou)強大(da)的(de)蒙古冷(leng)高(gao)壓控制和影響，多(duo)(duo)偏北風，天(tian)氣(qi)寒冷(leng)、干燥；夏(xia)季受(shou)太(tai)平(ping)(ping)洋副熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)高(gao)壓、印(yin)度洋熱(re)(re)低壓影響和控制，多(duo)(duo)偏南(nan)(nan)風，天(tian)氣(qi)炎熱(re)(re)；春(chun)(chun)季、初夏(xia)、晚秋(qiu)，南(nan)(nan)北冷(leng)熱(re)(re)空氣(qi)經常在長江中下(xia)游一帶(dai)(dai)匯合(he)交鋒，造成較多(duo)(duo)降水，常出現(xian)春(chun)(chun)雨(yu)、梅雨(yu)和秋(qiu)雨(yu)。
保(bao)護區的年降水(shui)量達(da)1200毫(hao)米以上，其(qi)中6月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)多(duo)，達(da)191毫(hao)米左右，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)少(shao)，只有30毫(hao)米左右。年平均(jun)絕對(dui)濕度大(da)17.4毫(hao)巴，年平均(jun)相對(dui)濕度為80%左右。歷年3-8月(yue)(yue)(yue)均(jun)雨(yu)量都大(da)于100毫(hao)米，4-10月(yue)(yue)(yue)的總(zong)雨(yu)量高(gao)達(da)859.7毫(hao)米，占全(quan)年總(zong)雨(yu)量的74.5%。
保護區所在的石首市的災害天氣有：陣陰雨(yu)、寒潮(chao)、低(di)溫、大風、降(jiang)雪、積雪、雹、雷、霧(wu)、霜、霜凍等(deng)13種(zhong)，其中值得引起保護區足夠重視(shi)的主要(yao)有旱、澇、風、凍等(deng)4種(zhong)。
天鵝洲(zhou)長江故道濕地(di)自然保護區屬(shu)典型(xing)的(de)(de)近代河流(liu)相沖積、洪積物堆積而成(cheng)的(de)(de)洲(zhou)灘平(ping)原，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)歷史不長，成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)以砂(sha)質(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為主(zhu)，發育的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類。根據80年代中國第二次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查的(de)(de)分類方案(an)，該地(di)區只有一(yi)個(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類（草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個(ge)(ge)來類（淺色草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)個(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(shu)（河灘草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根據沉(chen)積物砂(sha)泥(ni)含量比例的(de)(de)不同，續分為蘆葦河砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)(huang)地(di)河砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)(huang)地(di)河砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種，其(qi)中又(you)以生(sheng)長草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)植(zhi)被為主(zhu)的(de)(de)荒(huang)(huang)地(di)河砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為主(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查家化樣分析(xi)(xi)結(jie)果來看，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)理化性(xing)狀較好，如荒(huang)(huang)地(di)河砂(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒(huang)(huang)地(di)河砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質(zhi)地(di)適中（中壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)次(ci)明顯，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型(xing)為A—B—C型(xing)，全剖面具(ju)有強石灰反應，PH值8.0左(zuo)右(you)，上下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)差異不大，原因在于成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)為富含碳酸鈣(gai)的(de)(de)沉(chen)積物。這種沉(chen)積物在地(di)勢低平(ping)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)淋(lin)溶作用弱的(de)(de)情況下所形成(cheng)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)都具(ju)有石灰反應強烈的(de)(de)物性(xing)。根據家化樣分析(xi)(xi)，表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)（A層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，厚度16cm左(zuo)右(you)）有機質(zhi)含量1.62%—3.35%，全氮(dan)0.12%—0.19%，堿解(jie)氮(dan)56—132PPM，速效磷5.36—6.27PPM，速效鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)容量1.4g/cm3，代換量20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長江天鵝洲白暨豚(tun)國家級自然保護(hu)區動物多樣性
長江天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)暨豚(tun)國家級自然(ran)保護區得天(tian)獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)(de)地理氣(qi)候條件為各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)、水(shui)生(sheng)及水(shui)陸兩棲動物(wu)(wu)提(ti)供了(le)(le)很好的(de)(de)棲息地。據(ju)統計，該區共有231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)。其中觀察到的(de)(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)有14目(mu)33科(ke)(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)6目(mu)8科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目(mu)3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)3目(mu)6科(ke)(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)(lei)7目(mu)11科(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；底棲動物(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；浮游(you)動物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年，湖北省水(shui)產科(ke)(ke)學研究所根據(ju)天(tian)鵝洲的(de)(de)馬蹄形，以(yi)(yi)洲為軸，設立了(le)(le)五個采(cai)樣點，分別于5月(yue)、8月(yue)、12月(yue)三(san)次采(cai)樣。浮游(you)動物(wu)(wu)通過三(san)次采(cai)樣，共檢出浮游(you)動物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中原生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)和數(shu)量最多(duo)，達(da)到22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，輪(lun)蟲(chong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，橈足類(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，枝(zhi)角類(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所占比例分別為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)沙殼蟲(chong)屬為主，輪(lun)蟲(chong)以(yi)(yi)多(duo)肢輪(lun)蟲(chong)、臂尾輪(lun)蟲(chong)較多(duo)，枝(zhi)角類(lei)(lei)以(yi)(yi)秀體(ti)蚤較多(duo)，橈足類(lei)(lei)劍(jian)水(shui)蚤、猛水(shui)蚤、膘水(shui)蚤均有。
底棲動(dong)物經三次采集(ji)，共采集(ji)到底棲生(sheng)(sheng)物26種，其中(zhong)寡(gua)毛類8種，水生(sheng)(sheng)昆蟲4種，軟體動(dong)物12種，其他動(dong)物1種。
魚類1997年經調(diao)查統(tong)計，長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家級自然保護(hu)區(qu)1-9月的漁獲量(liang)為87.4kg，分屬7目11科(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)，其(qi)中鯉科(ke)(ke)魚類占(zhan)(zhan)30種(zhong)，其(qi)中鰍科(ke)(ke)3種(zhong)，攀鱸(lu)科(ke)(ke)4種(zhong)，銀(yin)魚科(ke)(ke)、鮠(wei)科(ke)(ke)、鱧科(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)(zhan)2種(zhong)，鯡科(ke)(ke)、鯰科(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)、合(he)鰓科(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)(zhan)1種(zhong)
兩(liang)棲類天鵝(e)洲故(gu)(gu)道(dao)濕地(di)自然保護區的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)棲類共有1目(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)(ke)(ke)5種。在保護區內發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)5種兩(liang)棲動物可以(yi)劃分(fen)：二個生(sheng)態類群，其(qi)中金線(xian)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)和(he)(he)(he)黑斑蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)以(yi)及澤陸(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)屬于(yu)靜水棲息型，其(qi)中后兩(liang)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量很多(duo)，在保護區內長(chang)滿(man)蒿草的(de)(de)(de)(de)淺水地(di)帶(dai)(非(fei)故(gu)(gu)道(dao))中，不斷地(di)可以(yi)聽到它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)鳴聲(sheng)和(he)(he)(he)岸上跳下水的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音；第二種生(sheng)態類群是(shi)屬于(yu)陸(lu)棲型的(de)(de)(de)(de)中華大(da)瞻蜍(chu)、澤陸(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)和(he)(he)(he)飾紋姬蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)。在保護區內地(di)勢稍(shao)高(gao)而長(chang)滿(man)蘆葦的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)帶(dai)中，可以(yi)發(fa)現很多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)澤陸(lu)蛙(wa)(wa)(wa)，在長(chang)滿(man)蒿草的(de)(de)(de)(de)淺水地(di)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陸(lu)上及居民點周圍，幾乎走(zou)幾步(bu)就會發(fa)現一只瞻蜍(chu)，其(qi)密度很高(gao)。 爬行類天鵝(e)濕故(gu)(gu)道(dao)濕地(di)保護區的(de)(de)(de)(de)爬行動物有3目(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)(ke)(ke)、12種。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)別為：龜(gui)鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)；6科(ke)(ke)(ke)別為：龜(gui)鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淡水龜(gui)科(ke)(ke)(ke)（烏(wu)龜(gui)）和(he)(he)(he)鱉(bie)科(ke)(ke)(ke)（鱉(bie)）、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石龍子科(ke)(ke)(ke)（蝘蜓）和(he)(he)(he)壁虎(hu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)（多(duo)疣壁虎(hu)）、蛇(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)游(you)蛇(she)科(ke)(ke)(ke)（赤練蛇(she)、王錦蛇(she)、紅(hong)點錦蛇(she)、黑眉錦蛇(she)、虎(hu)斑游(you)蛇(she)、滑鼠(shu)蛇(she)、烏(wu)梢蛇(she)）和(he)(he)(he)蝰科(ke)(ke)(ke)（蝮蛇(she)）。
獸(shou)(shou)類天(tian)鵝洲濕地麋(mi)鹿自然保護區有(you)獸(shou)(shou)類6目8科13種，國(guo)家一級保護動物(wu)白鱀豚(tun)和麋(mi)鹿，二級保護動物(wu)長江江豚(tun)。
鳥(niao)類天鵝洲(zhou)濕地麋鹿自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區有鳥(niao)類14目33科201種(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)包括國家一級保(bao)護鳥(niao)類6種(zhong)，二級保(bao)護鳥(niao)類17種(zhong)。
長(chang)江天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)暨豚國(guo)家級自然保護(hu)區植物(wu)多樣性 浮游植物(wu)
1997年，湖(hu)北省(sheng)水產(chan)科學研(yan)究所根據天鵝洲(zhou)的(de)(de)馬蹄(ti)形，以(yi)洲(zhou)為軸，設立了五個采樣(yang)點，分(fen)別于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三(san)次采樣(yang)。經5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)三(san)次對保(bao)護區水域內的(de)(de)浮(fu)游(you)(you)植物進行監測，從采集中的(de)(de)水樣(yang)共檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)浮(fu)游(you)(you)植物7門(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類以(yi)8月(yue)(yue)份最多，達84種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。各月(yue)(yue)份的(de)(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)類：5月(yue)(yue)份為綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)(yue)份為綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)(yue)份為硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。從鏡檢(jian)(jian)(jian)結果看，綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)比例(li)最高，甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)比例(li)最低(di)，若把各門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類從少到多排(pai)列，其順序為甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。其中甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)2.8%；金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)4.7%；黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)6.6%；裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)10.4%；硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)16.1%；藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)29.2%；綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年對(dui)長(chang)江故道天鵝(e)洲白(bai)暨豚自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)水生和濕生植(zhi)物資(zi)源(yuan)和植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)概況進行調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)，調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)范圍主要為水域及岸邊(bian)季(ji)節(jie)性淹水濕地。采集植(zhi)物標本經分類(lei)鑒定，并參考有(you)關文獻材(cai)料，整理出自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)植(zhi)物名錄。計有(you)高等(deng)植(zhi)物30科，59屬(shu)69種，其(qi)中苔蘚植(zhi)物1科，1屬(shu)種，蕨(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)物1科，1屬(shu)1種。被(bei)(bei)子植(zhi)物28科，57屬(shu)67種。
根據(ju)各科(ke)所(suo)含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)數(shu)統計：種(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)(wu)含(han)1種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)13個(ge)，占(zhan)所(suo)有(you)種(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)46%，含(han)2-4種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)11種(zhong)，占(zhan)所(suo)有(you)種(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)29.3%，含(han)5種(zhong)以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)4個(ge)，占(zhan)總數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)14.3%。最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)為菊科(ke)，含(han)有(you)8種(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)有(you)禾本科(ke)，含(han)有(you)7種(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)占(zhan)全部種(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)21.7%。從屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統計看：含(han)有(you)1種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)53個(ge)，占(zhan)全部屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)91.2%，毛莨(lang)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)有(you)種(zhong)數(shu)最多：4種(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)為眼子(zi)菜(cai)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)含(han)有(you)3種(zhong)，它們分別為濕生(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)和(he)水生(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢種(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，其(qi)(qi)種(zhong)數(shu)占(zhan)總數(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)人工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)(lin)，有于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)固堤(di)，主要(yao)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天鵝村段(duan)堤(di)邊，面(mian)(mian)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)大，呈(cheng)條分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，喜濕潤生境(jing)，與(yu)池杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)相互交錯。(2)意楊林(lin)(lin)(lin)人工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)(lin)，在(zai)保(bao)護(hu)區內為主要(yao)的(de)護(hu)堤(di)林(lin)(lin)(lin)，在(zai)上口(kou)(kou)(kou)至中中段(duan)的(de)右岸(an)(保(bao)護(hu)區管(guan)理(li))(3)旱柳(liu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)人工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)(lin)，栽(zai)種于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)狀連(lian)續(xu)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目上河(he)口(kou)(kou)(kou)村段(duan)堤(di)壩，長度曾達4km，極耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹。(4)池杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)人工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林(lin)(lin)(lin)，條狀間(jian)斷分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)兩(liang)岸(an)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)(chu)，與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)鑲嵌分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，面(mian)(mian)積較小，亦耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淹。草(cao)(cao)本(ben)(ben)濕地植(zhi)被沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)物(wu) (1)竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼子菜群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)為本(ben)(ben)區水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生植(zhi)被絕(jue)對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)種，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)狀連(lian)續(xu)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)河(he)訂(ding)離岸(an)線約5-10m處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)(kuan)5-10m不等。并在(zai)上口(kou)(kou)(kou)岸(an)河(he)口(kou)(kou)(kou)村淺(qian)(qian)灘處(chu)(chu)大面(mian)(mian)積分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期覆(fu)蓋(gai)整個(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)。群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)組成(cheng)較單一，有穗花(hua)狐(hu)藻(zao)(zao)、黑(hei)藻(zao)(zao)間(jian)雜(za)其(qi)間(jian)。竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼子菜難成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)區的(de)絕(jue)對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)種與(yu)天鵝洲長江故道水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質清澈，營養貧乏，基底(di)較硬有關。(2)穗花(hua)狐(hu)尾藻(zao)(zao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)關分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼子菜帶(dai)(dai)(dai)之處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)(kuan)可達15-20m，植(zhi)物(wu)扎(zha)根較深，約3-4m，但主要(yao)占領上半層水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)，層水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)由(you)苦草(cao)(cao)和金魚藻(zao)(zao)占領。(3)黑(hei)藻(zao)(zao)+菹草(cao)(cao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)狀分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼子菜內側，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深較淺(qian)(qian)，約1-2m經常有許(xu)多水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)綿呈(cheng)煙(yan)霧狀分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)中，影響(xiang)植(zhi)物(wu)光(guang)合作用，是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)中一大害(hai)，應采取適當(dang)措施(shi)予以控(kong)制。(4)針藺群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)廣泛分布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上口(kou)(kou)(kou)河(he)口(kou)(kou)(kou)村段(duan)淺(qian)(qian)灘片，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深約1m，枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期挺出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)，伴生種有小燈(deng)心草(cao)(cao)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)碎米薺。
天鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區，天鵝洲位(wei)于荊楚(chu)大(da)地，人(ren)文歷史悠久，燦爛(lan)的楚(chu)文化(hua)和(he)三(san)國(guo)的古戰場在荊楚(chu)大(da)地留下許多名勝古跡，如荊州的紀南城遺(yi)址、蒲圻的赤(chi)壁古戰場等等。這里已經建有兩個中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家級瀕(bin)危動物自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區，即天鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區和(he)麋鹿自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲故道東南距(ju)離東洞(dong)庭湖(hu)濕地(di)候鳥自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)僅幾十公里(li)，由此向西逆江(jiang)而上是全(quan)世(shi)界注(zhu)目的生態熱點三峽庫區(qu)(qu)，不遠可(ke)到達(da)保(bao)(bao)康臘梅(mei)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)和(he)動植物寶(bao)庫神農架自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)。
天鵝洲長江故道濕(shi)地集(ji)自然(ran)地理(li)、珍稀動物(wu)以及自然(ran)濕(shi)地生態(tai)保護于一身，具有重要(yao)的科(ke)研(yan)、文化(hua)、生態(tai)及旅(lv)游價值。
青青子衿 
