地理
福(fu)建漳(zhang)(zhang)江口(kou)紅樹林國家級(ji)自然(ran)保護區位(wei)于(yu)福(fu)建省(sheng)漳(zhang)(zhang)州市(shi)云霄縣漳(zhang)(zhang)江入(ru)海(hai)口(kou),地理(li)位(wei)置為(wei)東經117°24′07″~117°30′00″,北(bei)緯23°53′45″~23°56′00″,保護區總面(mian)積2360hm2,為(wei)福(fu)建省(sheng)最重要的濕地生態系統(tong)類型(xing)的國家級(ji)自然(ran)保護區。區內豐富(fu)的浮游動植物(wu)為(wei)150多種(zhong)鳥類、240多種(zhong)水生動物(wu)和(he)近(jin)400種(zhong)水生物(wu)提供(gong)了棲息和(he)覓食的理(li)想場所。
漳江口保(bao)護(hu)區位于(yu)臺(tai)風(feng)(feng)多(duo)發區,1955 ~ 1980 年間影響云(yun)霄的臺(tai)風(feng)(feng)達 150次, 年平均臺(tai)風(feng)(feng)影響 5.8 次。紅樹林濕地是(shi)該區域的保(bao)護(hu)者,在穩固海(hai)岸(an)、抵抗(kang)臺(tai)風(feng)(feng)侵(qin)蝕方面有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)作用。
景區概況
漳江(jiang)口紅(hong)樹(shu)林保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區于1992年(nian)元(yuan)月(yue)成立(li),1997年(nian)7月(yue)經(jing)省(sheng)政府批(pi)準成為(wei)省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區,2003年(nian)6月(yue)經(jing)國務(wu)院批(pi)準升(sheng)格為(wei)國家級(ji)(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區成立(li)“漳江(jiang)口紅(hong)樹(shu)林國家級(ji)(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區管理(li)局”,內設辦公室、計財與項(xiang)目建設科、資源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護科,行(xing)政上隸屬于云霄縣人民政府,機(ji)構級(ji)(ji)別(bie)為(wei)相當于副處級(ji)(ji)的事業單(dan)位,編制數為(wei)35名,現有工作人員15人。
漳江口保(bao)護區內有(you)紅樹林、蘆葦、卡開蘆沼澤、短(duan)葉茳芏鹽(yan)沼、江河(he)、灘涂、河(he)灘、魚塘、水田等多(duo)種天然及人(ren)工濕(shi)地、灘涂底(di)質有(you)泥灘、泥沙(sha)灘、沙(sha)灘等各種類型,河(he)網密(mi)布,濕(shi)地環(huan)境多(duo)樣。
保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區內紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)主要(yao)分布有(you)秋(qiu)茄、木欖(lan)等(deng)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)科植(zhi)物(wu)(wu),還有(you)紫金牛科的(de)(de)(de)(de)桐花樹(shu)(shu)、馬鞭科的(de)(de)(de)(de)白骨壤、大(da)戟科的(de)(de)(de)(de)海漆、爵床科的(de)(de)(de)(de)老鼠簕(le)以及伴生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)三葉(xie)魚藤(teng)等(deng),保(bao)(bao)(bao)存了(le)福建省(sheng)面(mian)積(ji)最大(da)、中國(guo)天然(ran)(ran)分布最北(bei)大(da)面(mian)積(ji)天然(ran)(ran)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin),具(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)(ran)屬性(xing)和典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)群落特征,具(ju)有(you)很高的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護研(yan)究價值(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)濕地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寶庫(ku)之一,是(shi)(shi)(shi)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)(ran)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館;是(shi)(shi)(shi)進行生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)、林(lin)(lin)業等(deng)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)天然(ran)(ran)實(shi)驗室;是(shi)(shi)(shi)向(xiang)青(qing)少年普及科學知識和宣傳(chuan)自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)場所(suo)(suo);有(you)助于保(bao)(bao)(bao)護生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)持地區生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)平衡(heng),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)展生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)旅游的(de)(de)(de)(de)理想場所(suo)(suo)。
主要物種
漳江口(kou)紅(hong)樹林國家(jia)(jia)級自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)是東(dong)亞水(shui)鳥遷徙(xi)的(de)重(zhong)要驛站,每(mei)年均有大量的(de)濕(shi)地鳥類途經保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。據調(diao)查,有中(zhong)國及日本(ben)兩國政府(fu)協(xie)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)候鳥綠鷺(lu)(lu)、夜鷺(lu)(lu)、大白鷺(lu)(lu)、中(zhong)白鷺(lu)(lu)、黃斑(ban)(ban)葦開鳥、及小(xiao)(xiao)鸊鷉、針尾鴨(ya)(ya)、綠翅鴨(ya)(ya)、綠頭鴨(ya)(ya)、琵嘴(zui)鴨(ya)(ya)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)斑(ban)(ban)鸻、大杓(shao)鷸(yu)(yu)、中(zhong)杓(shao)鷸(yu)(yu)、白腰(yao)杓(shao)鷸(yu)(yu)、磯(ji)鷸(yu)(yu)、反嘴(zui)鷸(yu)(yu)、紅(hong)腹濱鷸(yu)(yu)、紅(hong)嘴(zui)鷗(ou)、家(jia)(jia)燕、金(jin)(jin)(jin)腰(yao)燕、白鹡鸰(ling)等(deng)77種(zhong);有中(zhong)國及澳大利亞兩國政府(fu)協(xie)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)候鳥紅(hong)腳鷸(yu)(yu)、青(qing)腳鷸(yu)(yu)、磯(ji)鷸(yu)(yu)、灰(hui)鷸(yu)(yu)、牛背鷺(lu)(lu)、小(xiao)(xiao)軍艦鳥、金(jin)(jin)(jin)眶鸻、金(jin)(jin)(jin)斑(ban)(ban)鸻、紅(hong)嘴(zui)巨(ju)鷗(ou)、普(pu)通燕鷗(ou)等(deng)41種(zhong)。
每年均有大量的(de)鸻鷸(yu)類(lei)及(ji)雁鴨類(lei)候鳥在保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內停留覓食,補充體力(li),繼續遷徙,是鳥類(lei)遷徙的(de)重要補給(gei)站和加(jia)油站,具(ju)有國際(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)意(yi)義(yi)。同時(shi)包括(kuo)池鷺(lu)、白鷺(lu)、綠鷺(lu)、夜(ye)鷺(lu)等各種鷺(lu)科鳥類(lei)混群營巢(chao)于紅樹(shu)林中,形成壯觀的(de)景象(xiang),這些鳥類(lei)與紅樹(shu)林一起(qi)為保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)提(ti)供了寶貴的(de)觀賞(shang)資源。
地質地貌
保護(hu)區(qu)所在(zai)的福建省云霄(xiao)縣地貌(mao)(mao)屬閩粵花崗巖丘陵亞(ya)區(qu),整個地勢自西北(bei)向東(dong)南(nan)表現出(chu)明(ming)顯的階梯狀降(jiang)落,東(dong)、北(bei)、西三面高,中部及(ji)南(nan)部地勢平坦開闊,構成了向東(dong)南(nan)開口的馬蹄(ti)形的地貌(mao)(mao)。
漳江(jiang)口是(shi)云(yun)霄(xiao)縣最大的河(he)流(liu)出海口。漳江(jiang)下游地帶母質(zhi)為(wei)第四(si)紀(ji)殘積(ji)(ji)(ji)物質(zhi)沉積(ji)(ji)(ji),由古老沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)物、近代河(he)流(liu)沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)、海積(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)風積(ji)(ji)(ji)形成。漳江(jiang)是(shi)云(yun)霄(xiao)縣的主要河(he)流(liu),全(quan)長58km,流(liu)域(yu)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)855km2,徑流(liu)總量(liang)1.011×109m3(包括(kuo)客水1.53×108m3),全(quan)年全(quan)縣平(ping)均(jun)徑流(liu)量(liang)為(wei)6.35×108m3。
氣候特征
該區屬亞熱帶海(hai)洋性季風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候(hou),根據縣(xian)氣(qi)象臺歷史觀測資(zi)料統計,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)21.2℃,1月均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)13.3℃,7月均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)28.2℃,極(ji)端最(zui)高氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)38.1℃,極(ji)端最(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)0.2℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)風(feng)(feng)速2.7m/h,秋冬季多偏(pian)北風(feng)(feng),春夏(xia)季多偏(pian)南風(feng)(feng)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)雨量為(wei)1714.5mm,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蒸發(fa)量1718.4mm,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)雷暴雨日(ri)(ri)數(shu)50.5d,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日(ri)(ri)照時數(shu)為(wei)2152.1h,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)霜日(ri)(ri)數(shu)2.3d。
區內土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)為濱海灘(tan)涂淤泥(ni)和沙質淤泥(ni),厚達2m以上(shang)(shang)。紅(hong)樹(shu)林土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)在國內外學術界稱為酸性(xing)硫酸鹽(yan)(yan)土(tu),也稱紅(hong)樹(shu)林沼澤土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)含鹽(yan)(yan)量(liang)高(一般10‰以上(shang)(shang)),具(ju)鹽(yan)(yan)漬化特(te)征;土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)PH值在3.5~7.5之間(jian),土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)含有(you)豐富的(de)植(zhi)物殘體和有(you)機質。
重要意義
漳江口紅樹林(lin)國(guo)家(jia)級自然保(bao)護區是以紅樹林(lin)濕地生態(tai)系(xi)統、瀕危(wei)動植物物種(zhong)和東(dong)南沿海優質、水產(chan)種(zhong)質資源為(wei)主要保(bao)護對象的(de)濕地生態(tai)系(xi)統類(lei)型(xing)保(bao)護區。是中(zhong)國(guo)北回歸線(xian)北側種(zhong)類(lei)最多,生長最好的(de)紅樹林(lin)天然群落(luo)。
漳江口保護區保護價值高。包括以下幾個方面:
(1)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)。保護(hu)區(qu)位于漳江入海口,為河(he)口灘涂濕地,周邊為農耕地,氣溫較(jiao)高,雨水較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),濕度中等,氣候(hou)適宜,為各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野生動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)提供了(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生境,形(xing)(xing)成了(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)化的(de)(de)生態系(xi)(xi)統。由于生態系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing),與之相適應的(de)(de)就形(xing)(xing)成了(le)(le)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)。據統計,保護(hu)區(qu)內已(yi)定(ding)名的(de)(de)維管束植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)80科185屬224種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。野生脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有359種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中哺乳動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4目(mu)9科14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鳥(niao)類15目(mu)38科154種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);爬行類3目(mu)11科37種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);兩棲類1目(mu)5科13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚類141種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。甲殼類30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),頭(tou)足(zu)類11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)180種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),浮(fu)游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),微生物(wu)(wu)(wu)45種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因而有豐富(fu)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)和遺傳多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)。保護(hu)區(qu)有3個植(zhi)被型13個群系(xi)(xi)22個群叢。
(2)稀有(you)性(xing)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)不但有(you)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資源,還分(fen)布有(you)許多具有(you)重(zhong)要科研、經濟、文化(hua)價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍稀、瀕危(wei)(wei)野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類。據(ju)統計,區(qu)內(nei)有(you)屬(shu)于(yu)國(guo)家重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)國(guo)家一級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家二級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);“三有(you)”動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)162種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);國(guo)際自(zi)然和自(zi)然資源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)聯盟(IUCN)(1996)名單中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)極危(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(CR)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、瀕危(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(EN)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、易(yi)危(wei)(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(VU)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);屬(shu)于(yu)瀕危(wei)(wei)野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)際貿易(yi)公約(CITES)(1995)附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄Ⅰ的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄Ⅱ的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、附(fu)(fu)(fu)錄Ⅲ的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);屬(shu)于(yu)國(guo)際候(hou)鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)協定中(zhong)日、中(zhong)澳候(hou)鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)協定分(fen)別為77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和41種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。同(tong)時保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)內(nei)還分(fen)布有(you)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紅樹植(zhi)物(wu)(wu),特別是成(cheng)片分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)20hm2的(de)(de)(de)(de)白骨(gu)壤林。此(ci)外(wai),區(qu)內(nei)還有(you)大面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)桐花樹林和一定面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)秋茄林。
(3)典(dian)型性(xing)。保護區(qu)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)是中國紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)自然分布北界的大面積重(zhong)要的紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)區(qu)域,紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)生(sheng)長(chang)繁(fan)茂,區(qu)內的白(bai)骨壤林(lin)(lin)、秋茄林(lin)(lin)、桐(tong)花樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)都具(ju)有代表性(xing),在一定程(cheng)度上反映出我國紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)北緣分布區(qu)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)的原貌(mao),具(ju)有重(zhong)要的生(sheng)物地理(li)學意義(yi)。
(4)過(guo)渡(du)性。從(cong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)看,植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)于泛北極植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)與(yu)古熱帶植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)兩(liang)個植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)的過(guo)渡(du)地帶,這里成為木(mu)欖、海漆、鹵(lu)蕨(jue)的分布(bu)北界。從(cong)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)看,保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)的脊椎動物(wu)(wu)(wu)組成以東(dong)洋(yang)界種類(lei)為主,而(er)(er)在(zai)東(dong)洋(yang)界種類(lei)中(zhong),表現為華(hua)南區(qu)(qu)(qu)的種類(lei)占(zhan)優勢,華(hua)中(zhong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的種類(lei)其(qi)次。古北界物(wu)(wu)(wu)種較少。因而(er)(er)具有(you)過(guo)渡(du)性。
(5)天然性。保護區內(nei)擁有中國天然分布最(zui)北的大面(mian)積(ji)的紅(hong)樹(shu)林,面(mian)積(ji)達117.9hm2,占福建省天然紅(hong)樹(shu)林面(mian)積(ji)的48%。
自然資源
植物(wu)資源 保(bao)護區內植物(wu)資源豐富,已初步查明(ming)維(wei)管(guan)束(shu)植物(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有80科(ke)185屬(shu)224種(zhong)(含亞(ya)種(zhong)和變(bian)種(zhong)),灘(tan)涂上生長著秋茄、白(bai)骨壤、桐花樹、木(mu)欖、海(hai)漆、老鼠勒等5科(ke)6屬(shu)6種(zhong)紅(hong)樹林植物(wu),屬(shu)東方類(lei)(lei)群的(de)紅(hong)樹植物(wu);16科(ke)27屬(shu)29種(zhong)1變(bian)種(zhong)鹽沼植物(wu);59科(ke)152屬(shu)184種(zhong)3變(bian)種(zhong)1亞(ya)種(zhong)濱(bin)海(hai)植物(wu)。
植物資源
按照<中(zhong)國植被>的劃分(fen)方法,福建漳江口紅樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)濕地(di)自(zi)然(ran)保護區主要植被類型可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)為紅樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)、濱(bin)海(hai)鹽沼(zhao)、濱(bin)海(hai)沙(sha)生植物(wu)被3個(ge)植被型;有(you)(you)白(bai)骨(gu)壤林(lin)(lin)、桐花(hua)(hua)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)、白(bai)骨(gu)壤林(lin)(lin)+桐花(hua)(hua)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)、秋(qiu)茄林(lin)(lin)、秋(qiu)茄+桐花(hua)(hua)樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)、木(mu)欖林(lin)(lin)、蘆葦鹽沼(zhao)、卡(ka)開蘆鹽沼(zhao)、短葉茳芏鹽沼(zhao)、鋪地(di)黍鹽沼(zhao)、厚藤群(qun)落(luo)、苦藍盤群(qun)落(luo)、露兜樹(shu)(shu)群(qun)落(luo)共(gong)13個(ge)群(qun)系;有(you)(you)秋(qiu)茄——老鼠(shu)勒等22個(ge)群(qun)叢(cong)。
動(dong)(dong)物資源 保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物資源豐富,動(dong)(dong)物區(qu)系屬東洋界中印亞界的華南區(qu)閩廣沿(yan)海亞區(qu)。已(yi)查明野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物共23目63科(ke)218種(zhong)(不含魚類)。列入國(guo)家一(yi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的有(you)中華白(bai)(bai)海豚(tun)(Dugongdugon)和蟒蛇(Pythonmolurus)共2種(zhong),國(guo)家二級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的有(you)寬吻海豚(tun)、偽虎(hu)鯨、江豚(tun)、黃嘴白(bai)(bai)鷺、鳶、黑翅(chi)鳶、普通(tong)鵟、白(bai)(bai)腹鷂、紅隼(sun)、游隼(sun)、小(xiao)杓(shao)鷸、小(xiao)青腳鷸、褐(he)翅(chi)鴉鵑、蠵龜、(綠)海龜、玳瑁、太平洋麗龜、棱皮龜、虎(hu)紋蛙等(deng)19種(zhong)。國(guo)家保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的有(you)益的或者有(you)重要(yao)經濟、科(ke)學研(yan)究(jiu)價(jia)值的野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物162種(zhong),省重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物24種(zhong)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)鳥(niao)類中具有(you)眾多(duo)的雙邊國(guo)際性協(xie)(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的候(hou)(hou)鳥(niao),中國(guo)及(ji)日本兩國(guo)政(zheng)府協(xie)(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)候(hou)(hou)鳥(niao)77種(zhong),中國(guo)及(ji)澳大(da)利亞兩國(guo)政(zheng)府協(xie)(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)候(hou)(hou)鳥(niao)41種(zhong)。
動物資源
保護區紅樹(shu)林(lin)區潮間帶底棲動物(wu)28種(zhong)(zhong)。潮下帶底棲生(sheng)物(wu)181種(zhong)(zhong)。海區浮(fu)游植物(wu)201種(zhong)(zhong),其中硅藻(zao)165種(zhong)(zhong)。浮(fu)游動物(wu)180種(zhong)(zhong),其中水(shui)母類(lei)(lei)59種(zhong)(zhong),橈足(zu)類(lei)(lei)71種(zhong)(zhong)。游泳動物(wu)182種(zhong)(zhong),其中魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)141種(zhong)(zhong)、甲殼(ke)類(lei)(lei)30種(zhong)(zhong)、頭足(zu)類(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)。還有10目(mu)12科27屬45種(zhong)(zhong)的微生(sheng)物(wu)。
發展狀況
漳江(jiang)口紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區位(wei)于福建省漳州(zhou)云(yun)霄縣漳江(jiang)入海(hai)口,總面積2360公頃,是中(zhong)國北回(hui)歸線北側(ce)種類最多、生長最好的紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)林天然群落(luo)。該保(bao)護(hu)區成立(li)于1992年(nian)(nian)1月(yue),1997年(nian)(nian)經福建省人(ren)民政(zheng)府批(pi)準(zhun)成立(li)省級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區,2003年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)經國務院批(pi)準(zhun)升格為國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區,2008年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)被(bei)列入國際重要濕地名(ming)錄。保(bao)護(hu)區成立(li)以來,建立(li)健全管理機構,增加資金收入,強化保(bao)護(hu)措施(shi),統籌兼顧(gu)生態、經濟、社會三大效益,取得良好成效:
一是生物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣性明顯增加。紅(hong)樹林具有(you)(you)凈化水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)作用,海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)、棲(qi)息(xi)環境(jing)的(de)優(you)化為鳥類(lei)、魚類(lei)、貝類(lei)、爬行類(lei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)提供良(liang)好(hao)的(de)生長繁殖環境(jing)。據不完(wan)全統計,目前(qian)區內有(you)(you)鳥類(lei)154種,其中屬(shu)于(yu)國際候鳥保(bao)護(hu)(hu)協定和(he)中日、中澳候鳥保(bao)護(hu)(hu)協定種類(lei)分別為77種、41種。2007年12月,有(you)(you)5只全球瀕危物(wu)(wu)(wu)種“黑臉(lian)琵鷺”到(dao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區棲(qi)息(xi);有(you)(you)包括綠海(hai)龜、棱皮龜等在內的(de)“三有(you)(you)”(受(shou)國家(jia)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)有(you)(you)益、有(you)(you)重(zhong)要經濟價值、有(you)(you)科學研(yan)究價值)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)162種;還(huan)有(you)(you)許多(duo)(duo)重(zhong)要水(shui)(shui)(shui)產資源如魚類(lei)的(de)斑鰶、黃鰭鯛,貝殼類(lei)的(de)泥蚶、多(duo)(duo)紋(wen)巴非蛤、長竹蟶(cheng)、縊蟶(cheng)和(he)軟(ruan)體動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)二色桌片參(can)、黑斑口(kou)蝦蛄(gu)、方格(ge)星(xing)蟲等等。
二(er)是經濟效益(yi)明顯(xian)(xian)提高。隨著(zhu)保(bao)護(hu)區生態環境的(de)(de)(de)改善,促進(jin)了(le)當地養(yang)殖業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發展。保(bao)護(hu)區內的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)產品的(de)(de)(de)產量(liang)、品質明顯(xian)(xian)提高,尤其是泥蚶、巴非蛤、長(chang)竹(zhu)蟶(cheng)、縊蟶(cheng)、鋸緣(yuan)青(qing)蟹的(de)(de)(de)產量(liang)激增(zeng),品質提升,成為當地知名(ming)(ming)度很高的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)產品品牌,周(zhou)邊群(qun)眾僅水(shui)產養(yang)殖每(mei)(mei)年人均可增(zeng)加(jia)收入800元。隨著(zhu)保(bao)護(hu)區知名(ming)(ming)度的(de)(de)(de)提高,每(mei)(mei)年吸引(yin)游(you)客2萬多人,帶動周(zhou)邊餐飲業(ye)和旅游(you)業(ye)發展,實現保(bao)護(hu)區與當地群(qun)眾利益(yi)雙贏,解(jie)決了(le)保(bao)護(hu)與發展的(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾。
三是(shi)社會(hui)效(xiao)益開始(shi)凸顯。紅樹林具有削(xue)浪固岸(an)作用(yong),在臺風襲(xi)擊中保(bao)護(hu)了周(zhou)邊人民群眾的生(sheng)命財產;保(bao)護(hu)區采用(yong)多(duo)種形(xing)式加(jia)(jia)強與中小(xiao)學校合作,成為生(sheng)態(tai)文明傳(chuan)播基地、綠(lv)色生(sheng)態(tai)的教育和實踐基地;加(jia)(jia)強對外合作交(jiao)流(liu),與世界自然基金會(hui)香港分(fen)會(hui)、香港米埔(pu)紅樹林自然保(bao)護(hu)區開展(zhan)合作,與沃爾瑪等著名企業(ye)共同建設示范(fan)林。
特色景點
紅樹(shu)(shu)林素有“海底森林”的(de)美譽(yu),有板狀(zhuang)、拱形(xing)撐托蟲系(xi),包括寬大的(de)有板狀(zhuang)、拱形(xing)撐托、蛇形(xing)匍匐(fu)、筍狀(zhuang)根(gen)、指狀(zhuang)等各種造型的(de)樹(shu)(shu)根(gen),有“胎生”現(xian)象,胚(pei)軸可(ke)長達20—40cm,琳瑯滿目(mu)懸掛在樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)叢中,把樹(shu)(shu)林裝扮得格外美麗(li)。
紅樹(shu)林(lin)海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸更具有一種(zhong)(zhong)動態的美(mei),高潮時,海(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)浸淹(yan)灘涂,紅樹(shu)林(lin)僅有各叢樹(shu)冠露出海(hai)(hai)(hai)面,如同碧波蕩漾中的一座(zuo)(zuo)座(zuo)(zuo)“綠島”,在(zai)水(shui)中飄浮(fu)搖(yao)擺。低潮時,植株猶如巨人挺立在(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)灘。各種(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)鳥或集群飛翔,或分棲樹(shu)梢,或獨自漫步(bu)淺灘,或成群在(zai)水(shui)面游嬉。同時,潮間帶(dai)各種(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)(hai)(hai)洋動物頻繁(fan)活動,彈涂魚蹦跳林(lin)下,招潮蟹(xie)神(shen)出鬼沒。漁民們利(li)用各種(zhong)(zhong)漁具捕撈海(hai)(hai)(hai)產品,整個紅樹(shu)林(lin)海(hai)(hai)(hai)岸呈現一派生機勃(bo)勃(bo)的動態景(jing)象。
紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)海岸旅游具有(you)觀賞(shang)、娛(yu)(yu)樂(le)(le)(le)、知識和(he)教(jiao)育等(deng)(deng)多方(fang)面(mian)多層次的功(gong)能(neng)。紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)海岸神奇(qi)幽靜、秀麗的景觀美學(xue)價值,使其成為游客(ke)觀賞(shang)、娛(yu)(yu)樂(le)(le)(le)的適宜(yi)場所,人們(men)可(ke)以在此從事劃船(chuan)、釣魚、觀鳥、野炊、品嘗(chang)特(te)產海鮮(xian)和(he)熱(re)帶水果等(deng)(deng)各(ge)種娛(yu)(yu)樂(le)(le)(le)活動,在優美的環(huan)境中享受自然(ran),親(qin)近自然(ran)。
影響
以漳江口(kou)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)國(guo)家級自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例,研究(jiu)周(zhou)邊社區(qu)(qu)經(jing)濟(ji)對(dui)(dui)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)資源的依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)程度(du)。選(xuan)擇(ze)竹塔(ta)村(cun)(cun)和(he)船場村(cun)(cun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang),按灘(tan)涂承包戶(hu)(hu)、魚(yu)塘(tang)養殖(zhi)(zhi)戶(hu)(hu)及農(nong)戶(hu)(hu)3大類隨機分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)抽樣(yang)的方式(shi)選(xuan)擇(ze)適(shi)當(dang)數(shu)(shu)量的樣(yang)本進行入(ru)戶(hu)(hu)調查。調查結果表明,社區(qu)(qu)經(jing)濟(ji)對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)方式(shi)主要有灘(tan)涂承包、討小海、受雇(gu)撿拾海產品及魚(yu)塘(tang)養殖(zhi)(zhi)。用(yong)依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)衡量社區(qu)(qu)經(jing)濟(ji)對(dui)(dui)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)資源依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)程度(du)的指(zhi)標,從3個層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)來分(fen)(fen)析依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu),一是(shi)(shi)以村(cun)(cun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基(ji)本單(dan)位的層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian),竹塔(ta)村(cun)(cun)、船場村(cun)(cun)兩村(cun)(cun)依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)于(yu)(yu)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)資源的經(jing)濟(ji)收入(ru)成(cheng)份(fen)分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)48.4%和(he)51%;二是(shi)(shi)以戶(hu)(hu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)單(dan)位的層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian),竹塔(ta)村(cun)(cun)調查樣(yang)本依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)D〉50%的占總樣(yang)本數(shu)(shu)的46%,船場村(cun)(cun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)41%;三是(shi)(shi)以不同調查群體(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)單(dan)位的層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian),灘(tan)涂承包戶(hu)(hu)及魚(yu)塘(tang)養殖(zhi)(zhi)戶(hu)(hu)對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)資源的依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)非常高,接近于(yu)(yu)100%,而對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)農(nong)戶(hu)(hu)來說,對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)資源的依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)相對(dui)(dui)低一些,在(zai)其經(jing)濟(ji)收入(ru)超過(guo)全村(cun)(cun)平均值的群體(ti)中,農(nong)戶(hu)(hu)對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)資源依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)大于(yu)(yu)50%的,竹塔(ta)村(cun)(cun)占6.3%,船場村(cun)(cun)占16.7%。村(cun)(cun)民的經(jing)濟(ji)收入(ru)結構中,依(yi)(yi)(yi)賴(lai)(lai)(lai)于(yu)(yu)紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)國(guo)家級保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)的經(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)份(fen)占有重(zhong)大比(bi)重(zhong)。提(ti)出政府應(ying)該鼓(gu)勵(li)村(cun)(cun)民公(gong)眾參與(yu)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理(li),使得村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)與(yu)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)和(he)諧發(fa)展的建議。
保護
漳(zhang)江口紅樹林(lin)自然保護區以保護紅樹林(lin)濕地和濱海鹽(yan)沼、珍稀瀕(bin)危野生(sheng)動物、鳥類重(zhong)要(yao)棲息地、重(zhong)要(yao)的水產(chan)種質資源等為主(zhu)要(yao)保護對象。
漳江口(kou)于1992年被批(pi)準(zhun)為(wei)(wei)縣級(ji)自然(ran)(ran)保護區(qu),1997年批(pi)準(zhun)為(wei)(wei)省級(ji)自然(ran)(ran)保護區(qu),2003年批(pi)準(zhun)為(wei)(wei)國家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)(ran)保護區(qu)。