個人生平
早年經歷
元(yuan)世祖至元(yuan)十(shi)八年(nian)辛(xin)巳(1281年(nian))七月十(shi)九日(ri),元(yuan)朝(chao)皇孫(sun)答(da)剌(la)麻八剌(la)之嫡妻(qi)答(da)己產下一子,三年(nian)多以(yi)后(hou)(hou)又(you)得一子,元(yuan)世祖忽必烈請正一道道士張留孫(sun)為兩位曾孫(sun)取名(ming),哥哥叫海山(shan),弟弟叫壽山(shan)(后(hou)(hou)譯為梵(fan)語愛育黎拔力八達),他們分別就是后(hou)(hou)來的元(yuan)武宗和(he)元(yuan)仁宗。
海山的祖父(fu)真(zhen)金(jin)(元(yuan)裕宗)是(shi)元(yuan)朝的皇太(tai)子,但(dan)他在至(zhi)元(yuan)二(er)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(1285年(nian))十(shi)二(er)月去(qu)世。他的父(fu)親答(da)剌(la)麻八剌(la)很受忽必烈喜愛,有望成(cheng)(cheng)為皇位(wei)繼承人,但(dan)也在至(zhi)元(yuan)二(er)十(shi)九年(nian)(1292年(nian))早逝(shi)了。于是(shi),忽必烈將皇太(tai)子寶授予海山的叔叔、真(zhen)金(jin)幼(you)子鐵穆耳。至(zhi)元(yuan)三十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1294年(nian)),忽必烈去(qu)世,鐵穆耳即位(wei),是(shi)為元(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)宗。
海山(shan)(shan)兄(xiong)弟幼年(nian)(nian)(nian)由怯(qie)薛乞(qi)臺(tai)普(pu)濟(唐兀(wu)人)撫(fu)養,并(bing)學習了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些儒家經典。元(yuan)成宗剛繼位的(de)(de)時候,真金(jin)之妻闊闊真聘請漢儒李孟進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)教導(dao)他們兄(xiong)弟倆。當(dang)時,元(yuan)朝正(zheng)與(yu)海都(dou)(dou)、篤哇等(deng)(deng)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)叛王(wang)進(jin)行曠日持久的(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng),到大(da)德(de)(de)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1298年(nian)(nian)(nian))冬,元(yuan)軍(jun)統(tong)帥寧遠(yuan)王(wang)闊闊出疏(shu)于防范(fan),導(dao)致戰(zhan)敗,駙(fu)馬闊里吉思被叛軍(jun)所俘,成宗遂下詔以(yi)(yi)海山(shan)(shan)代替闊闊出統(tong)率西北(bei)(bei)(bei)諸軍(jun)。海山(shan)(shan)于大(da)德(de)(de)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1299年(nian)(nian)(nian))抵達前(qian)線稱海(今(jin)蒙(meng)古國(guo)科(ke)布(bu)多(duo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶),在(zai)(zai)(zai)乞(qi)臺(tai)普(pu)濟的(de)(de)輔(fu)佐下加(jia)強屯田(tian),訓練軍(jun)隊,以(yi)(yi)備叛軍(jun)入(ru)侵(qin)。大(da)德(de)(de)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1300年(nian)(nian)(nian))八月,海山(shan)(shan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)闊別列大(da)破海都(dou)(dou)軍(jun),翌年(nian)(nian)(nian)又親(qin)自率軍(jun)與(yu)海都(dou)(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)蒙(meng)古高原上展開幾番惡戰(zhan),結果海都(dou)(dou)敗死。此后戰(zhan)事告一(yi)(yi)(yi)段落,但海山(shan)(shan)仍留在(zai)(zai)(zai)漠北(bei)(bei)(bei)鎮撫(fu)軍(jun)民(min),并(bing)于大(da)德(de)(de)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1304年(nian)(nian)(nian))加(jia)封懷(huai)寧王(wang),賜金(jin)印,食瑞(rui)州65000戶。大(da)德(de)(de)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1306年(nian)(nian)(nian))以(yi)(yi)后,海山(shan)(shan)又帶兵(bing)越過金(jin)山(shan)(shan),在(zai)(zai)(zai)也兒的(de)(de)石河(今(jin)額爾齊斯河)流域追剿察(cha)八兒等(deng)(deng)海都(dou)(dou)余(yu)部,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)鞏固了(le)元(yuan)朝對漠北(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)統(tong)治。
繼位為帝
大德(de)十一年(nian)(1307年(nian))正月初八(ba),元成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗駕崩于(yu)大都玉德(de)殿。他的(de)皇(huang)太子(zi)德(de)壽早夭,亦無其(qi)(qi)他子(zi)嗣,因(yin)而(er)皇(huang)位出現空(kong)缺。按照蒙古(gu)舊制,在(zai)(zai)皇(huang)位空(kong)虛(xu)時(shi),暫由正宮皇(huang)后(hou)卜魯(lu)罕(han)攝(she)政(zheng)(zheng),由她召集宗親(qin)大臣舉行忽里臺(tai)大會,另選新君。卜魯(lu)罕(han)和(he)左丞(cheng)(cheng)相阿忽臺(tai)準備(bei)擁(yong)立成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗的(de)堂弟、信(xin)奉伊(yi)斯蘭教的(de)安西王(wang)阿難答(da),因(yin)為(wei)他是忽必烈諸孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)年(nian)齡最(zui)長(chang)者,乃召其(qi)(qi)入(ru)京輔政(zheng)(zheng);而(er)右丞(cheng)(cheng)相哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)剌(la)(la)哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)孫(sun)(sun)則試圖擁(yong)立海(hai)(hai)山(shan)兄弟,于(yu)是他在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宗死后(hou)立即(ji)秘密派人通知在(zai)(zai)漠(mo)北的(de)海(hai)(hai)山(shan)和(he)在(zai)(zai)懷州(zhou)的(de)答(da)己(ji)及愛育(yu)黎拔力(li)八(ba)達迅速入(ru)京。這時(shi)卜魯(lu)罕(han)為(wei)防止(zhi)海(hai)(hai)山(shan)奪位,下(xia)(xia)密旨切(qie)斷通往(wang)漠(mo)北的(de)驛路。受哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)剌(la)(la)哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)孫(sun)(sun)之命北趨報(bao)訊的(de)康里脫脫通過其(qi)(qi)兄阿沙不花疏通通政(zheng)(zheng)院,改署手(shou)中(zhong)馳驛文書的(de)日期(qi),使其(qi)(qi)先于(yu)卜魯(lu)罕(han)下(xia)(xia)旨之日,遂得以(yi)(yi)乘驛馬往(wang)海(hai)(hai)山(shan)處。隨(sui)后(hou),哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)剌(la)(la)哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)孫(sun)(sun)悉收京城百司(si)符(fu)印,封府(fu)庫,稱病臥(wo)于(yu)宮外(wai),卜魯(lu)罕(han)多次(ci)下(xia)(xia)旨,他都不聽,也不處理(li)政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)文書。此舉一方(fang)面可(ke)以(yi)(yi)阻遏卜魯(lu)罕(han)動員行政(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)樞的(de)權力(li)資(zi)源發號施令、籌劃臨朝稱制的(de)計劃,另一方(fang)面又(you)防止(zhi)了皇(huang)后(hou)集團以(yi)(yi)左丞(cheng)(cheng)相阿忽臺(tai)取而(er)代(dai)之,控(kong)制中(zhong)書省。哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)剌(la)(la)哈(ha)(ha)(ha)(ha)孫(sun)(sun)堅持在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)書省守值凡三月,“未(wei)嘗一至(zhi)家(jia)休沐”,耐(nai)心等待反擊的(de)時(shi)機成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟。
遠在漠(mo)(mo)北(bei)的(de)海(hai)山接到成宗死訊后,曾(ceng)準備立即(ji)還朝,后因乞(qi)臺普濟(ji)以漠(mo)(mo)南事宜“難(nan)以遙度”為(wei)勸,遂暫時緩行,以觀局勢(shi)。大(da)德十(shi)一(yi)年(1307年)三(san)月,海(hai)山率軍自金山前線(xian)東返(fan)和(he)林,召集漠(mo)(mo)北(bei)諸(zhu)王勛戚大(da)會(hui),誅殺(sha)與(yu)阿難(nan)答(da)通謀(mou)的(de)合赤溫后王也只(zhi)里(li),與(yu)會(hui)宗親大(da)臣合辭(ci)勸進。海(hai)山這(zhe)時已(yi)獲悉答(da)己與(yu)愛育黎拔力八達先至大(da)都,決計在和(he)林窺視動向,于是謝絕(jue)了諸(zhu)王的(de)勸進,聲稱要(yao)等到宗親大(da)臣到齊、忽里(li)臺大(da)會(hui)召開時再即(ji)位。
愛(ai)育黎拔力八達(da)母子到(dao)大(da)(da)(da)都(dou)后(hou),在李(li)孟、哈(ha)(ha)剌(la)哈(ha)(ha)孫的(de)幫助(zhu)下,發動宮廷政變,一(yi)舉扳倒了卜魯(lu)罕、阿難答、阿忽臺(tai)等人,至此皇位(wei)在海(hai)山(shan)(shan)兄弟(di)間搖擺,諸王闊闊出(chu)、牙忽都(dou)及愛(ai)育黎拔力八達(da)的(de)師傅(fu)李(li)孟等人都(dou)勸愛(ai)育黎拔力八達(da)不顧海(hai)山(shan)(shan),自己(ji)登(deng)位(wei),答己(ji)也認為“天性孝(xiao)友”的(de)愛(ai)育黎拔力八達(da)比海(hai)山(shan)(shan)更容易控制,因此假(jia)托(tuo)陰陽家之(zhi)言,算出(chu)“重光大(da)(da)(da)荒落(海(hai)山(shan)(shan)出(chu)生(sheng)的(de)辛巳(si)年(nian))有(you)災,旃蒙作噩(e)(愛(ai)育黎拔力八達(da)出(chu)生(sheng)的(de)乙酉年(nian))長(chang)久”的(de)一(yi)卦,并派人帶著(zhu)這(zhe)一(yi)卦給(gei)漠北(bei)的(de)海(hai)山(shan)(shan)看(kan),暗示(shi)他放(fang)棄皇位(wei)。海(hai)山(shan)(shan)在和林(lin)一(yi)心等待大(da)(da)(da)都(dou)派人迎(ying)他就位(wei),想不到(dao)等來這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)套(tao)說教,憤然(ran)指出(chu):“我捍御邊陲,勤勞十年(nian),又次序居長(chang),神器所歸(gui),灼(zhuo)然(ran)何(he)疑?今太后(hou)以(yi)星命(ming)休咎為言,天道(dao)茫昧,誰(shui)能豫知?設使我即(ji)位(wei)之(zhi)后(hou),所設施者(zhe)上合天心,下副(fu)民望,則雖一(yi)日之(zhi)短(duan),亦(yi)足垂名萬年(nian),何(he)可以(yi)陰陽之(zhi)言而(er)乖祖宗(zong)之(zhi)托(tuo)哉?此蓋(gai)近日任(ren)事之(zhi)臣(chen),擅權(quan)專殺,恐我他日或治其罪,故(gu)為是奸謀(mou)動搖大(da)(da)(da)本耳!”然(ran)后(hou)命(ming)康(kang)里脫脫疾(ji)還京師,表示(shi)自己(ji)已決意繼承帝位(wei)。接著(zhu)海(hai)山(shan)(shan)本人親率三萬大(da)(da)(da)軍(jun),分三道(dao)南(nan)下。
面臨(lin)海(hai)(hai)(hai)山(shan)強(qiang)大的(de)軍(jun)事威(wei)懾,他(ta)的(de)母親和弟弟及大都諸臣被迫改變原來(lai)的(de)想法(fa),向海(hai)(hai)(hai)山(shan)明確表示推(tui)戴之意(yi)。大德十(shi)一年(nian)(1307年(nian))五月(yue)(yue),海(hai)(hai)(hai)山(shan)抵達上都,會(hui)聚宗(zong)(zong)(zong)戚大臣,舉行忽里臺大會(hui),一方(fang)面處死卜魯(lu)罕和阿難答,另一方(fang)面則(ze)確認(ren)海(hai)(hai)(hai)山(shan)的(de)皇位繼(ji)承資格。五月(yue)(yue)二十(shi)一日,海(hai)(hai)(hai)山(shan)即(ji)位于(yu)上都,是為元武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。即(ji)位后追(zhui)尊父親答剌(la)麻八剌(la)為順宗(zong)(zong)(zong)昭圣(sheng)衍孝皇帝(di),愛育(yu)黎拔力八達為皇太子(zi),十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)二十(shi)九日下詔改元為“至大”,正式開啟了武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)一朝三(san)年(nian)有余的(de)統(tong)治(zhi)。
鞏固統治
武宗(zong)(zong)繼位時(shi)(shi)(shi),接管的(de)是(shi)一個貌似(si)強大(da)(da)安定、實(shi)則弊端叢(cong)生(sheng)的(de)帝(di)國。他(ta)(ta)的(de)前(qian)任皇帝(di)元(yuan)成(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)奉行(xing)“持盈守成(cheng)”的(de)政策,使(shi)忽必烈時(shi)(shi)(shi)代漢(han)化不(bu)徹底及漢(han)法(fa)與回回法(fa)沖(chong)突等(deng)遺留問(wen)(wen)題(ti)繼續惡化,困擾(rao)著(zhu)蒙元(yuan)王朝的(de)統治者。成(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)主要問(wen)(wen)題(ti)有對宗(zong)(zong)戚大(da)(da)臣的(de)濫賜濫封;冗員冗費嚴重、行(xing)政效率低下;貪污(wu)腐敗問(wen)(wen)題(ti)逐漸凸(tu)顯,當然(ran)最嚴峻的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)是(shi)經濟上的(de)鈔法(fa)開始崩潰,至元(yuan)鈔大(da)(da)幅(fu)貶值,導致物價飛漲、通貨膨脹,影響財政收入。再加(jia)上自然(ran)災害頻繁發生(sheng),武宗(zong)(zong)面(mian)臨的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)可謂是(shi)非(fei)常(chang)棘手的(de),因此他(ta)(ta)不(bu)得不(bu)調(diao)整(zheng)“守成(cheng)”之策,對統治加(jia)以調(diao)整(zheng)。武宗(zong)(zong)在位時(shi)(shi)(shi)間雖短,卻在各方(fang)面(mian)進行(xing)了不(bu)少改革,以鞏固(gu)元(yuan)朝的(de)統治。
武(wu)宗(zong)入繼大統(tong)后,朝廷中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu)用(yong)人(ren)(ren),差不多都在(zai)西北(bei)從征的蒙古(gu)、色目(mu)將(jiang)領中(zhong)(zhong)挑選(xuan)。崇儒(ru)右文的哈剌哈孫最初仍留任(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)書右丞相,但兩(liang)個(ge)月以后就被外(wai)放為新成立的和(he)林行(xing)省(sheng)左丞相。武(wu)宗(zong)所信(xin)用(yong)的大臣(chen),有(you)乞臺普濟(ji)(唐兀(wu)人(ren)(ren))、脫(tuo)虎脫(tuo)(畏(wei)兀(wu)兒(er)(er)人(ren)(ren))、三寶奴(nu)(西域人(ren)(ren))、樂實(高麗(li)人(ren)(ren))、保(bao)八(色目(mu)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)蒙古(gu)人(ren)(ren))、忙哥(ge)帖木兒(er)(er)(拂林人(ren)(ren),愛薛之孫)、王羆(pi)等(deng)。武(wu)宗(zong)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)書省(sheng)之外(wai),另設(she)尚書省(sheng),用(yong)來安(an)置他(ta)的親(qin)信(xin),并(bing)實施改革(ge)。武(wu)宗(zong)在(zai)政治上實行(xing)“溥從寬大”的方針,大范(fan)圍地封(feng)官進爵、增加賞賜,同時推(tui)行(xing)考課,籌備郊祀(si);經濟(ji)上,改革(ge)鈔法,頒(ban)“至大銀(yin)鈔”,又(you)發行(xing)銅(tong)錢“大元(yuan)通寶”和(he)“至大通寶”,并(bing)許與歷代銅(tong)錢混合使(shi)用(yong),以信(xin)譽較穩(wen)定(ding)的小面額金屬輔幣來平抑日(ri)用(yong)品零售領域中(zhong)(zhong)物價(jia)的過份波動。
此外還擴大(da)海運糧數量(liang),提高(gao)鹽引價格,增(zeng)加(jia)賦稅,等等。這些措施多與忽必烈(lie)時(shi)期阿合馬、桑哥主持的尚(shang)書(shu)省的舉措很相似,但在實行方(fang)面比那(nei)時(shi)來得溫和。武宗在位時(shi)還大(da)興土木(mu),即(ji)位一個月后(hou)就下令在上都(dou)(dou)和大(da)都(dou)(dou)之(zhi)間的旺兀(wu)察都(dou)(dou)(今河北(bei)張北(bei))興建元中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)。同時(shi)還在大(da)都(dou)(dou)、上都(dou)(dou)和五臺山等地修(xiu)筑佛(fo)寺。
武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)改革舉(ju)措(cuo)尤其(qi)是(shi)濫封(feng)濫賞(shang)和理財政策很(hen)大程度上與(yu)儒家相(xiang)悖,因此招來漢人(ren)儒臣的(de)(de)(de)批評。代(dai)表性的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)監察御(yu)史張養浩在(zai)至(zhi)大三年曾上《時(shi)政書》列(lie)舉(ju)十項弊政:一(yi)曰(yue)賞(shang)賜(si)太(tai)(tai)侈、二曰(yue)刑禁太(tai)(tai)疏、三曰(yue)名爵太(tai)(tai)輕(qing)、四(si)曰(yue)臺綱太(tai)(tai)弱(ruo)、五(wu)曰(yue)土木太(tai)(tai)盛、六(liu)曰(yue)號令太(tai)(tai)浮、七曰(yue)幸門太(tai)(tai)多、八(ba)曰(yue)風(feng)俗太(tai)(tai)靡(mi)、九曰(yue)異端(duan)太(tai)(tai)橫、十曰(yue)取(qu)相(xiang)之(zhi)術太(tai)(tai)寬。后來的(de)(de)(de)許(xu)有壬則總(zong)結武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)失政有四(si)個(ge)方面:名爵掃地、賜(si)予空帑(tang)、太(tai)(tai)官(guan)恃不鉤檢、宿衛依(yi)憑(ping)城(cheng)社。而武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)在(zai)改革沒有收到成(cheng)效之(zhi)時(shi)便(bian)撒手人(ren)寰,仁宗(zong)(zong)(zong)愛育黎拔力八(ba)達則全盤推翻(fan)了(le)(le)武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)改革措(cuo)施,并處死了(le)(le)三寶奴等武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)信任的(de)(de)(de)大臣,所以武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)短(duan)暫統治時(shi)期雖(sui)改革紛紜(yun),卻不過是(shi)曇(tan)花(hua)一(yi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)插曲而已。
英年而逝
當(dang)初武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)海山能繼位,很(hen)大(da)程度上(shang)依靠的(de)是他弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di)愛育(yu)黎拔力(li)八達在(zai)大(da)都(dou)發動的(de)打倒成(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后(hou)卜魯罕和安西王阿難答的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)變,所以作為(wei)報酬,愛育(yu)黎拔力(li)八達在(zai)武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)登基后(hou)第(di)九(jiu)天就(jiu)被(bei)立為(wei)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子,并約定“兄(xiong)弟(di)(di)叔(shu)侄(zhi)世(shi)世(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)承”。武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朝,愛育(yu)黎拔力(li)八達以皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子身份守中書令,掌(zhang)管中書省事,盡管武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)設尚書省以分中書省之權,但(dan)愛育(yu)黎拔力(li)八達仍(reng)積極參(can)政(zheng)(zheng)。同時,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)答己亦頗有(you)(you)干政(zheng)(zheng)野(ye)心。于是在(zai)武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朝,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)圣旨(zhi)、皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)懿旨(zhi)和皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子令旨(zhi)并行不悖,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)有(you)(you)鐵木迭(die)兒等蒙古貴族的(de)支持(chi),皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子有(you)(you)漢人儒臣李(li)孟等的(de)支持(chi),三宮(gong)之間關系微妙,為(wei)后(hou)來的(de)矛(mao)盾埋下伏筆。武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)時的(de)主要矛(mao)盾則(ze)是武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)和皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)子的(de)矛(mao)盾,到了至大(da)三年(1310年)已浮出水面,尚書省左丞(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)三寶奴和宦(huan)官李(li)邦寧公(gong)然勸武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)改易太(tai)(tai)(tai)子,立武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)自己的(de)兒子和世(shi)?為(wei)儲君。尚書省右丞(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)康里脫脫力(li)持(chi)不可,武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)最后(hou)也(ye)未聽從(cong),終究沒(mei)有(you)(you)毀約。
至大四年(1311年)正月初八,海(hai)山(shan)駕崩于大都玉德殿(dian),享年三十一歲(sui)。皇太子(zi)(zi)愛育黎拔(ba)力八達繼(ji)位(wei),是(shi)為(wei)仁宗,為(wei)兄長海(hai)山(shan)上廟號(hao)(hao)為(wei)武宗,謚(shi)號(hao)(hao)為(wei)仁惠(hui)宣孝皇帝,蒙古(gu)汗號(hao)(hao)為(wei)曲律(lv)(意(yi)為(wei)俊杰)汗。仁宗沒有(you)守住與兄長的(de)約定,而是(shi)逼走了侄(zhi)兒(er)和世?,立自(zi)己的(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)碩(shuo)德八剌為(wei)皇太子(zi)(zi)。十多(duo)年后(hou),海(hai)山(shan)兩(liang)子(zi)(zi)和世?、圖帖睦爾奪回(hui)皇位(wei),以后(hou)的(de)黃(huang)金家(jia)族汗位(wei)遂落在(zai)海(hai)山(shan)一系(xi)手中。
為政舉措
政治
設尚書省
武宗(zong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)政(zheng)治上最重大的舉措就是設(she)立(li)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。元世祖時(shi)曾短暫設(she)立(li)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),后(hou)(hou)(hou)革(ge)罷。武宗(zong)即(ji)(ji)位(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou),為了更有效地實(shi)施改革(ge)措施,決定在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)外另立(li)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),作為實(shi)際上的中(zhong)樞機構。大德十一年(1307年)九(jiu)月,即(ji)(ji)位(wei)不到四個月的武宗(zong)就下詔設(she)立(li)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),此舉遭到御(yu)史臺、中(zhong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)官員(yuan)的強烈反(fan)對,武宗(zong)不得不解散尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。但武宗(zong)自然(ran)不肯(ken)善罷甘休,特別是皇(huang)太(tai)子愛(ai)育黎(li)拔(ba)力八(ba)(ba)達兼領中(zhong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou),更需要另設(she)機構對其加以(yi)牽制(zhi)。兩年后(hou)(hou)(hou),武宗(zong)的權力已(yi)經(jing)鞏固,在(zai)(zai)(zai)至大二年(1309年)八(ba)(ba)月第二次設(she)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),以(yi)乞(qi)臺普濟為右丞(cheng)相(xiang)、脫虎脫為左(zuo)丞(cheng)相(xiang)、三寶奴(nu)、樂(le)(le)實(shi)為平章政(zheng)事(shi),保八(ba)(ba)為右丞(cheng),忙(mang)哥帖(tie)木(mu)兒為左(zuo)丞(cheng),王羆為參知(zhi)政(zheng)事(shi)。此次設(she)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)無人(ren)反(fan)對,翌年六月更是令其“總治百(bai)司庶務,并(bing)從尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)奏行”,結果“中(zhong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)署僅(jin)同閑(xian)局,居其職者俯焉食祿而已(yi)”。隨(sui)即(ji)(ji)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也開(kai)始啟動一系列改革(ge)措施。但好景不長(chang),僅(jin)過(guo)一年半武宗(zong)就駕崩了。皇(huang)太(tai)子愛(ai)育黎(li)拔(ba)力八(ba)(ba)達在(zai)(zai)(zai)武宗(zong)尸(shi)骨未寒之(zhi)時(shi),就立(li)即(ji)(ji)下令廢(fei)除尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),處死尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)官員(yuan)三寶奴(nu)、脫虎脫、樂(le)(le)實(shi)、保八(ba)(ba)、王羆,流放(fang)忙(mang)哥帖(tie)木(mu)兒等人(ren),并(bing)廢(fei)止(zhi)其改革(ge)措施。此后(hou)(hou)(hou)元朝再(zai)未設(she)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),這也是尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)歷史上最后(hou)(hou)(hou)一次出(chu)現。
封官賞賜
武宗(zong)標榜“溥(pu)從寬大(da)(da)(da)”,其封(feng)(feng)(feng)官與(yu)賞(shang)賜(si)達到前(qian)所未有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)程度。朝(chao)(chao)會(hui)賜(si)賚和(he)對(dui)諸王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)歲賜(si)是蒙(meng)古傳(chuan)統(tong),武宗(zong)統(tong)兵(bing)漠北,更是深諳賞(shang)賜(si)的(de)(de)(de)激勵作(zuo)用(yong),因此他(ta)在(zai)位(wei)時(shi)賞(shang)賜(si)的(de)(de)(de)數量和(he)名目大(da)(da)(da)幅增加(jia)。他(ta)即(ji)位(wei)之(zhi)初,就對(dui)諸王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)勛戚大(da)(da)(da)行賞(shang)賜(si),不(bu)但堅持按成(cheng)宗(zong)時(shi)賞(shang)額銳增的(de)(de)(de)先例發(fa)放(fang),而且對(dui)先前(qian)會(hui)于(yu)和(he)林時(shi)“已(yi)(yi)蒙(meng)賜(si)與(yu)者(zhe)”也重(zhong)復頒發(fa),結果給者(zhe)未及半而兩京府(fu)儲(chu)已(yi)(yi)虛。其后,請賞(shang)者(zhe)仍(reng)絡繹不(bu)絕(jue);財賦(fu)不(bu)支,只好用(yong)濫封(feng)(feng)(feng)爵位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)辦法作(zuo)為補(bu)償。世祖時(shi)規定非黃金家族(zu)嫡系子(zi)孫不(bu)得封(feng)(feng)(feng)一字王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),武宗(zong)則破例晉封(feng)(feng)(feng)一字王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)多達十(shi)(shi)五六人(ren)(ren)(ren)。除魏王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)阿木(mu)哥和(he)寧王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)闊闊出(chu)是世祖直系后人(ren)(ren)(ren)外,其他(ta)十(shi)(shi)數人(ren)(ren)(ren)如越王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)禿剌、豳王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)出(chu)伯、定王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)藥木(mu)忽兒、壽(shou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)乃蠻(man)臺等(deng)全是疏(shu)族(zu),甚(shen)至(zhi)駙馬(ma)也封(feng)(feng)(feng)了一字王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。中(zhong)書省、樞密院(yuan)和(he)御史臺負責大(da)(da)(da)臣的(de)(de)(de)員額,這時(shi)候(hou)也比(bi)前(qian)朝(chao)(chao)大(da)(da)(da)增。樞密院(yuan)從世祖朝(chao)(chao)六員、成(cheng)宗(zong)朝(chao)(chao)十(shi)(shi)三員激增至(zhi)三十(shi)(shi)二(er)員。還有(you)(you)更多的(de)(de)(de)“遙授”職銜。時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)記載說,“今天子(zi)即(ji)位(wei),加(jia)恩近臣,佩相(xiang)印(yin)者(zhe)以百(bai)數”。宿衛馬(ma)謀沙以“角抵(di)屢勝”,即(ji)遙授平章政事(shi),“微至(zhi)優伶、屠沽、僧道(dao),有(you)(you)授左丞、平章、參政者(zhe)。其他(ta)因修造而進秩,以技藝而得官,曰(yue)國(guo)公、曰(yue)司徒、曰(yue)丞相(xiang)者(zhe),相(xiang)望(wang)于(yu)朝(chao)(chao)。自有(you)(you)國(guo)以來,名器之(zhi)輕,無甚(shen)今日”。一方(fang)(fang)面,武宗(zong)通過大(da)(da)(da)肆封(feng)(feng)(feng)官與(yu)賞(shang)賜(si)拉攏(long)人(ren)(ren)(ren)心,鞏固了自己的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治基礎;另一方(fang)(fang)面,選法的(de)(de)(de)混亂必(bi)然(ran)(ran)會(hui)促成(cheng)吏(li)治的(de)(de)(de)紊亂。地(di)方(fang)(fang)官吏(li)往往擅(shan)自離職,營(ying)干私事(shi)。朝(chao)(chao)廷制詔(zhao)變更不(bu)常,“甚(shen)則朝(chao)(chao)出(chu)而夕改,于(yu)事(shi)甫行而止者(zhe)隨至(zhi)”。朝(chao)(chao)中(zhong)正在(zai)討論的(de)(de)(de)未決事(shi)宜,也經(jing)常泄(xie)露到民(min)(min)間。甚(shen)至(zhi)“詔(zhao)稿未脫,而奸民(min)(min)已(yi)(yi)復群然(ran)(ran)誦之(zhi)”。
整頓吏治
武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)時也嘗試(shi)對吏(li)治加以整飭,其具體(ti)措(cuo)(cuo)施是頒(ban)布《省部綱紀(ji)》,提高(gao)行(xing)政效(xiao)率(lv);實行(xing)封贈制,強化官(guan)員的榮譽感;提高(gao)官(guan)員俸祿(lu),革除外任(ren)官(guan)職田;設考功司,籌備考課(ke)制度。不過這些措(cuo)(cuo)施并未見(jian)效(xiao),甚(shen)至還停留在籌劃階段時,就因武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)的駕崩而通通革除了。
籌備郊祀
武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)還在禮(li)樂(le)祭祀(si)(si)上大做(zuo)文章,“有意稽古禮(li)文之事”。他三次(ci)(ci)前(qian)往太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)祭拜,開了(le)元(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)皇(huang)帝親享太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)先河,不過(guo)他并(bing)未向元(yuan)(yuan)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)以后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)帝那(nei)樣穿(chuan)漢(han)族傳統的(de)(de)(de)袞(gun)冕法服進行祭祀(si)(si)。他在位時還改革太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)室次(ci)(ci)制(zhi)度,過(guo)去歷代(dai)王朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)中太(tai)(tai)祖室在最西(xi)(xi),后(hou)代(dai)皇(huang)帝依次(ci)(ci)向東(dong)排列,元(yuan)(yuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)則(ze)改為太(tai)(tai)祖室居中,后(hou)代(dai)皇(huang)帝依昭穆左右排列,此(ci)舉影響(xiang)了(le)明清兩代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)制(zhi)度。江西(xi)(xi)布(bu)衣曾(ceng)巽初(chu)上《郊祀(si)(si)鹵(lu)簿圖(tu)》、《郊祀(si)(si)禮(li)樂(le)圖(tu)》,武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)對(dui)此(ci)相當(dang)重(zhong)視,親自召其入對(dui),并(bing)令(ling)尚書省和太(tai)(tai)常寺討論(lun)郊祀(si)(si)事宜,最后(hou)決(jue)定(ding)在南郊天(tian)壇之外另筑北郊地(di)壇,并(bing)以太(tai)(tai)祖成吉思(si)汗(han)配(pei)天(tian),世祖忽必烈(lie)配(pei)地(di),武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)將親自祭祀(si)(si)。但到(dao)至大三年(1310年)冬至祭天(tian)時,武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)因身體不適而(er)遣人(ren)攝祀(si)(si),一(yi)個月(yue)后(hou)就溘然長逝了(le)。仁宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)即位后(hou),推翻武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)一(yi)切措施,地(di)壇的(de)(de)(de)修筑遂被取消,皇(huang)帝親郊也被擱置,直(zhi)到(dao)二(er)十年后(hou)武(wu)(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)兒子文宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)圖(tu)帖(tie)睦爾才首次(ci)(ci)親自祭天(tian)。
設省和林
武(wu)宗(zong)平定了海(hai)都之亂,窩(wo)闊臺汗國(guo)滅亡,超(chao)過百萬的難民(min)涌入元朝轄下的漠北地區(qu),所以經營漠北、解決難民(min)問題(ti)成(cheng)為(wei)武(wu)宗(zong)朝的重要政治問題(ti)。武(wu)宗(zong)登基后,就(jiu)將(jiang)和林等(deng)(deng)處宣慰使司升格為(wei)和林等(deng)(deng)處行中書省(sheng),同(tong)時(shi)撥(bo)發農具、種子、漁網、錢鈔(chao)、糧食等(deng)(deng),大(da)力賑濟和林人民(min),繼(ji)續(xu)派漢(han)軍(jun)前往和林屯田(tian)。仁(ren)宗(zong)時(shi)改為(wei)嶺(ling)北行省(sheng),元朝行省(sheng)制度正(zheng)式完備。
營建中都
武宗(zong)(zong)即位(wei)第十天,就下令在(zai)旺兀察都(dou)(dou)(今河北(bei)張(zhang)北(bei))興建元(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)。關于(yu)興建中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)的(de)原因,被(bei)歸(gui)納為個(ge)(ge)人(ren)權威說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、交通(tong)要道(dao)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、戰略地位(wei)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、紀(ji)念(nian)先輩(bei)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、自然風貌說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)、政(zheng)治因素說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)和綜合因素說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)這七種說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法。行(xing)宮建成后,武宗(zong)(zong)又設(she)立中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)留(liu)守司兼開寧路都(dou)(dou)總管府,繼續(xu)推進工程建設(she)。不過由(you)于(yu)武宗(zong)(zong)駕(jia)崩,中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)的(de)建設(she)被(bei)叫停。后來武宗(zong)(zong)的(de)兩個(ge)(ge)兒(er)子元(yuan)(yuan)明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)和元(yuan)(yuan)文宗(zong)(zong)就在(zai)中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)行(xing)宮相(xiang)會,明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)旋即暴死,而(er)中(zhong)都(dou)(dou)的(de)營(ying)建也(ye)未被(bei)武宗(zong)(zong)的(de)后裔們(men)提上(shang)議事(shi)日(ri)程,遂永久擱置。
經濟
武(wu)宗朝面臨成宗時(shi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)貶值、通(tong)貨(huo)膨(peng)脹的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)問(wen)題,再(zai)加上武(wu)宗濫賞濫封(feng),中書(shu)省一(yi)(yi)再(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)“國用(yong)不(bu)給”告急,財政危機十(shi)分嚴重。為(wei)(wei)此(ci),武(wu)宗沒有采取減(jian)少開支和(he)裁撤冗(rong)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)策略(lve),而是(shi)在至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)二年(nian)(1309年(nian))八月再(zai)設(she)尚書(shu)省,一(yi)(yi)個重要目的(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)理財。至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)二年(nian)(1309年(nian))九月,詔行(xing)“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)銀鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)”,以(yi)(yi)(yi)新幣(bi)(bi)一(yi)(yi)兩(liang)準至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)五(wu)貫(guan)、白銀一(yi)(yi)兩(liang)、赤(chi)金(jin)一(yi)(yi)錢(qian)(qian)。按官方原定的(de)(de)(de)(de)兌(dui)換價(jia)格,以(yi)(yi)(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)二貫(guan)準花銀入庫(ku)價(jia)一(yi)(yi)兩(liang)、赤(chi)金(jin)入庫(ku)價(jia)一(yi)(yi)錢(qian)(qian);因(yin)(yin)此(ci)新幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)行(xing),實際上是(shi)通(tong)過由(you)政府明令宣布至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)貶值一(yi)(yi)倍(bei)半(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa),把通(tong)貨(huo)膨(peng)脹的(de)(de)(de)(de)患害(hai)轉嫁到私人用(yong)戶身上。新鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)行(xing)用(yong)后,面額一(yi)(yi)貫(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中統鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)只(zhi)抵至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)銀鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)一(yi)(yi)兩(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二十(shi)五(wu)分之一(yi)(yi),名實嚴重不(bu)符,因(yin)(yin)此(ci)頒行(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)銀鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)同時(shi),廢中統鈔(chao)(chao)(chao),限一(yi)(yi)百日(ri)內(nei)赴(fu)庫(ku)倒換。至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)銀鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)面額,有以(yi)(yi)(yi)文、十(shi)文、百文、兩(liang)計(ji)者(zhe),共十(shi)三等。以(yi)(yi)(yi)文為(wei)(wei)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)貨(huo)作為(wei)(wei)小額輔幣(bi)(bi)在民間日(ri)用(yong)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)零售(shou)方面使用(yong)甚為(wei)(wei)廣泛,但厘鈔(chao)(chao)(chao)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)流通(tong)過于(yu)頻繁,最易朽爛,既不(bu)便(bian)于(yu)民,印刷和(he)發(fa)行(xing)也不(bu)經濟(ji)(ji)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi),武(wu)宗又下詔行(xing)銅(tong)錢(qian)(qian),發(fa)行(xing)“大(da)(da)(da)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)”和(he)“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)通(tong)寶(bao)”,并以(yi)(yi)(yi)歷代(dai)銅(tong)錢(qian)(qian)與(yu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)相參行(xing)用(yong)。在幣(bi)(bi)制改革的(de)(de)(de)(de)敏感時(shi)期,以(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)用(yong)信譽(yu)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬輔幣(bi)(bi)來平抑小額零售(shou)商(shang)業領域內(nei)物價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過份波(bo)動,是(shi)一(yi)(yi)項具有積極意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)措施。
為了調控物價(jia),武宗還整頓(dun)海(hai)(hai)運(yun),以增加(jia)政府(fu)掌握的(de)(de)(de)物資數(shu)量。自從(cong)(cong)至(zhi)元二十年(nian)(nian)(1283年(nian)(nian))由(you)朱清、張瑄創(chuang)通(tong)漕糧(liang)北運(yun)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)路以后(hou),七八年(nian)(nian)之內,從(cong)(cong)江南海(hai)(hai)運(yun)到(dao)北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)漕糧(liang)就(jiu)由(you)不到(dao)10萬石(shi)(shi)劇增至(zhi)150萬石(shi)(shi)。大德(de)后(hou)期,海(hai)(hai)運(yun)糧(liang)更達到(dao)170—180萬石(shi)(shi)。至(zhi)大二年(nian)(nian)(1309年(nian)(nian))尚書省理(li)財的(de)(de)(de)重要措(cuo)施之一,就(jiu)是(shi)讓海(hai)(hai)運(yun)糧(liang)數(shu)量再(zai)創(chuang)新高。二年(nian)(nian)運(yun)出(chu)246萬石(shi)(shi),至(zhi)者(zhe)238萬石(shi)(shi);三年(nian)(nian)運(yun)出(chu)292萬石(shi)(shi),至(zhi)者(zhe)271萬石(shi)(shi)。海(hai)(hai)漕的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)輸成本比(bi)(bi)陸運(yun)節省十之七八,比(bi)(bi)之河漕也節省十之五六。對京畿(ji)地(di)區糧(liang)食供應的(de)(de)(de)明顯(xian)增加(jia),使政府(fu)能夠通(tong)過控制(zhi)糧(liang)價(jia)保(bao)持市面的(de)(de)(de)基本穩定(ding),從(cong)(cong)而緩解(jie)幣制(zhi)改革(ge)對社會發生的(de)(de)(de)沖擊。
尚書省其他的理財(cai)政策,包括增(zeng)加(jia)鹽(yan)引價格(每(mei)引增(zeng)至大(da)銀鈔四兩,按至元鈔計(ji),每(mei)引比(bi)元貞(zhen)年間增(zeng)加(jia)七(qi)貫);開酒(jiu)禁,立酒(jiu)課提(ti)舉司以征(zheng)收酒(jiu)稅;增(zeng)加(jia)江南富戶高收入(ru)稅,規定凡收入(ru)五(wu)萬(wan)石糧食以上者,每(mei)石輸二升于官;追(zhui)征(zheng)各地逋欠錢糧,等(deng)等(deng)。這些措施同樣(yang)也不免人亡政息的命(ming)運,所以并未收到(dao)成效。
文化
武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)時(shi)期進一步推行(xing)尊儒(ru)政策。他登基兩個月(yue)后(hou),就下詔將在(zai)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)封(feng)號“至(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)文(wen)宣王(wang)(wang)”前加“大(da)成(cheng)”二字(zi),是(shi)(shi)為“大(da)成(cheng)至(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)文(wen)宣王(wang)(wang)”,并遣(qian)使祭祀,以(yi)表(biao)尊崇,由儒(ru)臣(chen)閻復擬(ni)詔:“蓋聞先孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)而(er)圣(sheng)者,非(fei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)無以(yi)明(ming)(ming);后(hou)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)而(er)圣(sheng)者,非(fei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)無以(yi)法。所謂祖述堯舜、憲章文(wen)武(wu)(wu)、儀范百王(wang)(wang)、師表(biao)萬(wan)世者也。朕(zhen)纂(zuan)承丕緒,敬(jing)仰休風,循治古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良規,舉追封(feng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛典,加號大(da)成(cheng)至(zhi)(zhi)圣(sheng)文(wen)宣王(wang)(wang)。遣(qian)使闕里,祀以(yi)太牢。於(wu)戲(xi)!父子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)親,君臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi),永惟(wei)圣(sheng)教(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊;天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da),日月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明(ming)(ming),奚罄名言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙?尚資(zi)神化,祚我皇元。” 這是(shi)(shi)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)歷代王(wang)(wang)朝(除西夏外)中(zhong)得到的(de)最(zui)高級別的(de)封(feng)號。隨后(hou),中(zhong)書右丞孛羅(luo)帖木兒將《孝經》翻譯為蒙古文(wen),獻給武(wu)(wu)宗(zong),武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)指示道:“此乃孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微言,自(zi)王(wang)(wang)公達于庶民,皆(jie)當由是(shi)(shi)而(er)行(xing)。其命中(zhong)書省刻版模印,諸(zhu)王(wang)(wang)而(er)下皆(jie)賜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”此外武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)還(huan)在(zai)至(zhi)(zhi)大(da)二年(1309年)豁免儒(ru)戶差役,以(yi)示對儒(ru)生(sheng)的(de)優(you)待。
武(wu)宗(zong)崇儒只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)虛尊(zun)而已,他真(zhen)正(zheng)崇尚的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)藏傳(chuan)佛(fo)教(jiao),他不(bu)(bu)僅在修(xiu)佛(fo)寺、做佛(fo)事(shi),還(huan)出臺(tai)優(you)待喇嘛(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)政策,規定老百姓毆打喇嘛(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)砍手,辱罵(ma)喇嘛(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)斷(duan)舌,皇太(tai)子(zi)愛(ai)育黎拔力(li)八(ba)達及時(shi)勸止(zhi)。武(wu)宗(zong)至(zhi)大元年(nian)(nian)(1308年(nian)(nian)),上都(dou)開(kai)元寺喇嘛(ma)(ma)強(qiang)買(mai)柴薪,賣(mai)家訴(su)諸(zhu)上都(dou)留守李璧。李璧正(zheng)詢問原因的(de)(de)時(shi)候,喇嘛(ma)(ma)們已手持(chi)棍棒(bang)沖入衙門,隔(ge)著(zhu)桌(zhuo)案扯(che)住李璧頭發,拖到(dao)地上痛打一頓,又把他關(guan)在一個小黑屋(wu)里,很久以后才釋放出來,李璧奔(ben)訴(su)于(yu)朝(chao)堂,遇(yu)到(dao)大赦便不(bu)(bu)了了之。翌年(nian)(nian)又有龔柯(ke)等(deng)十八(ba)名(ming)喇嘛(ma)(ma)與諸(zhu)王合兒八(ba)剌(la)之妃忽禿(tu)赤的(de)(de)斤搶道,竟把王妃拉下車毆打,甚至(zhi)對武(wu)宗(zong)也有不(bu)(bu)敬(jing)之語(yu),事(shi)情報(bao)上后,武(wu)宗(zong)也下詔不(bu)(bu)加過問。從這些事(shi)可(ke)以看出武(wu)宗(zong)朝(chao)對藏傳(chuan)佛(fo)教(jiao)的(de)(de)縱(zong)容及其勢力(li)的(de)(de)強(qiang)大。
此外(wai),武(wu)宗對(dui)道教也加(jia)以(yi)優待,正一道教主、龍虎山天(tian)師張(zhang)與材在武(wu)宗即位(wei)后來(lai)京覲見,武(wu)宗特(te)授金(jin)(jin)紫光(guang)祿(lu)大(da)夫,封留國公(gong),錫金(jin)(jin)印。對(dui)于曾給他(ta)取(qu)名的張(zhang)留孫,武(wu)宗更是親自召見賜座(zuo),升其為(wei)大(da)真人,知集賢(xian)院,位(wei)大(da)學(xue)士上,不久又加(jia)特(te)進(jin),為(wei)武(wu)宗進(jin)講(jiang)老(lao)子推明謙讓之道。
武宗(zong)(zong)還于至大元(yuan)年(1308年)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)止了白蓮(lian)教(jiao)的前身——白蓮(lian)宗(zong)(zong),起因是朝廷發現福建地(di)區的白蓮(lian)宗(zong)(zong)信徒(tu)在(zai)夜里秘密(mi)聚會,還娶妻生(sheng)子,害(hai)怕成為社會不穩(wen)定(ding)因素,遂由(you)武宗(zong)(zong)下旨禁(jin)(jin)(jin)斷,這也是歷史上對該(gai)教(jiao)派的首次(ci)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)令。白蓮(lian)宗(zong)(zong)領袖普度作(zuo)《上白蓮(lian)宗(zong)(zong)書》給武宗(zong)(zong),請求解(jie)禁(jin)(jin)(jin),武宗(zong)(zong)雖下旨撫慰(wei),但并未收(shou)回成命。此禁(jin)(jin)(jin)令到仁宗(zong)(zong)繼位后才解(jie)除。
外交
元(yuan)(yuan)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)時,困(kun)擾元(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)(chao)幾(ji)十年(nian)的(de)(de)西北(bei)邊疆問題得到最(zui)終(zhong)解(jie)決(jue),蒙(meng)古世界的(de)(de)幾(ji)個汗(han)(han)(han)國(guo)之(zhi)間恢復和平(ping)。武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)即位前,就在(zai)漠北(bei)沉重(zhong)打(da)擊了(le)(le)海都(dou)(dou)叛軍,海都(dou)(dou)之(zhi)子察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er)繼承窩闊臺(tai)(tai)汗(han)(han)(han)國(guo)汗(han)(han)(han)位,企(qi)圖卷土重(zhong)來(lai),但他的(de)(de)重(zhong)要盟友察(cha)合臺(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)王篤(du)哇決(jue)定向元(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)(chao)投(tou)(tou)誠。武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)即位前一(yi)年(nian)率(lv)(lv)兵越過金山(shan),對察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er)等海都(dou)(dou)余部(bu)進行致命(ming)性的(de)(de)一(yi)擊,其后(hou)(hou)篤(du)哇徹(che)底拋棄了(le)(le)察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er),窩闊臺(tai)(tai)汗(han)(han)(han)國(guo)的(de)(de)領土大部(bu)分(fen)并入(ru)(ru)察(cha)合臺(tai)(tai)汗(han)(han)(han)國(guo)。察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er)遂成(cheng)為一(yi)條喪(sang)家(jia)之(zhi)犬(quan),流竄(cuan)于金山(shan)山(shan)麓,月赤察(cha)兒(er)(er)嚴(yan)陣以(yi)待,察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er)走(zou)投(tou)(tou)無路,便率(lv)(lv)眾歸降元(yuan)(yuan)廷(ting),于至大三年(nian)(1310年(nian))入(ru)(ru)朝(chao)(chao)。察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er)入(ru)(ru)朝(chao)(chao)是武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)時的(de)(de)一(yi)大盛事,舉朝(chao)(chao)歡慶,武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)將(jiang)此(ci)事鄭重(zhong)地昭(zhao)告太廟,并特設宴于大庭,還將(jiang)元(yuan)(yuan)世祖以(yi)來(lai)所扣押的(de)(de)海都(dou)(dou)投(tou)(tou)下(xia)五戶絲全部(bu)賜給察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er),又為此(ci)給答己太后(hou)(hou)上尊號并赦天下(xia)。察(cha)八(ba)(ba)(ba)兒(er)(er)歸降后(hou)(hou),元(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)(chao)與各汗(han)(han)(han)國(guo)和平(ping)往來(lai),再(zai)未發生(sheng)戰(zhan)爭(但與察(cha)合臺(tai)(tai)汗(han)(han)(han)國(guo)關系仍然緊張(zhang))。其中(zhong)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)在(zai)至大元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(1308年(nian))派(pai)月魯等十二人出使欽(qin)察(cha)汗(han)(han)(han)國(guo),冊封術赤后(hou)(hou)王脫脫為肅(su)寧王。
武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)時,元朝(chao)與高(gao)麗的關(guan)系(xi)得到進一步發展。高(gao)麗前王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)璋(忠宣王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang))曾(ceng)在大都參與扳倒卜魯罕、阿難答(da)及擁立武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)的定策中,武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)繼(ji)位(wei)后封他(ta)為沈陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。至大元年(nian)(1308年(nian)),元武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)還應高(gao)麗之請,將征(zheng)東(dong)行(xing)省(sheng)的數百名(ming)官(guan)僚盡數撤回元朝(chao)國(guo)內,僅保留高(gao)麗王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)為丞相,此(ci)后元朝(chao)再也沒向高(gao)麗派駐流官(guan)。同年(nian)高(gao)麗忠烈王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)昛去世,武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)冊封王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)璋為高(gao)麗國(guo)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),并給予他(ta)莫大的恩寵,從(cong)而(er)密切了元麗關(guan)系(xi)。
武(wu)宗時,元朝繼(ji)續保持與(yu)安(an)南(nan)(nan)的宗藩關系(xi),派尚書(shu)安(an)魯威到安(an)南(nan)(nan)告(gao)即(ji)位。安(an)南(nan)(nan)世子(實為國王)陳日?派使(shi)者奉(feng)表朝賀。使(shi)臣中(zhong)(zhong)有一個叫莫(mo)挺之的,在元朝與(yu)武(wu)宗君臣發生許(xu)多趣事,傳為中(zhong)(zhong)越(yue)關系(xi)史(shi)上的佳話。至(zhi)大二年(nian)、四(si)年(nian),安(an)南(nan)(nan)又(you)分(fen)別遣(qian)使(shi)朝貢。
歷史評價
明朝官(guan)修正史《元史》宋濂等:“武(wu)宗當富(fu)有(you)之(zhi)大業(ye),慨然欲創治改法而(er)有(you)為,故其封(feng)爵太盛,而(er)遙(yao)授之(zhi)官(guan)眾,錫賚(lai)太隆,而(er)泛賞(shang)之(zhi)恩(en)溥。至元、大德之(zhi)政,于是稍有(you)變更云。”
明人何喬新:“史臣之(zhi)(zhi)贊武(wu)宗(zong)(zong),謂(wei)其(qi)(qi)慨然欲創制改(gai)法(fa)而有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei),斯言(yan)過矣。元之(zhi)(zhi)諸(zhu)帝,安于舊俗(su),而不遵(zun)中(zhong)華(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),非一(yi)日也。雖以(yi)(yi)世祖之(zhi)(zhi)英武(wu),仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)恭儉,無(wu)能改(gai)于其(qi)(qi)俗(su),況于武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)視(shi)二(er)君尤劣者(zhe)乎!武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)在(zai)位(wei)四年,無(wu)一(yi)善可稱者(zhe)。沙的伶人也,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)平章(zhang);李邦寧閹豎(shu)也,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)司徒(tu);教(jiao)瓦班番僧也,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)學士承(cheng)旨。它如(ru)進鷹坊之(zhi)(zhi)秩為(wei)(wei)二(er)品,畀西域賈人以(yi)(yi)虎符,所(suo)溺者(zhe)酒色,所(suo)好者(zhe)游畋,斯豈(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)君哉(zai)!其(qi)(qi)所(suo)創改(gai)者(zhe),不過置尚書省(sheng)、行至大銀(yin)鈔二(er)事(shi)而已,是皆毒(du)民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),豈(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)治之(zhi)(zhi)先務耶?使武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)果(guo)有(you)(you)志于創制改(gai)法(fa),則(ze)當(dang)召(zhao)用名儒,稽式古典,正彝倫、厚風俗(su)、修法(fa)度、定官(guan)名。考章(zhang)服,以(yi)(yi)革左衽之(zhi)(zhi)陋;制雅樂(le),以(yi)(yi)變優價之(zhi)(zhi)聲,庶幾乎魏孝文、金世宗(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)為(wei)(wei)矣。顧武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)性(xing)質凡下,豈(qi)(qi)足以(yi)(yi)語此哉(zai)?”
清(qing)朝史(shi)學家邵遠(yuan)平《元(yuan)史(shi)類編》:“冊曰(yue):北藩入嗣,三(san)宮(gong)協和;慨然創治,爵濫賞阿;貳省亂政,令教(jiao)繁訛;有(you)為何裨(bi),變政已多。”
清朝史學(xue)家畢沅《續資治通鑒(jian)》:“帝(di)承(cheng)世祖、成宗承(cheng)平之(zhi)業,慨然欲創制改法;而封爵太(tai)(tai)盛多遙授之(zhi)官(guan),錫賚太(tai)(tai)優,泛賞無節。至(zhi)元、大(da)德(de)之(zhi)政,于是(shi)乎變。”
清(qing)朝史學家魏源(yuan)《元史新編》:“武宗始(shi)以(yi)懷寧王總兵(bing)漠北(bei)和林,與叛王海都勁敵對壘,屢摧其(qi)鋒,中(zhong)(zhong)間幾(ji)瀕險(xian)危,披堅陷陣,威震遐(xia)荒,可謂天潢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杰(jie)出,天授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄武矣(yi)。入紹大統(tong),謂有(you)宏圖,而(er)始(shi)終誤聽宵(xiao)人,以(yi)立(li)尚書(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)(wei)營利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)府(fu),何哉(zai)?夫世祖(zu)立(li)制,以(yi)天下大政歸(gui)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)書(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng),任相任賢,責無(wu)旁貸。故小人欲變法,忌(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)書(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)便于(yu)己,則(ze)必別立(li)尚書(shu)(shu)省(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)奪其(qi)權。阿(a)合(he)馬(ma)、桑哥(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒相繼亂政,毒流海內(nei),是(shi)以(yi)世祖(zu)深戒(jie)前(qian)轍,不(bu)(bu)復再(zai)蹈。乃當席豐履厚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)余,慨然(ran)欲變更至元、大德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊(jiu)。封(feng)爵太(tai)盛,而(er)遙授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官多;錫賚(lai)太(tai)侈(chi),而(er)濫(lan)賞(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卮漏。母后市(shi)恩左右,撓其(qi)恭(gong)儉,于(yu)是(shi)言利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣迎合(he)攘(rang)袂,以(yi)爭利(li)權。雖柄(bing)操自上,不(bu)(bu)至如(ru)阿(a)合(he)馬(ma)、桑哥(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚,而(er)仁(ren)心仁(ren)聞漸蔽于(yu)功利(li),幾(ji)同于(yu)宋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)熙、豐。故仁(ren)宗紹統(tong),翻然(ran)誅殛(ji),盡復舊(jiu)章。蓋變法不(bu)(bu)得其(qi)人,則(ze)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)勿藥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尚得中(zhong)(zhong)醫也(ye)。又考陶九成《元氏掖庭記》,則(ze)瓊島水嬉(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)華,月殿霓裳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)艷(yan),亦(yi)(yi)自帝大濫(lan)其(qi)觴(shang),而(er)《本紀》諱(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)載一字,亦(yi)(yi)英雄酒色之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)病歟!惟授受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,堅守金匱(kui)傳弟(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盟,雖有(you)內(nei)侍李(li)邦寧,慫恿離間,帝言:‘朕志已定,汝自往東宮言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’斯則(ze)磊落光明(ming),勝(sheng)宋太(tai)宗萬萬。綜計始(shi)末,固不(bu)(bu)失為(wei)(wei)一代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)英主焉(yan)。”
清朝史(shi)學家曾廉《元(yuan)(yuan)書》:“論(lun)曰:武(wu)(wu)宗擐甲臨邊,至登(deng)大(da)位(wei),宜(yi)有雄(xiong)武(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)風(feng),而頹然(ran)晏安,惟鞠蘗薌澤(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)樂(le),元(yuan)(yuan)業自是衰矣(yi)。遂至鼎鼐充庭,名器之(zhi)(zhi)賤如履(lv)。而欲(yu)后人惜其敝袴,得乎?易日(ri)負且乘致(zhi)寇至,武(wu)(wu)宗啟之(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)。”
民國史(shi)學家(jia)屠寄(ji)《蒙兀(wu)兒史(shi)記(ji)》:“海山汗濫賞淫威,非恭(gong)儉之主(zhu)也。明知尚書(shu)省貳政病(bing)民,排眾(zhong)議而立之。更鈔鑄(zhu)錢,將以(yi)理財,而財政愈(yu)紊(wen),前史(shi)稱其(qi)慨然欲有(you)所為,然郊天、祀(si)孔、親享太(tai)廟(miao)諸虛(xu)文(wen)外,無足紀者(zhe)。惟(wei)終身遠鐵木(mu)迭(die)兒,雖以(yi)母(mu)后(hou)之命,不(bu)使(shi)得預朝政。由后(hou)校之,殆有(you)所先(xian)見矣(yi)。若(ruo)乃三宮(gong)協和,始終不(bu)受(shou)讒慝,其(qi)自處骨肉之間,蓋(gai)亦有(you)道(dao)焉爾。”
民(min)國官修正(zheng)史《新(xin)元史》柯劭忞:“武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)舍(she)其子(zi)而立仁宗(zong)(zong),與宣(xuan)公(gong)舍(she)與夷而立穆公(gong)無(wu)以(yi)異。公(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)曰:宋之亂,宣(xuan)公(gong)為之。然則英(ying)宗(zong)(zong)之弒,文宗(zong)(zong)之篡奪,亦帝為之歟?《春秋(qiu)》貴讓而不(bu)貴爭(zheng),公(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)之言過矣(yi)。帝享國日淺,濫恩(en)幸賞無(wu)一善之可書。獨傳位仁宗(zong)(zong),不(bu)愧孝友,其流(liu)祚于子(zi)孫(sun),宜哉!”
民國學者蔡東(dong)藩:①“武(wu)宗易喜易怒,若明若昧……夫以武(wu)宗之名(ming)位論(lun),敦不謂其當立,然(ran)吾(wu)謂其得之也易,故守之也難。嗣位未幾,即(ji)耽酒(jiu)色,由(you)是嬖(bi)幸臣(chen)(chen),信淫僧,種種失(shi)政,雜沓而來。《書》所謂位不期驕(jiao),祿不期侈者,匪特人(ren)臣(chen)(chen)有然(ran),人(ren)主殆尤甚(shen)焉!故武(wu)宗非(fei)一昏庸(yong)主,而其后偏似昏庸(yong),為君誠(cheng)難矣哉(zai)!” ②“武(wu)宗在位四年,秕政甚(shen)多,惟孝友(you)性成,不私天下(xia),較之曹丕、蕭(xiao)繹,相去(qu)遠矣!”
傳(chuan)統觀(guan)點對(dui)元(yuan)(yuan)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)海山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)負面多于(yu)正面,甚至認為(wei)(wei)他(ta)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)名昏君。但(dan)近來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究則越(yue)來越(yue)強(qiang)調武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)統治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極意(yi)義。2010年(nian)7月,由(you)南開大學(xue)、中(zhong)(zhong)國元(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)究會(hui)、張北縣政(zheng)府共(gong)同舉辦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“元(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)與(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)后期政(zheng)治(zhi)文化研(yan)(yan)討會(hui)”在河北張北縣舉行。會(hui)上(shang)北京大學(xue)歷史(shi)(shi)學(xue)系教授張帆認為(wei)(wei)應將武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)朝政(zheng)治(zhi)置(zhi)于(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)期政(zheng)治(zhi)史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大背(bei)景下進行研(yan)(yan)究,根據留存到(dao)(dao)今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)片段資料來看,武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)并不是(shi)(shi)頭腦簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)介(jie)武(wu)(wu)夫,他(ta)重構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以尚書(shu)省為(wei)(wei)代表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臣(chen)僚(liao)也并非(fei)“保(bao)守(shou)”、“落后”、“反漢化”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人物(wu),而(er)(er)其(qi)所采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施是(shi)(shi)針(zhen)對(dui)前朝積(ji)弊(bi)作出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改良,只是(shi)(shi)因時(shi)間(jian)短暫而(er)(er)未能(neng)得到(dao)(dao)充分(fen)貫徹實(shi)施。中(zhong)(zhong)國社會(hui)科(ke)學(xue)院(yuan)歷史(shi)(shi)研(yan)(yan)究所研(yan)(yan)究員(yuan)劉曉以“元(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)與(yu)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)政(zheng)治(zhi)”為(wei)(wei)題闡述了元(yuan)(yuan)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)即位之(zhi)初施行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濫賜、設立尚書(shu)省、發行至大銀鈔、建立中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)等措施實(shi)際上(shang)別有(you)用意(yi),說明中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設與(yu)當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)背(bei)景有(you)關。成(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)去世后,仁宗(zong)(zong)搶先(xian)奪權,但(dan)懾于(yu)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰,最(zui)終(zhong)與(yu)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)達成(cheng)了“兄(xiong)終(zhong)弟及、叔(shu)侄相傳(chuan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協議(yi)。武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)構(gou)想了為(wei)(wei)爭(zheng)奪當時(shi)政(zheng)治(zhi)資源、逐步消除(chu)與(yu)瓦解仁宗(zong)(zong)集團(tuan)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龐大計劃,建中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)(dou)只是(shi)(shi)這個計劃中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要一(yi)環。這次研(yan)(yan)討會(hui)充分(fen)肯定了元(yuan)(yuan)武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)海山的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)地(di)位,認為(wei)(wei)他(ta)是(shi)(shi)蒙元(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)(shi)上(shang)除(chu)成(cheng)吉思(si)汗、忽(hu)必烈之(zhi)外最(zui)具影響(xiang)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)代帝王。
日本學者杉(shan)山(shan)(shan)正明(ming)認為(wei)元(yuan)武宗海(hai)(hai)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)一位杰(jie)出(chu)的(de)君(jun)主,“在他(ta)的(de)領導(dao)下,蒙(meng)古(gu)上(shang)下再(zai)次回到了(le)東西(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)平、齊心協力(li)(li)(li)的(de)狀態……已故忽(hu)必(bi)烈大帝的(de)構想,在此時真正實現了(le)……我們也不(bu)(bu)能(neng)忽(hu)視(shi)海(hai)(hai)山(shan)(shan)的(de)作用,正是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)他(ta)有(you)融貫東西(xi)(xi)的(de)視(shi)野(ye)和(he)(he)資格,以及出(chu)類拔萃(cui)、受人(ren)愛(ai)戴的(de)性格,才成就了(le)現在這番大業。”他(ta)還(huan)指(zhi)出(chu):“海(hai)(hai)山(shan)(shan)在明(ming)白自己‘松(song)散財(cai)政’和(he)(he)‘松(song)散政治’的(de)基礎上(shang),有(you)意地(di)想完成曾祖父忽(hu)必(bi)烈夢寐以求卻未能(neng)完全實現的(de)蒙(meng)古(gu)勢力(li)(li)(li)大統一。然(ran)而(er)此時,海(hai)(hai)山(shan)(shan)的(de)周圍已然(ran)暗(an)藏陰影,并且由兩處(chu)之多。首(shou)先(xian),是(shi)自然(ran)環境(jing)的(de)急劇惡化……另一處(chu)陰影出(chu)現在政權(quan)內(nei)部。”杉(shan)山(shan)(shan)懷(huai)疑海(hai)(hai)山(shan)(shan)之死不(bu)(bu)尋(xun)常(chang),很可能(neng)是(shi)愛(ai)育黎拔力(li)(li)(li)八達勢力(li)(li)(li)的(de)謀殺,并認為(wei)海(hai)(hai)山(shan)(shan)死后,“雖說蒙(meng)古(gu)帝國東西(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)睦的(de)潮流(liu)并沒(mei)有(you)因(yin)此停滯,但也絕沒(mei)有(you)再(zai)取得(de)新的(de)進(jin)展。海(hai)(hai)山(shan)(shan)欲將忽(hu)必(bi)烈的(de)構想在更大范(fan)圍內(nei)予以實現的(de)志向和(he)(he)希望(wang),就此終結了(le)”。