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基本介紹

湖(hu)南衡(heng)山萱洲(zhou)國家濕地公(gong)園(yuan)（以下稱濕地公(gong)園(yuan)），是(shi)指(zhi)經國家林業局批準，以保(bao)護萱洲(zhou)濕地生態(tai)系統、合理利用(yong)濕地資源為目(mu)的，可供開展濕地保(bao)護、恢復、宣傳、教(jiao)育、科(ke)研、監測、生態(tai)旅游(you)等活動的特定區域。

濕地(di)公園范圍包括湘(xiang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)大源渡(du)航電樞紐工程主庫區(qu)和洪(hong)泛淹沒(mei)區(qu)，入庫河(he)流(liu)龍蔭港、黃泥(ni)港、大源江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)及其周邊(bian)的洪(hong)泛平原區(qu)、部分水稻(dao)田和山地(di)。最(zui)北端至湘(xiang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河(he)道洣(mi)水入江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)口(kou)，最(zui)南端至湘(xiang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)大源渡(du)航電樞紐工程庫區(qu)衡山縣與衡陽市珠暉區(qu)交界處，地(di)理(li)坐標介于(yu)東經112°41′36″～112°51′49″，北緯26°58′33″～27°11′20″之(zhi)間，總面積2849.8公頃。

濕(shi)地生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)屬于水域生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。其生(sheng)物(wu)群落(luo)由水生(sheng)和(he)陸(lu)生(sheng)兩(liang)種(zhong)種(zhong)類(lei)組(zu)成，其物(wu)質循(xun)環、能量流動和(he)物(wu)種(zhong)遷移與演變活躍(yue)，具有較高的生(sheng)態(tai)多樣(yang)(yang)性、物(wu)種(zhong)多樣(yang)(yang)性和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)生(sheng)產力。經過監測(ce)，衡山萱洲國(guo)家濕(shi)地公園生(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)性非常(chang)豐富。

（1）鳥類資源

目前(qian)，衡山(shan)萱洲國(guo)家濕地公園(yuan)發現各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)類(lei)85種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 濕地鳥(niao)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數占全國(guo)鳥(niao)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的 6.39%,占湖南(nan)(nan)省的19.45%。2016年10月(yue)27日首(shou)次(ci)在湘江流域監測(ce)發現國(guo)家I級(ji)保護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)中華秋沙鴨；據調查，公園(yuan)內有白(bai)(bai)琵鷺、青(qing)腳(jiao)鷸等國(guo)家II級(ji)保護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中日候(hou)鳥(niao)保護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中澳候(hou)鳥(niao)保護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，湖南(nan)(nan)省地方重點保護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。人們(men)經常可以見(jian)到的鳥(niao)類(lei)有、小白(bai)(bai)鷺、大白(bai)(bai)鷺、蒼鷺、牛(niu)背鷺、夜鷺、池鷺、小鷿鷈、黑水雞(ji)、普通翠(cui)鳥(niao)、斑魚狗、紅腳(jiao)苦(ku)惡鳥(niao)、八哥(ge)、絲光掠鳥(niao)、斑嘴(zui)鴨、綠頭(tou)鴨等等。

（2）魚類資源

衡山萱洲國(guo)家(jia)(jia)濕地(di)公園現已監測到魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于4目12科，魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)占(zhan)全國(guo)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)1.28%,占(zhan)湖南(nan)省(sheng)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)23.07%。其中(zhong)，有(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為中(zhong)國(guo)所特有(you)，3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為湖南(nan)省(sheng)地(di)方重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。除了青、草(cao)、鰱、鳙四(si)大家(jia)(jia)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)以外，常見的(de)(de)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)鯉(li)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、鯽魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、赤眼鱒、馬口(kou)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、黃鱔(shan)、泥(ni)鰍等等。

（3）植物資源

萱洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)園及周邊地(di)區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類較多,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)豐富。區內有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu) 828 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)裸(luo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)9 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)819 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。屬于(yu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)258 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong),裸(luo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)257 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。除去栽培種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)園內共有(you)土著種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)750 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong); 其(qi)中(zhong)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)241 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)園內的濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分別(bie)為我國(guo)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的17.01%;為湖南省濕(shi)(shi)地(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的52.76%。比(bi)較常見的濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)楓楊、烏桕、野大豆（國(guo)家(jia)二級保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）、荷花、菖蒲(pu)、蘆竹、水芹、水蔥、野菱、狐尾藻、黑藻、苦草等等。

除了(le)豐富的(de)(de)(de)鳥(niao)類(lei)、魚類(lei)、植物(wu)資源以外，衡山萱(xuan)洲國家濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)底細(xi)動(dong)物(wu)、浮游生物(wu)、兩棲動(dong)物(wu)、爬行動(dong)物(wu)、哺乳動(dong)物(wu)也很多，充分體現了(le)衡山萱(xuan)洲國家濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)地生態環境，建設和保(bao)護萱(xuan)洲濕(shi)地，意義重大。