湖南綏寧花園閣國家濕地公園地處"三湘林業第一縣"的綏寧,有"神奇生態綠洲"之稱,屬湖南省重點生態功能區。濕地公(gong)園主要以流經綏寧縣關峽苗(miao)族鄉至(zhi)長鋪(pu)苗(miao)族鄉溶巖苗(miao)寨的(de)巫(wu)水為主體,包括(kuo)石脈河、蘭溪等支流河段(duan)和沿(yan)岸部分林地。地理坐(zuo)標為:東經110°12′1″~110°17′15″,北緯26°29′51″~26°35′31″。規劃(hua)總面積780.1公(gong)頃(qing)。
濕(shi)地公園集永久性(xing)河流、庫塘濕(shi)地、洪泛平(ping)(ping)原濕(shi)地、水產養殖(zhi)場(chang)等(deng)多個濕(shi)地型,形態(tai)(tai)自然婉轉(zhuan),是沅江水系上重要(yao)的(de)生態(tai)(tai)廊道,是我(wo)國候鳥遷徙(xi)路線中的(de)重要(yao)節(jie)點,其表現出來(lai)的(de)自然水生態(tai)(tai)過程、優良的(de)水質、豐富(fu)的(de)水量和多樣的(de)生境以及(ji)沿岸完善的(de)森(sen)林(lin)生態(tai)(tai)系統在我(wo)國南方低山丘陵地區(qu)亦(yi)不(bu)多見(jian)。同(tong)時受地質構造與巖性(xing)的(de)影響(xiang),溝(gou)谷深切、變化多姿,形成高(gao)峽-平(ping)(ping)湖(hu)-河谷為一體(ti)的(de)獨特的(de)濕(shi)地景觀,營造并組合而(er)成具有不(bu)同(tong)景觀風貌及(ji)豐富(fu)多樣的(de)復合生態(tai)(tai)系統。
濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)濕(shi)地(di)面積(ji)為513.8公頃,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土地(di)總面積(ji)的(de)(de)65.87%,廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)面積(ji)和復合(he)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統,孕育了濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多樣性(xing);有(you)(you)維(wei)管束(shu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)158科(ke),324屬,804種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)18.61%,其中(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被(bei)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)762種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)二級(ji)重點保護植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)野(ye)(ye)大豆Glycinesoja、金蕎(qiao)麥(mai)Fagopyrumdibotrys、中(zhong)華結(jie)縷草(cao)Zoysiasinica等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);同時還有(you)(you)絞股藍(lan)Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb、七葉一(yi)枝花Paris polyphylla Sm、虎耳草(cao)Saxifraga stolonifera Curt等(deng)稀有(you)(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。有(you)(you)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)5綱26目(mu)67科(ke)196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)22.82%;其中(zhong)魚類46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)魚類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)25.27%;兩棲類11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)兩棲類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)17.74%;爬行(xing)類23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)爬行(xing)類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)25.84%;鳥(niao)類103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)鳥(niao)類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)23.57%;哺乳(ru)類13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)哺乳(ru)類種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)14.61%;有(you)(you)列為國(guo)家(jia)(jia)二級(ji)重點保護的(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)虎紋蛙(wa)Rana tigrina、紅隼Falco tinnunculus 、草(cao)鸮(xiao)Tyto capensis 等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被(bei)IUCN評級(ji)收錄(lu)的(de)(de)共20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)中(zhong)日候鳥(niao)保護物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)中(zhong)澳候鳥(niao)保護物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)重點保護動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)世(shi)界(jie)貿易公約收錄(lu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)林業局(ju)相關文件規定的(de)(de)有(you)(you)益的(de)(de)或者有(you)(you)重要(yao)經濟、科(ke)學研(yan)究價值的(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)保護物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。彰(zhang)顯(xian)了濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)豐(feng)富性(xing)、多樣性(xing)和重要(yao)的(de)(de)珍稀保護價值,在(zai)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)(nei)具(ju)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)典型(xing)性(xing)與代表(biao)性(xing)。
巫水作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)綏寧縣的(de)母親河(he)、是苗家圣(sheng)河(he),民族文(wen)化風(feng)情濃郁,形成了(le)以(yi)庫塘濕(shi)地(di)、自(zi)然河(he)流濕(shi)地(di)景(jing)觀(guan)為(wei)主(zhu)體,森林景(jing)觀(guan)為(wei)補(bu)充,聚落和古(gu)建筑為(wei)點綴,以(yi)非物質(zhi)文(wen)化遺產"四八"姑娘節、"逗春牛"等民俗(su)文(wen)化為(wei)特色的(de)景(jing)觀(guan)風(feng)貌,彰(zhang)顯(xian)了(le)巫水作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)苗家圣(sheng)河(he)的(de)人文(wen)元(yuan)素和民族符號,體現了(le)濕(shi)地(di)公園深厚的(de)歷(li)史文(wen)化價值,賦予了(le)濕(shi)地(di)公園深厚的(de)歷(li)史文(wen)化底蘊,拓(tuo)展了(le)濕(shi)地(di)生態(tai)旅游的(de)文(wen)化內涵。
濕(shi)地公園秉承"保(bao)護優先、科學(xue)恢復(fu)、合(he)理利用、持續(xu)發展"的指導(dao)思想,被(bei)區劃為保(bao)護保(bao)育(yu)區、恢復(fu)重建(jian)區、宣教(jiao)展示(shi)區、合(he)理利用區和管理服(fu)務區5個功能區。
保護保育區包括溶巖苗寨(zhai)至(zhi)小灣、李家團經江口(kou)塘電站大壩(ba)至(zhi)梅(mei)口(kou),以及石(shi)脈(mo)河、蘭溪和(he)沿(yan)岸的(de)部分林(lin)(lin)地(di)。規劃面積(ji)(ji)為517.5公(gong)頃,占濕地(di)公(gong)園總面積(ji)(ji)的(de)66.34%。規劃對現有水體(ti)、動植物及其(qi)生境進行嚴格保護的(de)基礎上,加強(qiang)外源(yuan)污染防(fang)治,控(kong)制內源(yuan)污染,開展(zhan)適度的(de)水禽棲息地(di)恢復(fu)和(he)營(ying)建(jian)(jian)項目,建(jian)(jian)立(li)結構完善、功能完備的(de)濕地(di)-森林(lin)(lin)復(fu)合(he)生態系統,營(ying)造良好的(de)水禽棲息地(di),打造水禽自然樂園。
恢(hui)復重建區(qu)指田(tian)心苗(miao)寨(zhai)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巫水(shui)(shui)河段,規(gui)劃面(mian)積73.3公(gong)頃。為維護區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding),保證(zheng)人與自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和諧發展(zhan),規(gui)劃通過(guo)濕地生(sheng)(sheng)態濾場的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she),解決沿(yan)岸(an)村寨(zhai)、農耕生(sheng)(sheng)產等造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)水(shui)(shui)質富(fu)營(ying)養化問(wen)題;并在水(shui)(shui)域(yu)(yu)(yu)與農田(tian)之(zhi)間合理營(ying)造(zao)水(shui)(shui)禽棲息(xi)地,形(xing)成水(shui)(shui)域(yu)(yu)(yu)-水(shui)(shui)禽棲息(xi)地-農田(tian)-苗(miao)寨(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構布局,打造(zao)優美的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)岸(an)植被景觀(guan)、擴(kuo)大野生(sheng)(sheng)動物棲息(xi)環境,豐富(fu)濕地公(gong)園生(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性,并保證(zheng)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)居(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)活,維護區(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)。
宣教(jiao)展示(shi)(shi)區指以現(xian)有水岸公路為軸線的(de)(de)(de)區域,規(gui)劃面積16.8公頃。規(gui)劃依(yi)托濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園沿岸道路系統進行濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)載體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)建設,形成良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)河流-森(sen)林-文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)復合系統,讓(rang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)在傳(chuan)承中促進河流的(de)(de)(de)保護。主要(yao)通過合理(li)布設宣教(jiao)館、宣教(jiao)點、宣傳(chuan)牌(pai),將濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、民俗文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、人文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)山水景觀、濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)業、濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態(tai)服(fu)務功能等(deng)內容(rong),通過室內、室外等(deng)多樣化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)場景和設施營造濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)宣教(jiao)展示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)空間,調節游客情感(gan),使(shi)其成為大眾了解綏寧、認識濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)、欣賞濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園人文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)山水的(de)(de)(de)窗口、濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)展示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)平臺(tai)和生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)。
合理(li)(li)利用區(qu)指梅口(kou)至石脈(mo)河區(qu)域,規(gui)劃面積170.2公(gong)頃(qing)。規(gui)劃合理(li)(li)利用區(qu)域內現有的濕地(di)產業(ye)、民俗文化等(deng)資(zi)源,通過(guo)開(kai)展生(sheng)態養殖、設置游憩(qi)休閑、水上娛(yu)樂等(deng)項目,以及提(ti)升(sheng)水岸(an)植被景觀,建立比較完善的基礎設施體(ti)系(xi),構建合理(li)(li)的濕地(di)資(zi)源可持(chi)續利用產業(ye)鏈,提(ti)高(gao)濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)的自養能(neng)力,并(bing)帶動周邊社區(qu)相(xiang)關產業(ye)的發展,使社區(qu)群(qun)眾受益(yi)并(bing)提(ti)高(gao)他們的生(sheng)活水平。
管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)服務區主(zhu)要指濕(shi)地(di)公園管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)局、濕(shi)地(di)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)站、游(you)客(ke)服務中心等。根據保(bao)護和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)需(xu)要,合理(li)布局,建立完善的(de)保(bao)護、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)及游(you)客(ke)服務體系(xi),為游(you)客(ke)提供優質(zhi)高效的(de)服務,實現良好的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、保(bao)護和服務功能。
通過"一(yi)軸"、"兩帶"、"一(yi)廊"、"兩區"、"多點"的總體(ti)規(gui)劃(hua)布(bu)局建設,濕地(di)公園將被打造成(cheng)為"高(gao)峽-平湖-河谷"為一(yi)體(ti)的濕地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)保(bao)護(hu)、恢復與合理利用(yong)的典范;沅江流(liu)域重要的綠色(se)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)廊道;苗家(jia)(jia)文(wen)化的保(bao)護(hu)、復興和傳(chuan)承的文(wen)化河流(liu);"神奇生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)綠洲"上濕地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)健康、景(jing)觀資源(yuan)豐富、自然環境(jing)優美、科普宣教設施完善、休閑娛(yu)樂條件優越(yue)、文(wen)化底蘊(yun)深厚的國(guo)家(jia)(jia)濕地(di)公園。