湖南綏寧花園閣國家濕地公園地處"三湘林業第一縣"的綏寧,有"神奇生態綠洲"之稱,屬湖南省重點生態功能區。濕地(di)公園主要以流經(jing)綏寧縣(xian)關峽苗族(zu)鄉至長鋪(pu)苗族(zu)鄉溶巖(yan)苗寨的巫水為(wei)主體,包(bao)括石脈(mo)河(he)、蘭溪等支流河(he)段和沿(yan)岸部分林(lin)地(di)。地(di)理(li)坐標(biao)為(wei):東經(jing)110°12′1″~110°17′15″,北緯26°29′51″~26°35′31″。規劃總面積780.1公頃。
濕(shi)地公(gong)園集永久(jiu)性河流、庫塘濕(shi)地、洪泛(fan)平原濕(shi)地、水(shui)產(chan)養殖場等多個濕(shi)地型(xing),形態(tai)自然婉轉,是(shi)沅江水(shui)系上(shang)重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)生態(tai)廊道,是(shi)我國候鳥遷(qian)徙(xi)路(lu)線中(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要節(jie)點,其表(biao)現(xian)出來的(de)自然水(shui)生態(tai)過(guo)程、優良的(de)水(shui)質(zhi)、豐富的(de)水(shui)量和多樣(yang)的(de)生境以及(ji)沿岸完(wan)善的(de)森林生態(tai)系統(tong)在我國南方低(di)山丘陵地區亦不多見。同(tong)時受地質(zhi)構造與巖性的(de)影(ying)響,溝谷深切、變化多姿(zi),形成高峽-平湖-河谷為一體的(de)獨特的(de)濕(shi)地景觀(guan),營(ying)造并(bing)組合而成具有不同(tong)景觀(guan)風貌(mao)及(ji)豐富多樣(yang)的(de)復合生態(tai)系統(tong)。
濕地(di)公園內濕地(di)面(mian)(mian)積為513.8公頃,占土地(di)總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)65.87%,廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)濕地(di)面(mian)(mian)積和復合的(de)(de)(de)(de)生態系統(tong),孕(yun)育了(le)濕地(di)公園豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing);有(you)(you)(you)維管束野生植物(wu)(wu)158科,324屬,804種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)18.61%,其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)(lei)植物(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸(luo)子(zi)植物(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被子(zi)植物(wu)(wu)762種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)家二級重(zhong)點保護(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)野大豆Glycinesoja、金蕎(qiao)麥Fagopyrumdibotrys、中(zhong)華結縷草Zoysiasinica等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);同(tong)時還有(you)(you)(you)絞股藍Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb、七葉(xie)一枝花Paris polyphylla Sm、虎耳草Saxifraga stolonifera Curt等(deng)稀(xi)有(you)(you)(you)植物(wu)(wu)。有(you)(you)(you)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)5綱26目(mu)67科196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)22.82%;其中(zhong)魚類(lei)(lei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知魚類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)25.27%;兩棲類(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知兩棲類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)17.74%;爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)25.84%;鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)23.57%;哺乳(ru)類(lei)(lei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)已知哺乳(ru)類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)14.61%;有(you)(you)(you)列(lie)為國(guo)家二級重(zhong)點保護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)野生動物(wu)(wu)虎紋蛙Rana tigrina、紅隼(sun)Falco tinnunculus 、草鸮(xiao)Tyto capensis 等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被IUCN評(ping)級收錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)共20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)日(ri)候(hou)鳥(niao)保護(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)澳候(hou)鳥(niao)保護(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)重(zhong)點保護(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)(you)世界貿易(yi)公約收錄物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)家林業局相(xiang)關文件規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)或者有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)經(jing)濟(ji)、科學研究(jiu)價值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家保護(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。彰顯(xian)了(le)濕地(di)公園內生物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富性(xing)、多樣(yang)性(xing)和重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍稀(xi)保護(hu)(hu)價值(zhi),在湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)內具有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型性(xing)與代表(biao)性(xing)。
巫水作為(wei)綏寧(ning)縣的母親河(he)、是苗家圣(sheng)河(he),民(min)族文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)風情濃(nong)郁,形(xing)成了(le)(le)以庫塘濕(shi)地(di)、自(zi)然河(he)流濕(shi)地(di)景觀(guan)為(wei)主體,森林景觀(guan)為(wei)補(bu)充,聚(ju)落和(he)古建筑為(wei)點綴,以非(fei)物質文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)"四八"姑娘(niang)節、"逗(dou)春(chun)牛"等(deng)民(min)俗(su)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)為(wei)特色的景觀(guan)風貌,彰顯(xian)了(le)(le)巫水作為(wei)苗家圣(sheng)河(he)的人文(wen)(wen)(wen)元素和(he)民(min)族符號,體現(xian)了(le)(le)濕(shi)地(di)公園深(shen)(shen)厚的歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)價值,賦予了(le)(le)濕(shi)地(di)公園深(shen)(shen)厚的歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)底蘊(yun),拓展(zhan)了(le)(le)濕(shi)地(di)生態旅游的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵。
濕地公(gong)園(yuan)秉承"保(bao)護優先、科學(xue)恢(hui)復、合理(li)利(li)用、持續發展(zhan)"的指導思想(xiang),被區(qu)(qu)劃為保(bao)護保(bao)育區(qu)(qu)、恢(hui)復重(zhong)建(jian)區(qu)(qu)、宣教展(zhan)示區(qu)(qu)、合理(li)利(li)用區(qu)(qu)和管(guan)理(li)服務區(qu)(qu)5個功能(neng)區(qu)(qu)。
保護保育區(qu)包(bao)括溶巖苗(miao)寨至小灣、李家團經江(jiang)口(kou)塘(tang)電站大壩至梅口(kou),以及石脈河、蘭溪和沿岸的(de)部(bu)分林(lin)地(di)。規劃面積(ji)為517.5公(gong)頃,占濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園總面積(ji)的(de)66.34%。規劃對現(xian)有(you)水體、動植物及其生境(jing)進行嚴格(ge)保護的(de)基礎上(shang),加強(qiang)外源(yuan)污染(ran)防治(zhi),控制內源(yuan)污染(ran),開(kai)展適度的(de)水禽棲息地(di)恢復(fu)和營(ying)建(jian)項(xiang)目,建(jian)立結構完善、功能完備的(de)濕(shi)地(di)-森林(lin)復(fu)合生態(tai)系統,營(ying)造(zao)良好的(de)水禽棲息地(di),打造(zao)水禽自然(ran)樂園。
恢復重(zhong)建區(qu)指田心苗寨區(qu)域的(de)巫(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河段,規(gui)劃(hua)面積(ji)73.3公頃。為維護區(qu)域生(sheng)(sheng)態系統的(de)穩(wen)定,保證人(ren)與自(zi)然的(de)和諧發展,規(gui)劃(hua)通(tong)過濕(shi)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態濾場的(de)建設,解決(jue)沿岸(an)村寨、農耕生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)等造(zao)成的(de)局(ju)部水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質富營養化問題;并(bing)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域與農田之間合理營造(zao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)禽棲息地(di),形成水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)域-水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)禽棲息地(di)-農田-苗寨的(de)結(jie)構布(bu)局(ju),打(da)造(zao)優美的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)岸(an)植(zhi)被景觀、擴(kuo)大野生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)棲息環境(jing),豐富濕(shi)地(di)公園生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣性,并(bing)保證區(qu)域居民(min)的(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活,維護區(qu)域生(sheng)(sheng)態系統的(de)穩(wen)定。
宣(xuan)(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)展示區指(zhi)以(yi)現有水岸公(gong)路(lu)(lu)為(wei)軸線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區域,規劃(hua)(hua)面積16.8公(gong)頃。規劃(hua)(hua)依托濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)沿岸道路(lu)(lu)系統進行濕(shi)地文(wen)化(hua)(hua)載體的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she),形成良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)河流(liu)-森林-文(wen)化(hua)(hua)復(fu)合(he)系統,讓文(wen)化(hua)(hua)在(zai)傳承中促(cu)進河流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)。主要通過(guo)合(he)理(li)布設(she)宣(xuan)(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)館(guan)、宣(xuan)(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)點、宣(xuan)(xuan)傳牌,將濕(shi)地文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、民(min)俗(su)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、人文(wen)山水景(jing)觀、濕(shi)地生(sheng)態產業、濕(shi)地生(sheng)態服(fu)務(wu)功能等內(nei)容,通過(guo)室內(nei)、室外等多樣(yang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)景(jing)和設(she)施營造濕(shi)地宣(xuan)(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao)展示的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間,調節游客情感,使其成為(wei)大眾(zhong)了解綏寧(ning)、認(ren)識濕(shi)地、欣賞濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)人文(wen)山水的(de)(de)(de)(de)窗口、濕(shi)地文(wen)化(hua)(hua)展示的(de)(de)(de)(de)平臺和生(sheng)態文(wen)明教(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)基地。
合(he)理(li)利用區(qu)指(zhi)梅口(kou)至石脈河區(qu)域,規劃面(mian)積170.2公(gong)頃。規劃合(he)理(li)利用區(qu)域內現有的(de)(de)濕(shi)地產業(ye)(ye)、民俗文化(hua)等資(zi)源,通過(guo)開展(zhan)生態(tai)養(yang)殖、設置游憩休閑、水(shui)上(shang)娛樂等項目,以及提升水(shui)岸(an)植(zhi)被景(jing)觀,建立(li)比較(jiao)完(wan)善的(de)(de)基(ji)礎設施(shi)體(ti)系,構建合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)濕(shi)地資(zi)源可持續利用產業(ye)(ye)鏈,提高(gao)濕(shi)地公(gong)園的(de)(de)自養(yang)能力(li),并(bing)帶動周邊社區(qu)相(xiang)關產業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發展(zhan),使(shi)社區(qu)群眾(zhong)受益并(bing)提高(gao)他們的(de)(de)生活水(shui)平。
管理(li)(li)服務(wu)(wu)區主要(yao)指濕(shi)地公(gong)園管理(li)(li)局、濕(shi)地管理(li)(li)站、游(you)客(ke)服務(wu)(wu)中心等。根據保護(hu)和管理(li)(li)的(de)需要(yao),合(he)理(li)(li)布局,建立完善的(de)保護(hu)、管理(li)(li)及(ji)游(you)客(ke)服務(wu)(wu)體系,為游(you)客(ke)提供優質高效(xiao)的(de)服務(wu)(wu),實現良好的(de)管理(li)(li)、保護(hu)和服務(wu)(wu)功能。
通過(guo)"一軸(zhou)"、"兩帶"、"一廊(lang)(lang)"、"兩區"、"多(duo)點"的(de)總體規劃布局(ju)建設,濕地公園將被(bei)打造成為"高峽(xia)-平湖-河(he)谷"為一體的(de)濕地生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統保護、恢復與合理利用的(de)典范;沅江流(liu)域重(zhong)要的(de)綠(lv)色生(sheng)(sheng)態廊(lang)(lang)道;苗家文化(hua)的(de)保護、復興和傳承(cheng)的(de)文化(hua)河(he)流(liu);"神奇生(sheng)(sheng)態綠(lv)洲"上濕地生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統健(jian)康、景(jing)觀資源豐富(fu)、自(zi)然環境優美、科普宣教(jiao)設施完善、休閑(xian)娛(yu)樂條件(jian)優越、文化(hua)底(di)蘊(yun)深厚的(de)國(guo)家濕地公園。