人物生平
早年經歷
大(da)(da)統(tong)八年(nian)(542年(nian)),宇文(wen)覺出生于同州。其(qi)父(fu)是西(xi)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)權臣宇文(wen)泰,大(da)(da)統(tong)三年(nian)(537年(nian))由西(xi)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)帝(di)(di)元寶炬任(ren)命為(wei)柱國大(da)(da)將軍、都督中外(wai)諸軍事,為(wei)西(xi)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)軍隊的實際統(tong)帥;其(qi)母(mu)為(wei)北魏(wei)(wei)(wei)孝武帝(di)(di)元修之妹馮翊公主(zhu)(元皇后(hou))。
宇文(wen)覺(jue)七歲(sui)(《周書》記(ji)為(wei)九歲(sui))時(shi),被封(feng)為(wei)略陽(yang)郡(jun)公(gong)。當時(shi)有(you)(you)善(shan)面(mian)相(xiang)者史元(yuan)華為(wei)其相(xiang)面(mian),私下(xia)告訴(su)他(ta)的父母:“這位公(gong)子有(you)(you)至貴之相(xiang),但可(ke)悲的是(shi)他(ta)不長命。” 宇文(wen)覺(jue)不到(dao)十五(wu)(wu)歲(sui)時(shi),便娶(qu)了西魏(wei)文(wen)帝(di)元(yuan)寶炬的第(di)五(wu)(wu)女晉(jin)安(an)公(gong)主元(yuan)胡摩為(wei)妻。
西魏(wei)恭帝(di)三(san)年(556年)三(san)月,宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)以嫡子被宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)立(li)為世子;四月,拜為大將軍。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)原想取代元氏政(zheng)權自立(li)為帝(di),不(bu)(bu)料十一月在北巡途中病死。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)侄(zhi)子宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)長兄宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)顥(hao)第三(san)子)因從小追隨宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai),既為之管(guan)理家族,又隨軍轉戰,東(dong)征西討(tao),功績不(bu)(bu)小,得到(dao)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)的信任和器重。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)臨死前,因為宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)還小,于是他委托(tuo)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)輔政(zheng)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)執(zhi)掌政(zheng)權。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)泰(tai)死后(hou),拓跋廓(kuo)封宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)為太師、大冢(zhong)宰、襲(xi)封安(an)定(ding)公;不(bu)(bu)久,又封宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)為周公。
受禪稱帝
西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)恭帝(di)四年(nian)(557年(nian)),掌(zhang)握(wo)西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)大權的(de)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)護陰(yin)謀(mou)進(jin)(jin)行禪代,逼西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)恭帝(di)拓(tuo)跋(ba)廓(kuo)把皇位(wei)禪讓給宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)覺。西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)恭帝(di)親自臨朝,派遣民部(bu)中大夫、濟北公(gong)(gong)元迪將皇帝(di)的(de)印璽奉上。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)覺力辭不受(shou)。公(gong)(gong)卿百官(guan)前去進(jin)(jin)行勸進(jin)(jin),于是宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)覺同(tong)意即(ji)位(wei)。當日,西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)恭帝(di)于大司馬府遜(xun)位(wei)。
北(bei)周孝閔帝元(yuan)年正(zheng)月初(chu)一日(557年2月15日),在宇(yu)文(wen)護的(de)扶持下,宇(yu)文(wen)覺(jue)受禪即位,自稱天王,國號“周”,史稱“北(bei)周”,是為北(bei)周的(de)開始。追(zhui)尊(zun)宇(yu)文(wen)泰為文(wen)王,母(mu)元(yuan)氏為王后(hou)。立妃元(yuan)胡摩為王后(hou)。
宇(yu)文覺登基(ji)后(hou),以大(da)(da)(da)司徒、趙郡公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)李弼(bi)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)師,大(da)(da)(da)宗伯(bo)、南陽公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)趙貴為(wei)(wei)太(tai)傅、大(da)(da)(da)冢宰(zai),大(da)(da)(da)司馬、河內公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)獨孤信為(wei)(wei)太(tai)保、大(da)(da)(da)宗伯(bo),柱國(guo)、中(zhong)山公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)護為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)司馬。 不久,進封(feng)太(tai)師李弼(bi)為(wei)(wei)趙國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),太(tai)傅趙貴為(wei)(wei)楚國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),太(tai)保獨孤信為(wei)(wei)衛國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),大(da)(da)(da)司寇(kou)于謹為(wei)(wei)燕(yan)國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),大(da)(da)(da)司空侯(hou)莫陳崇為(wei)(wei)梁國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),大(da)(da)(da)司馬、中(zhong)山公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宇(yu)文護為(wei)(wei)晉國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。
權臣秉政
宇(yu)文(wen)覺稱帝后,宇(yu)文(wen)護就任大冢宰(大丞相),軍政大權實際(ji)上全部掌握(wo)在他手中。宇(yu)文(wen)護專橫跋扈,一部份(fen)元(yuan)老大臣對他心生不服(fu)。太傅趙貴密謀刺殺宇(yu)文(wen)護,找太保獨孤(gu)信(xin)商議,獨孤(gu)信(xin)阻止了(le)(le)他,但(dan)也沒(mei)有(you)告發他。后來有(you)人告發了(le)(le)這(zhe)件事,宇(yu)文(wen)護以謀反(fan)罪(zui)名殺了(le)(le)趙貴,獨孤(gu)信(xin)也被罷官(guan),不久又(you)被賜死。
宇(yu)文(wen)覺雖(sui)然(ran)尚未成年,卻也想親自執政(zheng)。對宇(yu)文(wen)護不(bu)滿的(de)大(da)臣司會李植(zhi)、軍司馬孫(sun)恒(heng)和宮伯乙弗鳳、賀拔提等看出了(le)宇(yu)文(wen)覺的(de)心(xin)(xin)事,便(bian)密謀(mou)策劃,請求(qiu)宇(yu)文(wen)覺除掉(diao)宇(yu)文(wen)護。宇(yu)文(wen)覺心(xin)(xin)中贊成,但不(bu)敢貿然(ran)行動(dong)。于(yu)是(shi),招集了(le)一批武士在皇家花園講習(xi)武藝(yi),演練擒拿捆縛之術(shu)。當年八月,這(zhe)(zhe)一伙(huo)人怕勢單力薄,又(you)由李植(zhi)去拉宮伯張(zhang)光洛入伙(huo)。張(zhang)光洛偷偷向(xiang)宇(yu)文(wen)護告了(le)密,宇(yu)文(wen)護料知這(zhe)(zhe)些人成不(bu)了(le)氣候,沒有殺(sha)他(ta)們(men),只把為(wei)主的(de)李植(zhi)貶為(wei)梁州(zhou)刺(ci)史,孫(sun)恒(heng)貶為(wei)潼州(zhou)刺(ci)史。
宇(yu)文(wen)覺(jue)并不肯罷(ba)休,總(zong)想(xiang)召(zhao)回李(li)植、孫恒(heng)二人(ren)。宇(yu)文(wen)護耐(nai)著性子向宇(yu)文(wen)覺(jue)“哭諫”,他說(shuo):“天下至(zhi)親莫如兄(xiong)(xiong)弟,若是(shi)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟互相(xiang)(xiang)猜疑(yi),那世間(jian)還(huan)(huan)有可(ke)信之人(ren)嗎(ma)?叔父囑托我(wo)幫(bang)陛(bi)(bi)下治(zhi)理國家,如果陛(bi)(bi)下能獨(du)立料理朝(chao)(chao)政(zheng),名揚天下,為兄(xiong)(xiong)也(ye)就死而無憾了(le)。可(ke)是(shi)陛(bi)(bi)下現(xian)在年紀尚小,我(wo)擔心我(wo)被害(hai)后大權(quan)落到奸臣手中,那時候(hou)非(fei)旦對陛(bi)(bi)下不利,連國家也(ye)將滅亡,叫我(wo)有何面目去見(jian)地下的叔父!我(wo)既是(shi)陛(bi)(bi)下的長兄(xiong)(xiong),又是(shi)朝(chao)(chao)中宰(zai)相(xiang)(xiang),還(huan)(huan)能有什(shen)么想(xiang)法!望陛(bi)(bi)下三思,切(qie)勿聽信讒言,疏遠骨(gu)肉。”這一席話說(shuo)得懇切(qie)感人(ren),宇(yu)文(wen)覺(jue)便停止召(zhao)回李(li)、孫二人(ren)。
慘遭毒殺
宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)身邊(bian)的乙弗(fu)鳳(feng)害怕時日(ri)久(jiu)了,除掉宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護的主張(zhang)(zhang)成為泡影(ying),便(bian)加緊謀劃,準備由(you)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)設御(yu)宴招待群(qun)臣,乘機除掉宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護。此事又被張(zhang)(zhang)光洛告密(mi)。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護便(bian)立刻召集柱國賀(he)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)祥(xiang)、領軍(jun)尉遲綱(gang)商(shang)討(tao)對策。賀(he)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)祥(xiang)等(deng)勸宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護廢(fei)(fei)掉宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue),殺(sha)其(qi)同黨。當時尉遲綱(gang)掌管禁(jin)軍(jun),很(hen)容易(yi)辦到。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護便(bian)派(pai)尉遲綱(gang)進(jin)宮,通知乙弗(fu)鳳(feng)等(deng)去(qu)商(shang)議國事,等(deng)他們一(yi)到,便(bian)一(yi)個個被活捉生(sheng)擒。接著下(xia)令(ling)撤銷了宮廷宿衛,宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)發現形勢不妙,忙(mang)命(ming)宮女太監操起兵器(qi)自衛,宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護派(pai)賀(he)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)祥(xiang)逼宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)退(tui)位,廢(fei)(fei)為略陽公。先(xian)殺(sha)了乙弗(fu)鳳(feng)、孫恒等(deng),一(yi)個月(yue)后宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)也被殺(sha)害,年僅十六歲。
天(tian)和七年(572年),北(bei)周(zhou)武帝宇文邕誅殺(sha)宇文護,下令為宇文覺上(shang)謚號。于是(shi)派(pai)遣蜀國公(gong)尉(wei)遲迥(jiong)在南郊上(shang)謚其(qi)(qi)為孝閔(min)皇帝,稱其(qi)(qi)陵墓(mu)為靜陵。
為政舉措
宇(yu)文覺(jue)即位后(hou),多次(ci)減(jian)賦減(jian)刑。北周(zhou)孝閔(min)帝(di)元年(557年)三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四日(ri)(ri),下(xia)(xia)(xia)詔說(shuo)(shuo):“淅(xi)州(zhou)(zhou)去年歉收(shou),百姓(xing)饑(ji)餓,我(wo)心中悲憫(min)。該州(zhou)(zhou)賦稅未(wei)完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),應當全部免(mian)(mian)除。另派(pai)使者(zhe)(zhe)巡(xun)視(shi),對窮餓者(zhe)(zhe)予(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)賑濟(ji)。”三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五日(ri)(ri),裁(cai)(cai)減(jian)六府官(guan)員(yuan),三(san)(san)分(fen)(fen)裁(cai)(cai)減(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)四日(ri)(ri),詔命死(si)(si)罪(zui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)囚(qiu)犯,各(ge)(ge)減(jian)刑一(yi)(yi)(yi)等(deng)。八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)五日(ri)(ri),下(xia)(xia)(xia)詔道:“我(wo)才(cai)登(deng)皇位,教化未(wei)至,使我(wo)百姓(xing),多陷刑網(wang)。如(ru)今(jin)秋天(tian)已到(dao),將要執(zhi)行死(si)(si)刑,念及群生,責任在我(wo)。應當寬(kuan)恕有(you)罪(zui)之人(ren)(ren),給他們(men)改過自新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會。凡犯死(si)(si)罪(zui)者(zhe)(zhe),應當降為(wei)流(liu)放;流(liu)放罪(zui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),各(ge)(ge)減(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)等(deng)。不在赦免(mian)(mian)范圍以(yi)(yi)(yi)內(nei)者(zhe)(zhe),不得依此減(jian)罪(zui)。”八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)日(ri)(ri),又(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)詔說(shuo)(shuo):“帝(di)王(wang)治(zhi)(zhi)理天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia),無不廣泛訪求人(ren)(ren)才(cai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)理百姓(xing)。如(ru)今(jin)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四軍應當推薦(jian)(jian)賢良(liang)而有(you)治(zhi)(zhi)理才(cai)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),每軍舉(ju)薦(jian)(jian)九(jiu)人(ren)(ren)。被(bei)舉(ju)薦(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)如(ru)有(you)不稱職者(zhe)(zhe),凡舉(ju)薦(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)府,都要治(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)。”九(jiu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四日(ri)(ri),下(xia)(xia)(xia)詔道:“我(wo)聽說(shuo)(shuo)治(zhi)(zhi)理天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),并不是只靠帝(di)王(wang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren),而是上下(xia)(xia)(xia)同心才(cai)能做到(dao)。如(ru)今(jin)文武(wu)官(guan)員(yuan)及軍人(ren)(ren)未(wei)得封爵(jue)者(zhe)(zhe),應當各(ge)(ge)升兩大級。”
宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺生性剛毅果敢,對于其堂兄宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)專(zhuan)政(zheng)感(gan)到(dao)相當不(bu)滿(man)。而(er)司會李植(zhi)與(yu)軍司馬孫(sun)恒也(ye)對宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)權高位重頗有微詞(ci),便與(yu)乙(yi)弗鳳(feng)、賀拔(ba)提(ti)等人一(yi)同(tong)私下向宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺請求誅殺(sha)(sha)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu),取得了(le)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺的同(tong)意。他們又找(zhao)了(le)張(zhang)光(guang)洛一(yi)同(tong)行事(shi),不(bu)料張(zhang)光(guang)洛卻將此事(shi)告訴(su)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)。于是(shi)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)改封李植(zhi)為(wei)梁州刺史,孫(sun)恒為(wei)潼州刺史,將他們外放。乙(yi)弗鳳(feng)因(yin)此表示(shi)他將把宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)引進宮(gong)后誅殺(sha)(sha),但張(zhang)光(guang)洛又將此事(shi)告訴(su)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu),宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)反而(er)與(yu)尉遲(chi)綱合謀(mou)廢立之事(shi),先設計誅殺(sha)(sha)乙(yi)弗鳳(feng),并使(shi)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺身邊沒有侍衛;接著(zhu)派賀蘭祥逼(bi)迫宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺遜位,將他貶為(wei)略陽公(gong)并幽禁。
人物評價
宇文邕(yong):“至德(de)純(chun)粹,天姿秀杰。”
盧(lu)思道:“閔帝(di)以(yi)嫡嗣承基,應(ying)天納禪。弱齡厭世,未及稱(cheng)皇(huang)。以(yi)庶(shu)長見立,纂(zuan)我鴻(hong)緒。從容文(wen)雅,亦(yi)守(shou)文(wen)之良主(zhu)焉。”
令狐(hu)德棻《周書》:“孝(xiao)閔承既安之業,應(ying)樂推之運,柴天竺物,正位君臨(lin),邇無異言,遠無異望。雖黃初代德,太(tai)始受終,不之尚(shang)也。然政由寧氏,主懷芒刺之疑;祭則寡人,臣無復子之請。以之速禍,宜(yi)哉(zai)。”
李(li)延壽(shou)《北史(shi)》:①帝(di)性剛(gang)果。②孝閔承既(ji)安(an)之(zhi)業,膺樂推之(zhi)運;明皇處代邸之(zhi)尊,纂(zuan)大(da)宗之(zhi)緒。始則(ze)權臣專命,終乃政出私門;俱懷芒刺之(zhi)疑,用致幽弒之(zhi)禍,惜哉。
徐鈞:“生長(chang)朱門(men)十五春,廢興無奈屬權臣。當時枉作開基主,翻(fan)被虛(xu)名誤卻身。”
后世紀念
北周武帝宇文邕(yong)登基十二年后,下令為(wei)宇文覺上謚號為(wei)孝閔皇帝,稱其(qi)陵(ling)墓為(wei)靜(jing)陵(ling)。
據(ju)《北(bei)史(shi)》記(ji)載,北(bei)周五位皇(huang)帝(di)中,孝(xiao)閔帝(di)宇文覺葬(zang)靜陵(ling)。但未記(ji)載葬(zang)地(di)。武帝(di)孝(xiao)陵(ling)以西(xi)(xi)已(yi)知其為北(bei)周重臣葬(zang)地(di),北(bei)周諸(zhu)陵(ling),包括靜陵(ling)亦當在今陜西(xi)(xi)省咸(xian)陽市(shi)渭城區底張鎮一(yi)帶。
史書記載
令狐德棻《周書(shu)·卷三·帝紀第三》
李延壽《北史(shi)·卷九·周本紀上第九》
影視形象
2017年(nian)電視劇《獨孤天下》:李瑞超飾演宇(yu)文覺。