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墓地概況

大河口西(xi)周墓地(di)位于山西(xi)省(sheng)臨(lin)汾市(shi)翼城(cheng)縣(xian)，占地(di)面(mian)積約4萬余平方米，有墓葬(zang)(zang)千(qian)(qian)余座。從2009年開始(shi)，考古(gu)工作者對墓地(di)進行的(de)大面(mian)積發(fa)掘已揭露(lu)面(mian)積15000余平方米，發(fa)現(xian)墓葬(zang)(zang)615座、車馬坑22座。墓葬(zang)(zang)內不僅(jin)首(shou)次發(fa)現(xian)了(le)漆木俑、原(yuan)始(shi)瓷器(qi)等(deng)國(guo)寶，而且首(shou)次發(fa)現(xian)西(xi)周時期三足銅盂、三足鼎式簋等(deng)珍稀(xi)青銅器(qi)，個別墓葬(zang)(zang)甚至發(fa)現(xian)有金器(qi)，三千(qian)(qian)年前的(de)這(zhe)些(xie)寶器(qi)為研究古(gu)代封(feng)國(guo)的(de)歷史提供(gong)了(le)重要史料(liao)。2011年4月25日(ri)，山西(xi)翼城(cheng)縣(xian)“大河口西(xi)周墓地(di)”入圍2010年中國(guo)十大考古(gu)新發(fa)現(xian)。

地理位置

大河(he)口西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位于翼(yi)城縣(xian)城以東(dong)(dong)約6公里處(chu)，處(chu)于一片兩河(he)交匯形成的(de)三(san)角洲高地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四周(zhou)除(chu)了西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北部與西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)側臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)相接外，皆為(wei)溝壑地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌，澮河(he)干流和支流分別(bie)縈繞墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)兩側流過(guo)，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢為(wei)北高南(nan)(nan)低的(de)向陽緩坡。其北部為(wei)太(tai)岳山余脈和尚公德(de)山（又(you)名(ming)二峰山），東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)太(tai)行(xing)山余脈翔山，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部為(wei)凸起的(de)丘陵山地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)沖積(ji)平原(yuan)。在墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)周(zhou)圍(wei)發現了幾處(chu)不同時期的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)，其中(zhong)新石器時代遺(yi)址(zhi)位于墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)方的(de)澮河(he)東(dong)(dong)岸臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)約0.5公里處(chu)，東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)和漢代遺(yi)址(zhi)分布于墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)北、東(dong)(dong)側和西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)方臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上，墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)范(fan)圍(wei)內也包含有數(shu)十座東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)窖(jiao)穴(xue)遺(yi)存。

發掘歷史

2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)大河口西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)被盜發(fa)現，山西(xi)省(sheng)考古(gu)(gu)研(yan)究(jiu)所報請國(guo)家文物局批準，于2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)進行(xing)了(le)考古(gu)(gu)勘探(tan)和(he)試掘，共試掘了(le)6座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)；2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)12月(yue)(yue)進行(xing)了(le)全(quan)面普探(tan)，通過勘探(tan)發(fa)掘了(le)解到墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)分布面積約4萬(wan)余(yu)平方米(mi)(mi)，埋藏西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang) 1000余(yu)座(zuo)(zuo)。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)開始進行(xing)大規模搶(qiang)救性發(fa)掘。已揭露面積15000余(yu)平方米(mi)(mi)，發(fa)現墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)615座(zuo)(zuo)，車馬坑(keng)22座(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)內(nei)出土的青銅器(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具、車馬器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)等；陶器(qi)(qi)組合主(zhu)要有(you)：鬲(li)，鬲(li)罐，罐，鬲(li)盆罐等。玉、石(shi)、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)串飾(shi)較(jiao)多，部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)，個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)甚至(zhi)發(fa)現有(you)金器(qi)(qi)。到2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)末，大河口西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)發(fa)掘工(gong)作進入尾聲，僅剩下(xia)數十(shi)座(zuo)(zuo)小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)尚未發(fa)掘、保護。

為了保證遺址(zhi)科學順利地(di)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，工(gong)作人員進(jin)行了全面(mian)部署。以(yi)勘探(tan)(tan)結果(guo)為依據，選擇重(zhong)點區域，確定(ding)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)積(ji)，設立坐標基點，統一(yi)分區布方，首先進(jin)行抽樣(yang)(yang)式小探(tan)(tan)方發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，再進(jin)行大面(mian)積(ji)探(tan)(tan)方揭露，按(an)層位發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)所(suo)有(you)探(tan)(tan)方墓(mu)(mu)口上文化層，暴(bao)露墓(mu)(mu)口，拍(pai)(pai)攝探(tan)(tan)方全景(jing)照后，打掉隔(ge)梁，然(ran)后將(jiang)每座墓(mu)(mu)葬下挖30厘(li)米，對(dui)墓(mu)(mu)葬進(jin)行統一(yi)測(ce)量繪圖、航拍(pai)(pai)、編號，再按(an)計劃有(you)步(bu)驟(zou)地(di)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)單個墓(mu)(mu)葬。墓(mu)(mu)葬填土(tu)采取(qu)半剖面(mian)或多(duo)(duo)剖面(mian)結合的發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)方法，按(an)照逆(ni)埋葬順序(xu)逐(zhu)層發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，并及時(shi)做好記(ji)錄(lu)資料、取(qu)樣(yang)(yang)和現(xian)場文物保護工(gong)作，加強多(duo)(duo)學科合作。此次大規模(mo)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)并搶救(jiu)了一(yi)大批珍貴(gui)的文物，考古(gu)工(gong)作取(qu)得了階(jie)段性的重(zhong)要成果(guo)。

2017年(nian)6月7日，山西省考古(gu)研究所獲(huo)悉，經過(guo)考古(gu)工作(zuo)者3年(nian)再發掘(jue)(jue)，翼城大(da)河口(kou)西周(zhou)“霸國”墓地已(yi)全部發掘(jue)(jue)完成(cheng)。10年(nian)間，共發掘(jue)(jue)墓葬2200余座，出土器物2.5萬(wan)余件組。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制均為(wei)長方形(xing)土壙(kuang)豎穴，多口小(xiao)底(di)(di)大。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗絕大多數為(wei)東(dong)(dong)西向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，以(yi)頭向西為(wei)主，少量頭向東(dong)(dong)，南(nan)北向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余座。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)間很少發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)打破現(xian)(xian)象，大中型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在發(fa)(fa)掘區域內散布，分(fen)布沒有(you)明顯(xian)規律(lv)，區域內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)聚群特征明顯(xian)。車馬坑(keng)均位于大中型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)東(dong)(dong)側，除1座為(wei)南(nan)北向外，余均為(wei)東(dong)(dong)西向。部(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)腳窩和生土二層(ceng)臺(tai)，個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)壁龕，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)一棺、一棺一槨(guo)或二棺一槨(guo)，槨(guo)蓋板(ban)一般(ban)為(wei)橫鋪(pu)，棺蓋板(ban)、底(di)(di)板(ban)和槨(guo)底(di)(di)板(ban)一般(ban)為(wei)豎鋪(pu)（個別(bie)例外），四壁立板(ban)間多為(wei)榫卯結構。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主多為(wei)仰身(shen)直肢(zhi)，個別(bie)為(wei)屈肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)俯身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式(shi)。發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)腰坑(keng)和腰坑(keng)殉狗的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)較多，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)殉人。僅2008年發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)M1發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)四個斜洞，其(qi)(qi)余墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)此類設施。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)物多放(fang)置(zhi)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭前，其(qi)(qi)余置(zhi)于棺槨(guo)間、二層(ceng)臺(tai)上、棺內或蓋板(ban)上，大中型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)青銅器(qi)(qi)為(wei)主，小(xiao)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器(qi)(qi)為(wei)主。青銅器(qi)(qi)種類豐(feng)富，食器(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)等都有(you)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)；陶器(qi)(qi)組合主要有(you)鬲(li)、鬲(li)罐(guan)、罐(guan)、鬲(li)盆(pen)罐(guan)等等；玉、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)和串飾較多；部(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)；個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)金器(qi)(qi)；少部(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)物。

M1為(wei)東(dong)西方(fang)向(xiang)，土坑豎穴，口小(xiao)底大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口長4.25米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.22米(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)底長4.6米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.78米(mi)、自(zi)深(shen)9.75米(mi)，在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口平面(mian)四(si)角外發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)4個(ge)通向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)的(de)(de)斜(xie)洞，這是(shi)繼絳縣橫水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地之(zhi)后(hou)又一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)類似的(de)(de)斜(xie)洞設施。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭(tou)向(xiang)西，仰身(shen)直下肢(zhi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)槨，槨底有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)腰坑。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)二(er)層(ceng)臺之(zhi)上四(si)壁(bi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)11個(ge)壁(bi)龕(kan)，壁(bi)龕(kan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)放置漆(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，已發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)漆(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)俎、罍(lei)、豆、壺(hu)、杯（雙(shuang)耳(er)杯、單耳(er)杯、角狀杯）、犧尊(zun)、坐屏(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)如此多的(de)(de)壁(bi)龕(kan)、并且(qie)在壁(bi)龕(kan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)放置大(da)量器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，為(wei)西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)考古中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)首(shou)見(jian)。在東(dong)部(bu)二(er)層(ceng)臺上發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)兩(liang)個(ge)漆(qi)木(mu)俑，雙(shuang)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)站立(li)于漆(qi)木(mu)龜上，雙(shuang)手作持(chi)物(wu)狀，兩(liang)俑前(qian)(qian)面(mian)及側面(mian)放置有(you)(you)漆(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原地區西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)也是(shi)首(shou)見(jian)。在其(qi)(qi)(qi)他(ta)幾面(mian)二(er)層(ceng)臺上還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)帶(dai)木(mu)柄(bing)銅(tong)(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和漆(qi)木(mu)盾(dun)牌等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)棺(guan)槨之(zhi)間或(huo)棺(guan)蓋(gai)上發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了大(da)量的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最(zui)多，包括禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍(lei)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單耳(er)罐(guan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)鐘和鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)木(mu)盾(dun)牌青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)飾昜、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、戟、矛、鉞等(deng)(deng)(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都具(ju)有(you)(you)非(fei)常高(gao)的(de)(de)價值(zhi)，很多兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存(cun)有(you)(you)木(mu)柄(bing)，銅(tong)(tong)工具(ju)有(you)(you)斧、鑿、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)掛韁鉤、鑾鈴、車(che)轄、當盧等(deng)(deng)(deng)，還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)原始瓷(ci)(ci)尊(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)瓿(bu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒(tong)形尊(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵杯2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺(hu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三(san)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，此外還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)大(da)量的(de)(de)玉(yu)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜甲、鹿角、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)角方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)方(fang)角方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，腹足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)帶(dai)扉棱圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)壁(bi)銘“伯作寶尊(zun)彝(yi)(yi)”，無(wu)扉棱柱(zhu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)座(zuo)簋(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高(gao)圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條(tiao)紋簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇叭形圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)底鑄(zhu)銘文“□父戊(wu)”，鼎(ding)(ding)式簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)底有(you)(you)銘文“芮公舍霸(ba)(ba)馬(ma)兩(liang)玉(yu)金(jin)用鑄(zhu)簋(gui)(gui)”，乳釘(ding)紋簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)三(san)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)底對(dui)銘“霸(ba)(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作旅彝(yi)(yi)”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)卣(you)(you)形制略同(tong)，從大(da)到小(xiao)排列，前(qian)(qian)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相(xiang)同(tong)，后(hou)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相(xiang)同(tong)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣(you)(you)蓋(gai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)銘“燕侯旨作姑妹寶尊(zun)彝(yi)(yi)”，卣(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)置酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)爵中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘“旨作父辛爵”。銅(tong)(tong)觶6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋(gai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)銘“析父丁(ding)”。從隨(sui)葬兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)判斷墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主為(wei)男性(xing)。

M2為(wei)一(yi)座(zuo)三鼎墓，土壙豎穴，東西向(xiang)，墓主頭向(xiang)西，墓口長(chang)3.51米、寬2.49米、墓底(di)長(chang)4.2米、寬3.47米、自(zi)深8.2米，兩棺一(yi)槨，墓主為(wei)女(nv)性，仰身直肢。隨(sui)葬銅器有(you)(you)鼎3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等，陶器有(you)(you)鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足甕1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、未(wei)燒結碎陶器7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，玉石(shi)串飾(shi)7 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、項飾(shi)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、玉玦8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、握(wo)玉2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、柄形飾(shi)2組。另外(wai)還發(fa)現蚌器和貝等。在M2銅甗內壁發(fa)現有(you)(you)鑄銘“唯正月初吉霸（□）伯作寶甗其永用”。

M1017墓(mu)(mu)口長5米、寬3.4米、自(zi)深10米，口小(xiao)底(di)大，墓(mu)(mu)主頭向西，有(you)腰坑。墓(mu)(mu)室內(nei)(nei)發現大量(liang)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉(yu)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等，數(shu)十件(jian)(jian)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)置(zhi)于墓(mu)(mu)主頭前棺(guan)槨之(zhi)間，其余青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發現于棺(guan)槨之(zhi)間或棺(guan)蓋上。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)鼎簋數(shu)量(liang)較多，計有(you)方鼎5 件(jian)(jian)、圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)、簋6件(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)1件(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)4件(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)、尊3件(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)、斝(jia)1件(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)、盂1件(jian)(jian)、盤 1件(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃(zu)多件(jian)(jian)，工(gong)具有(you)鑿、刀等，金柄(bing)形器(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)，錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)，二層(ceng)臺上發現陶(tao)鬲(li)1件(jian)(jian)。在青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盂、簋、豆(dou)等器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)發現銘文，其中(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆(dou)蓋內(nei)(nei)銘“霸伯作(zuo)大寶尊彝其孫孫子子萬(wan)年(nian)永(yong)用”。此墓(mu)(mu)已整體搬遷至室內(nei)(nei)進行發掘。

M2002墓口長2.75米、寬1.68米、墓底(di)長3.83米、寬2.83米、自(zi)深9.91米，口小(xiao)底(di)大，墓主頭向西，腰(yao)坑內殉狗1只，一棺(guan)一槨，墓主仰身直肢，為男(nan)性。隨葬銅鼎3件(jian)、簋(gui)3件(jian)、鬲2件(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)、盤1件(jian)、鳥(niao)尊形(xing)盉1件(jian)，及大量的(de)青銅兵(bing)器(qi)、車馬器(qi)和工具等，還(huan)發現陶鬲1件(jian)及鉛、玉、石(shi)、骨、蚌(bang)、貝等器(qi)物。其中出(chu)土(tu)的(de)瓦棱紋扁(bian)腹圈足雙耳銅簋(gui)的(de)蓋、內底(di)鑄有銘文4行近30字，鳥(niao)尊形(xing)盉蓋內鑄銘文8行約50字。

M1034墓口(kou)(kou)長(chang)3米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)1.61米(mi)(mi)、墓底(di)長(chang)3.15米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)1.86米(mi)(mi)、自深4.43米(mi)(mi)，口(kou)(kou)小底(di)大(da)，墓主頭向(xiang)西，腰坑內殉(xun)狗1只，一棺一槨，墓主仰身直肢，雙手置(zhi)于髖(kuan)骨(gu)位置(zhi)，為(wei)男性。隨葬銅(tong)鼎3件、銅(tong)簋2件，及(ji)大(da)量的青銅(tong)兵器、車馬器、漆器、蚌器和(he)貝等。

出土文物

“霸”國(guo)出現填補空白(bai)

在(zai)試掘階(jie)段(duan)，考古隊(dui)就(jiu)發現這(zhe)是一個諸侯(hou)國君級別(bie)的(de)墓——墓葬二層臺四(si)壁有(you)11個壁龕，壁龕內放置漆木器(qi)、原始(shi)瓷器(qi)、陶器(qi)等物。

從出(chu)土的(de)(de)青銅器上(shang)面的(de)(de)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)確證，大河口墓地墓主的(de)(de)國(guo)族(zu)名為(wei) “霸”，“霸伯”是(shi)這里(li)的(de)(de)最(zui)高權力擁有者。“霸”國(guo)的(de)(de)商、周文(wen)(wen)化因(yin)素都比較(jiao)明(ming)顯，并具有自身獨(du)特的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化風格。其(qi)人(ren)群應為(wei)狄人(ren)系統(tong)的(de)(de)一支，是(shi)被中原(yuan)商周文(wen)(wen)化同(tong)化的(de)(de)狄人(ren)人(ren)群。相(xiang)繼的(de)(de)考(kao)古發現，“霸”國(guo)和周王室(shi)以(yi)及晉國(guo)、倗國(guo)、燕國(guo)等國(guo)關系密切(qie)。

“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相鄰。從(cong)墓(mu)地(di)(di)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)及(ji)隨葬品推測，“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)應比晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)低一個檔次，屬于小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。在君(jun)主稱(cheng)(cheng)謂方面，晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的君(jun)主被(bei)封為晉(jin)(jin)侯(hou)，而“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的君(jun)主則被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為霸(ba)(ba)伯。此外，兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的墓(mu)葬規(gui)模(mo)(mo)也相距甚遠，晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)曲村墓(mu)地(di)(di)的墓(mu)葬多(duo)達(da)20000多(duo)座，而“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大河口(kou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)的墓(mu)葬僅(jin)有(you)1500座左右，從(cong)這里也可反映出(chu)兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都人口(kou)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)的差距。

中國社會科學(xue)院考古所所長王(wang)巍認為，大河口西(xi)周墓地的發現(xian)揭示了(le)不見于歷史文(wen)獻記載(zai)的西(xi)周“霸”國的歷史及文(wen)化，并為研(yan)究西(xi)周時期的分封制(zhi)度、器(qi)用制(zhi)度和族群融(rong)合(he)等問(wen)題(ti)提供了(le)寶貴的實(shi)物資料，填補了(le)中國對(dui)西(xi)周時期考古研(yan)究的一項空(kong)白(bai)。

稀有漆木俑保留完好

墓葬二層臺(tai)四壁(bi)有11個壁(bi)龕(kan)(kan)，一座(zuo)墓葬內(nei)發現如此多的壁(bi)龕(kan)(kan)在(zai)西(xi)周考古上還是(shi)第一次，墓內(nei)隨(sui)葬漆木(mu)俑(yong)可能是(shi)目(mu)前中原地區(qu)出土最(zui)早的實物(wu)資料(liao)。

考(kao)(kao)古(gu)隊在(zai)(zai)發掘(jue)墓葬(zang)的(de)填土工作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)東邊二層(ceng)臺(tai)上意外(wai)發掘(jue)出了重要寶(bao)物：兩個一米多高(gao)的(de)漆(qi)(qi)木俑雙(shuang)足站(zhan)立(li)于漆(qi)(qi)木龜(gui)上，雙(shuang)手作(zuo)(zuo)持物狀，兩俑前(qian)面(mian)及側面(mian)放置(zhi)漆(qi)(qi)木器，這在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)原地區西周墓葬(zang)內也是(shi)(shi)(shi)首見。考(kao)(kao)古(gu)學家介紹(shao)，漆(qi)(qi)木器在(zai)(zai)兩種(zhong)環境下易于保存：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)十分濕(shi)潤的(de)環境，二是(shi)(shi)(shi)十分干(gan)燥的(de)環境。在(zai)(zai)黃土高(gao)原忽(hu)干(gan)忽(hu)濕(shi)的(de)環境里(li)，兩個漆(qi)(qi)木俑經數千年還能(neng)較為完(wan)好地保留下來(lai)，彌(mi)足珍貴。

山(shan)西省(sheng)考古所副(fu)所長(chang)謝堯(yao)亭介(jie)紹，中華文化的一(yi)個顯著特征是禮制。古人朝(chao)會(hui)、狩獵(lie)、宴(yan)享、訓練軍隊(dui)等活動都強(qiang)調(diao)‘秩序(xu)’。故而推測這兩個漆木俑與禮制和宗教有關(guan)系。

考古專家歷經兩年，清(qing)理出大量的漆(qi)木器遺存，包括漆(qi)木俑(yong)、俎、罍、豆、壺、犧尊、坐(zuo)屏、杯、案、盾牌、方(fang)彝等種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥(niao)盉（hé）。這(zhe)件器(qi)物(wu)被視為大(da)河(he)口(kou)西周墓葬銅器(qi)中(zhong)的瑰寶，它為中(zhong)國青銅器(qi)發展史(shi)提(ti)供了一(yi)件新的器(qi)形。

在此件鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物(wu)出土(tu)之(zhi)前，發(fa)現的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)(zun)大多屬于(yu)酒(jiu)器(qi)，簡單地(di)說，就是(shi)一種鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)的(de)(de)盛酒(jiu)器(qi)，用(yong)來在各類祭祀活動中盛裝不同的(de)(de)酒(jiu)。距此二三十公里的(de)(de)北(bei)趙(zhao)晉侯墓(mu)地(di)就發(fa)現了鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)(zun)，被收(shou)藏在山西省博物(wu)院，是(shi)其“鎮(zhen)院之(zhi)寶”。此次發(fa)現的(de)(de)青銅鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物(wu)與北(bei)趙(zhao)晉侯墓(mu)地(di)發(fa)現的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)(zun)有所不同，腹部沒有管狀流。專家(jia)認為(wei)，大河口這件鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物(wu)不是(shi)尊(zun)(zun)，而(er)是(shi)盉。

謝(xie)堯亭介紹，商周時(shi)期，盉多(duo)是一種注(zhu)水的水器。按照商周貴族禮儀，在祭祀、宴飲、典禮過程中，參與者要洗手盥(guan)洗。

侍者用(yong)盉將水倒出。在既往的考古發(fa)現和傳世(shi)器(qi)物中都未曾見過像大河口墓葬(zang)中這樣的鳥形盉。

鳥(niao)形(xing)盉(he)的(de)出現也意外(wai)糾正了一個(ge)錯誤：山(shan)西省博(bo)物院收藏的(de)鳥(niao)尊在發掘時尾(wei)巴已斷，上(shang)海博(bo)物院將(jiang)尾(wei)巴修復(fu)為朝(chao)(chao)里卷。此次發現的(de)鳥(niao)形(xing)盉(he)十分完(wan)整(zheng)，它清晰地顯示，鳥(niao)的(de)尾(wei)巴是(shi)朝(chao)(chao)外(wai)卷的(de)。

墓地價值

大(da)河(he)口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)這一(yi)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)項目受到(dao)業(ye)內(nei)專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度肯(ken)定。來自中(zhong)國(guo)社會科學(xue)院(yuan)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)所(suo)所(suo)長王(wang)巍就在會上表示，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)是中(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)封國(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要收獲。青銅(tong)器(qi)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)顯示，“霸(ba)(ba)”是這處墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)族名(ming)，“霸(ba)(ba)伯(bo)”是其最高權力(li)擁有(you)者，“霸(ba)(ba)”器(qi)曾(ceng)見(jian)于(yu)以往(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)器(qi)著錄，在《殷周(zhou)(zhou)金文(wen)(wen)(wen)集成(cheng)》中(zhong)著錄有(you)“霸(ba)(ba)姞作寶(bao)尊(zun)彝”鼎簋(gui)，曲(qu)村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)M6197也(ye)曾(ceng)出土過一(yi)件“霸(ba)(ba)伯(bo)作寶(bao)尊(zun)彝”銅(tong)簋(gui)。雖(sui)然“霸(ba)(ba)”是國(guo)名(ming)，但不(bu)見(jian)于(yu)傳世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻記載(zai)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積和(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)埋藏數量顯示，當時大(da)河(he)口(kou)人(ren)(ren)群(qun)規模不(bu)大(da)，推測其所(suo)居城(cheng)邑和(he)(he)所(suo)轄(xia)區(qu)域也(ye)不(bu)會很大(da)。可是銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)(wen)上又(you)顯示它與(yu)晉、燕等(deng)國(guo)和(he)(he)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)朝都(dou)有(you)往(wang)來關系(xi)(xi)，從埋葬(zang)習(xi)俗看(kan)，大(da)河(he)口(kou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)向、腰坑、殉狗、斜洞、使用(yong)日(ri)名(ming)等(deng)習(xi)俗與(yu)絳縣(xian)橫(heng)水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)相似；車馬坑的(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局、無俯(fu)身(shen)葬(zang)、無殉人(ren)(ren)等(deng)現象又(you)與(yu)天馬—曲(qu)村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)有(you)共(gong)同(tong)之處；陶器(qi)組合(he)和(he)(he)青銅(tong)器(qi)風格又(you)具有(you)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征，商、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)因(yin)素都(dou)比較明顯，自身(shen)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特色獨具。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)時代橫(heng)貫西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期(qi)(qi)進入春秋初年，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)群(qun)應(ying)為狄人(ren)(ren)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支，是被(bei)中(zhong)原(yuan)商周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)同(tong)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狄人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)群(qun)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)面(mian)貌顯示其人(ren)(ren)群(qun)相對單純。大(da)河(he)口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發現為研究西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)封制度、器(qi)用(yong)制度和(he)(he)族群(qun)融合(he)等(deng)歷史(shi)和(he)(he)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)問(wen)題等(deng)具有(you)重(zhong)要意義(yi)。

中新網太原6月9日電(胡健)記者9日傍(bang)晚(wan)從山西省考古研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)獲悉，山西翼(yi)城縣大(da)河(he)口西周墓地成功入選(xuan)2010年度(du)中國十大(da)考古新發現(xian)。

山西(xi)(xi)翼城縣大河口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地是(shi)新發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)一處西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)封國墓(mu)地，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)眾多青銅器銘(ming)文中的(de)“霸伯”是(shi)這(zhe)里的(de)最高權(quan)力擁有者(zhe)。

“霸”是其國(guo)名(ming)，“霸”國(guo)未(wei)見于傳世(shi)的文(wen)獻記載，山(shan)西(xi)省考古研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)副(fu)所(suo)長(chang)謝堯亭(ting)在報告中指(zhi)出(chu)。銘文(wen)資(zi)料(liao)顯示(shi)，“霸”與晉、北燕、芮等國(guo)曾有往來。在大河口墓(mu)地，商、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)因素都比較明(ming)(ming)顯，自(zi)身特(te)色也很(hen)鮮明(ming)(ming)，墓(mu)葬(zang)時代橫貫西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚(wan)期已進入春秋初年。大河口墓(mu)地的發現為(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)分封制(zhi)度和西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)史提供了重要資(zi)料(liao)，對探討(tao)諸侯制(zhi)度具有重要意義。

2007年(nian)5月，大河口(kou)墓(mu)地因被(bei)盜被(bei)發(fa)現(xian)，同年(nian)9月至(zhi)次年(nian)5月進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了考(kao)古勘探(tan)和試(shi)掘(jue)，2008年(nian)9月至(zhi)12月進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了全面普探(tan)，2009年(nian)5月至(zhi)2011年(nian)5月進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了大規模搶救性發(fa)掘(jue)。

大河(he)口墓(mu)(mu)地位于山西(xi)(xi)省南(nan)部翼城縣城以(yi)東(dong)約6公(gong)里(li)處(chu)，墓(mu)(mu)地四周(zhou)(zhou)除了西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部與西(xi)(xi)側臺(tai)地相接外皆為(wei)溝壑，澮(kuai)河(he)干流和支流分別縈(ying)繞其(qi)西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)兩側流過(guo)，地勢為(wei)北(bei)高南(nan)低的向(xiang)陽(yang)緩坡地，北(bei)方(fang)為(wei)太岳山余(yu)(yu)脈二峰山，東(dong)、南(nan)方(fang)為(wei)太行山余(yu)(yu)脈翔山，西(xi)(xi)部為(wei)凸起的丘陵山地，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)為(wei)澮(kuai)河(he)沖積谷地。在墓(mu)(mu)地周(zhou)(zhou)圍發現了幾處(chu)不同時(shi)期(qi)的遺(yi)址，其(qi)中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)遺(yi)址位于墓(mu)(mu)地西(xi)(xi)南(nan)約0.5公(gong)里(li)處(chu)。墓(mu)(mu)地分布面積約4萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)平方(fang)米，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)葬約1500余(yu)(yu)座。

此次(ci)“2010年度(du)全國(guo)(guo)十(shi)大考古(gu)新發(fa)現”由國(guo)(guo)家(jia)文物局主(zhu)辦，自(zi)2010年11月底啟動，從2010年1月1日(ri)～12月31日(ri)期間在中國(guo)(guo)境內進行發(fa)掘的(de)合法考古(gu)項目中遴選出56個候選項目進入初評(ping)。初評(ping)由國(guo)(guo)家(jia)文物局考古(gu)專家(jia)組成員、中國(guo)(guo)考古(gu)學會常(chang)務理事和理事、中國(guo)(guo)65 家(jia)考古(gu)發(fa)掘資質單位(wei)共同參與投(tou)票，最終，有25個項目入圍。

此次2010年度中(zhong)國十(shi)大(da)考古新發(fa)現的具體名(ming)單為：河(he)南(nan)新鄭望京(jing)樓夏(xia)商時期城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、山(shan)東(dong)濟南(nan)大(da)辛莊(zhuang)商代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)翼城(cheng)縣大(da)河(he)口西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周墓地、江(jiang)蘇(su)蘇(su)州市木(mu)瀆古城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)安鳳棲原西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢家(jia)族墓地、新疆鄯善吐峪溝(gou)石窟群和(he)佛寺(si)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)藍(lan)田(tian)北宋呂氏(shi)家(jia)族墓園、湖南(nan)永順老司城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、江(jiang)蘇(su)南(nan)京(jing)大(da)報恩寺(si)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)、廣東(dong)汕頭“南(nan)澳(ao)1號”明代(dai)沉船遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)。