簡介:
下龍(long)頭(tou)(tou)古(gu)墓(mu)(mu)群位(wei)于下龍(long)頭(tou)(tou)村,2007年被(bei)(bei)公布為(wei)省級文(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位(wei),2013年被(bei)(bei)公布為(wei)國家級文(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位(wei)。和通(tong)化市南頭(tou)(tou)屯古(gu)墓(mu)(mu)群捆綁稱為(wei)“江沿墓(mu)(mu)群”。年代大概(gai)是漢代至唐代,墓(mu)(mu)群分(fen)布面積(ji)約為(wei)28600平方(fang)米,現(xian)存墓(mu)(mu)葬46座。墓(mu)(mu)葬大小(xiao)不一,性質各異(yi),大致分(fen)為(wei)三種(zhong),方(fang)壇階梯石(shi)室墓(mu)(mu)、方(fang)壇階梯壙室墓(mu)(mu)和積(ji)石(shi)串(chuan)墓(mu)(mu)三種(zhong)。
地理位置:位(wei)于通化市東(dong)昌(chang)區金廠(chang)鎮(zhen)江沿村(cun)6組(zu),通化縣快大茂(mao)鎮(zhen)下龍頭村(cun)與龍崗村(cun)之間的渾(hun)江兩岸階(jie)地上。
研究價值:
通化江沿遺(yi)(yi)跡群(qun)的調查報(bao)告指出:“該遺(yi)(yi)跡群(qun)集遺(yi)(yi)址、墓(mu)葬和(he)祭祀址為(wei)一體(ti),展(zhan)現出相對獨立而完整(zheng)統一的社會體(ti)系及(ji)古代國家的雛形。根據該遺(yi)(yi)跡群(qun)的地理位置、周圍環境(jing)以及(ji)豐(feng)富(fu)的文化內(nei)涵,初(chu)步(bu)確(que)認為(wei)是卒本夫余(yu)的初(chu)居地———卒本川。兩(liang)個墓(mu)群(qun)中不同的墓(mu)葬形制為(wei)高句麗(li)族(zu)源的研(yan)究提供(gong)了可參考的實物資料。對高句麗(li)民(min)族(zu)起源、國家與政權的建立等重大(da)學術問題的研(yan)究有著重要的價值和(he)意義。”
通(tong)化江沿遺跡(ji)群是繼黑龍江三江平原漢魏(wei)古城群之(zhi)后(hou),又一(yi)處反映多(duo)層次(ci)社會結構(gou)和(he)早(zao)(zao)期國家雛(chu)形(xing)的重要遺存(cun),這一(yi)具有較高學術價(jia)值的考古發現為(wei)(wei)我國東(dong)北古代文明與(yu)(yu)國家的起源、探索早(zao)(zao)期國家的誕生與(yu)(yu)發展之(zhi)路和(he)渾江流域古代民族演進提(ti)供了(le)(le)最新(xin)的實(shi)物資料。但(dan)調查報(bao)告將足,且通(tong)化距離高句(ju)麗的建(jian)國之(zhi)地桓(huan)仁五女山城過于遙遠。但(dan)此說不乏為(wei)(wei)高句(ju)麗早(zao)(zao)期歷(li)史的研究提(ti)供了(le)(le)一(yi)種新(xin)說。
通過綜合考察和(he)梳理渾(hun)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)貊(mo)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(高夷)這(zhe)種獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)構墓(mu)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)為典(dian)型特征(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)代考古學(xue)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)材(cai)料,可知這(zhe)一(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)貊(mo)族(zu)(zu)(zu)遺(yi)存(cun)與遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)(ban)島(dao)(dao)甚至遼(liao)(liao)(liao)西地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區、朝鮮半(ban)(ban)島(dao)(dao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)代古族(zu)(zu)(zu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)諸多相(xiang)似(si)之處(chu)(chu),表現出了(le)一(yi)些相(xiang)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)特征(zheng)(zheng):其(qi)一(yi),喪(sang)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)習(xi)俗均(jun)以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)構葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具為主,表現為形(xing)制(zhi)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)、小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)、積石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棺葬(zang)(zang)(zang)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蓋葬(zang)(zang)(zang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),這(zhe)種墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)深(shen)刻(ke)影(ying)(ying)響了(le)后世(shi)高句(ju)麗(li)(li)、渤海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)喪(sang)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗中(zhong)普(pu)遍流(liu)(liu)行火葬(zang)(zang)(zang),這(zhe)種火葬(zang)(zang)(zang)習(xi)俗在(zai)(zai)古遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東(dong)(dong)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)代廣泛(fan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai),特別是(shi)渾(hun)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)直接影(ying)(ying)響了(le)高句(ju)麗(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火葬(zang)(zang)(zang)習(xi)俗。其(qi)二,出土(tu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)表現出明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)并用”特征(zheng)(zheng),石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刀(dao)(dao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與帶有(you)(you)濃(nong)厚地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)特征(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)相(xiang)伴而(er)出。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)是(shi)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)代特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)品,關于東(dong)(dong)北(bei)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)學(xue)界已(yi)有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)成(cheng)果(guo)面世(shi)。日(ri)本學(xue)者曾稱其(qi)為“遼(liao)(liao)(liao)王天姿,王禹浪(lang),王俊錚:渾(hun)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古代歷史與文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)寧式(shi)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)”,王綿厚先(xian)生(sheng)將曲刃青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)與銎內(nei)啄戈、管銎式(shi)斧(fu)、環(huan)(huan)首銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)并列為遼(liao)(liao)(liao)河流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)代典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)方銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。林(lin)沄先(xian)生(sheng)認為東(dong)(dong)北(bei)系(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)“應是(shi)穢貊(mo)(包括高句(ju)麗(li)(li)、夫余(yu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))、真(zhen)番(fan)、朝鮮等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先(xian)所(suo)(suo)共有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種遺(yi)物(wu)”,此(ci)說甚確。但渾(hun)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)所(suo)(suo)處(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)群山(shan)(shan)(shan)環(huan)(huan)抱、山(shan)(shan)(shan)河相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理環(huan)(huan)境也造就了(le)該地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)濃(nong)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方特征(zheng)(zheng)。渾(hun)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)位于千(qian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)以北(bei),貊(mo)族(zu)(zu)(zu)遺(yi)存(cun)表現出與千(qian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)以南(nan)、深(shen)受山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)(ban)島(dao)(dao)大(da)汶口文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)影(ying)(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)類型如大(da)連小珠山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、雙房(fang)類型等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵(han),渾(hun)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)貊(mo)族(zu)(zu)(zu)遺(yi)址和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)構墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)中(zhong)極少出土(tu)三足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi),這(zhe)與遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)(ban)島(dao)(dao)南(nan)部同(tong)類遺(yi)存(cun)多泥質灰黑陶(tao)和(he)三足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)表現出了(le)強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)。陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)幾乎均(jun)為夾(jia)砂褐(he)陶(tao)或灰褐(he)陶(tao),也有(you)(you)少量(liang)夾(jia)砂紅(hong)褐(he)陶(tao),鮮見耳。這(zhe)種陶(tao)耳裝飾在(zai)(zai)后來的(de)(de)(de)(de)高句(ju)麗(li)(li)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)較(jiao)為常見。渾(hun)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)貊(mo)族(zu)(zu)(zu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均(jun)為手制(zhi),燒制(zhi)火候較(jiao)低(di)。陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多素面或紋飾簡單,與同(tong)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)家店下層文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、松(song)花江(jiang)上游的(de)(de)(de)(de)西團山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、牡(mu)丹(dan)江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鶯(ying)歌嶺文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧中(zhong)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)高臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)均(jun)有(you)(you)顯(xian)著(zhu)差別,與遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東(dong)(dong)半(ban)(ban)島(dao)(dao)南(nan)端(duan)郭家村遺(yi)址等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)所(suo)(suo)反映的(de)(de)(de)(de)小珠山(shan)(shan)(shan)上層文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)見各類紋飾也有(you)(you)差異,也較(jiao)少見新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代以來東(dong)(dong)北(bei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區廣為流(liu)(liu)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)筒(tong)形(xing)罐(guan)“之”字紋。
除此之(zhi)(zhi)外,渾(hun)江流(liu)(liu)域的(de)(de)貊族葬式(shi)(shi)以(yi)半(ban)地下(xia)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)積石冢和(he)地下(xia)石棺墓(mu)、石蓋墓(mu)等為主,較少遺存如遼東半(ban)島一(yi)樣規模宏大(da)的(de)(de)石棚文化。渾(hun)江流(liu)(liu)域還是(shi)高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)(li)民(min)族的(de)(de)起(qi)源地,但渾(hun)江流(liu)(liu)域在朱蒙自夫(fu)余率部(bu)(bu)(bu)南下(xia)到(dao)來之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),這里居住著早期(qi)高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)(li)五(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)“涓(消)奴(nu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)”,即(ji)“沸(fei)流(liu)(liu)國(guo)”。《三國(guo)史(shi)記(ji)》卷13記(ji)載:“沸(fei)流(liu)(liu)國(guo)王(wang)(wang)松讓曰(yue):‘我(wo)累(lei)世為王(wang)(wang)’。”《三國(guo)志高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)。”這里的(de)(de)“桂(gui)婁部(bu)(bu)(bu)”即(ji)是(shi)朱蒙所(suo)建的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)(li)。據(ju)所(suo)征引(yin)史(shi)料可知,“累(lei)世為王(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)“涓奴(nu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)”即(ji)“沸(fei)流(liu)(liu)國(guo)”被以(yi)朱蒙為首領的(de)(de)“桂(gui)婁部(bu)(bu)(bu)”取代,高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)(li)政權核心發生了王(wang)(wang)權更迭。關(guan)于“沸(fei)流(liu)(liu)國(guo)”的(de)(de)地望,學術界已有(you)所(suo)討論(lun),“沸(fei)流(liu)(liu)”即(ji)“富爾(er)”,故應(ying)在渾(hun)江支流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)富爾(er)江流(liu)(liu)域尋之(zhi)(zhi)。
近年(nian)撫順文物考古(gu)工作(zuo)者在(zai)富爾(er)江(jiang)上游的(de)新賓縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內發現了孤腳山山城(cheng)、轉水湖(hu)山城(cheng)、黑溝(gou)山城(cheng)等高(gao)句麗早(zao)期山城(cheng),其中黑溝(gou)山城(cheng)建筑(zhu)形制及出(chu)土器物與渾江(jiang)流域的(de)五(wu)女山城(cheng)、柳河(he)縣(xian)(xian)霸王朝山城(cheng)等相似,為在(zai)富爾(er)江(jiang)流域探索沸流國提供了重(zhong)要線索。