漢魏許都故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)俗稱張潘(pan)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),位于(yu)許昌縣張潘(pan)鎮古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村東南0.5公里,系周(zhou)時許都故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)許昌治所。建安元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)196年),曹(cao)操(cao)迎漢獻帝到許后,對原城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮室、殿宇、糧倉武(wu)庫、街道、園林等進行了(le)大規模改建擴(kuo)建,形成了(le)漢魏許都故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)恢宏景觀。故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)外兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),文(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)堆積層(ceng)厚約(yue)6米,上層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)漢魏文(wen)化(hua)層(ceng),中層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)西周(zhou)和戰國(guo)時期文(wen)化(hua)層(ceng),下層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)二里崗文(wen)化(hua)層(ceng),內(nei)(nei)涵豐(feng)富。2013年5月,被國(guo)務院(yuan)核定為(wei)(wei)第七批全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保護(hu)單位。
漢末(mo)雖風雨飄(piao)搖,但作為一個國(guo)家的(de)首都,三國(guo)時期(qi)許(xu)(xu)(xu)都城池(chi)建(jian)得(de)相當有規模(mo)。城內的(de)建(jian)筑除街道、民宅、官署外,有許(xu)(xu)(xu)昌宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、京福殿(dian)(dian)、承光殿(dian)(dian)、永(yong)始臺(tai)(tai)、毓秀臺(tai)(tai)、丞相府等。許(xu)(xu)(xu)昌宮(gong)(gong)(gong)是漢獻(xian)帝臨朝(chao)聽政(zheng)及后妃居住的(de)地方。景福殿(dian)(dian)始建(jian)于魏明(ming)帝曹睿太和六年(nian)(nian)(公元232年(nian)(nian))。《三國(guo)志·明(ming)帝紀》載(zai):“九(jiu)月,行幸摩陂,治許(xu)(xu)(xu)昌宮(gong)(gong)(gong),起京福、承光殿(dian)(dian)。”宋《太平寰宇記(ji)》云(yun):“京福殿(dian)(dian)在許(xu)(xu)(xu)昌故城西南隅也,魏明(ming)帝所建(jian),資費(fei)值八百余萬。”《洛陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)薄(bo)》曰(yue):“許(xu)(xu)(xu)昌景福殿(dian)(dian)七間。”永(yong)始臺(tai)(tai)是許(xu)(xu)(xu)昌宮(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑群(qun)的(de)一個組成(cheng)部分(fen),建(jian)在御花園里。黃初五年(nian)(nian)(公元224年(nian)(nian))魏文帝曹丕東巡,偕郭皇后就住在這里。
如今,許都故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址雖然早已辟為(wei)(wei)田園,但高出平川約3米(mi)、占地30多公(gong)(gong)頃的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池(chi),以及(ji)(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣輪廓線依然清晰可見。據勘(kan)探,故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)內外(wai)兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長(chang)約7.5公(gong)(gong)里(li),在外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)東南隅,呈(cheng)方形,周(zhou)長(chang)1.5公(gong)(gong)里(li),占地面積1.44平方公(gong)(gong)里(li),文(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)堆積層(ceng)厚約6米(mi),上層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)漢(han)魏(wei)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng),中層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)西周(zhou)和戰國時期文(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng),下層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)二里(li)崗文(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng),內涵(han)豐富。其出土文(wen)物(wu)有漢(han)朝銅(tong)鼎(ding)、銅(tong)矛、馬(ma)銜、車飾、司馬(ma)將印、部曲印、箭鏃(zu)、刀劍、錢(qian)幣和曹魏(wei)時期大型行軍(jun)造飯(fan)鍋、磨米(mi)的(de)(de)碾、耕地的(de)(de)犁(li)鏵及(ji)(ji)建(jian)筑物(wu)件(jian)等,尤(you)其是戰國玉璧、漢(han)魏(wei)時期建(jian)筑物(wu)件(jian)四神柱礎,均被鑒定(ding)為(wei)(wei)國家一級文(wen)物(wu),極其珍貴(gui)。
千百年來,許(xu)都(dou)故(gu)城雖然僅(jin)存(cun)遺址(zhi),但由于(yu)它是(shi)一代王朝的(de)象征,特別是(shi)我國封建時(shi)代政治(zhi)(zhi)家、軍事家、文(wen)學家曹操雄踞許(xu)昌的(de)25年里,挾天子以令不臣,使(shi)節鉞征伐四方,大興屯田,廣攬賢才,革(ge)新吏治(zhi)(zhi),發(fa)展生產,使(shi)這里成(cheng)為(wei)三國時(shi)代北方的(de)政治(zhi)(zhi)、軍事、文(wen)化(hua)中心,成(cheng)就了(le)統一北方的(de)霸業,開創了(le)“一代風(feng)骨(gu)、百世流芳”的(de)建安文(wen)學,不僅(jin)被歷代人所敬仰,也是(shi)我們許(xu)昌人談起三國文(wen)化(hua)永恒的(de)話題(ti)。