清(qing)涼寺汝官窯(yao)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于寶豐縣(xian)大(da)營鎮清(qing)涼寺村,遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)保護范(fan)圍共計133.2萬平方(fang)米。該(gai)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)1990年曾(ceng)被評為“七五”期間十(shi)大(da)考(kao)古新發(fa)現(xian);20世紀河南(nan)十(shi)項(xiang)重大(da)考(kao)古發(fa)現(xian)和2000年度全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)十(shi)大(da)考(kao)古新發(fa)現(xian);2001年6月被國(guo)(guo)務院公布為第五批全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)重點文(wen)(wen)物保護單位(wei);2005年列入(ru)(ru)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)100處重要大(da)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)保護項(xiang)目;2011年汝瓷(ci)燒制技(ji)藝(yi)被列入(ru)(ru)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級非(fei)物質文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)產名(ming)錄;2016年入(ru)(ru)選國(guo)(guo)家(jia)大(da)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)保護“十(shi)三五”專項(xiang)規劃(hua)。
汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯位居“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)、官、哥(ge)、鈞、定”五大名窯之(zhi)首,有(you)“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯為(wei)魁”之(zhi)稱(cheng)。從20世紀50年(nian)(nian)代至今,為(wei)尋訪汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi),我(wo)國(guo)幾代文博工作者付出了(le)巨大努力。自(zi)1987年(nian)(nian)至2016年(nian)(nian),河(he)南省文物(wu)考古(gu)(gu)研究院先后對(dui)寶豐(feng)縣清涼寺汝(ru)(ru)(ru)官窯遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)進行(xing)了(le)十(shi)四次考古(gu)(gu)發掘,發現(xian)了(le)20多座燒制御用汝(ru)(ru)(ru)瓷(ci)的(de)窯爐及作坊遺(yi)(yi)跡(ji),獲得了(le)大量瓷(ci)器(qi)、瓷(ci)器(qi)、標本,出土了(le)不少(shao)傳世品(pin)種未見的(de)新器(qi)形,擴大了(le)人們(men)對(dui)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯瓷(ci)器(qi)的(de)認識(shi)。清涼寺汝(ru)(ru)(ru)官窯遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)發現(xian),揭開(kai)了(le)千古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)謎(mi),使中國(guo)陶瓷(ci)史(shi)上的(de)一大懸案了(le)結。
汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)是北(bei)宋五大(da)名(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)之一,南宋前期九(jiu)華(hua)人葉寘的《坦齋筆衡》“本朝(chao)以定州白磁器有(you)芒,不堪用,遂命(ming)汝(ru)(ru)州燒青瓷,故河北(bei)、唐、鄧,耀州悉(xi)有(you)之,汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)為魁。江南則(ze)處州龍(long)泉窯(yao)(yao)(yao),質頗粗厚。政(zheng)和(he)間,京師自置窯(yao)(yao)(yao)燒造,名(ming)日(ri)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)”的記載。葉寘講的“汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)為魁”無(wu)疑是指北(bei)宋后期前段汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)。而(er)被后世(shi)稱(cheng)為宋代五大(da)名(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的“汝(ru)(ru)、官(guan)、哥(ge)、鈞、定”,亦將(jiang)汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)排在首位。
在已知的(de)(de)65件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)汝窯傳(chuan)世(shi)品中(zhong),除北(bei)京(jing)故宮博物(wu)院11件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未(wei)公開發表外(wai),其余54件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong),洗類(lei)器(qi)占16件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盤(pan)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另有橢圓(yuan)水(shui)仙盆5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),尊2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、樽2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碗(wan)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碟3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),紙追(zhui)瓶(ping)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),蓮花(hua)式碗(wan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盞托1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),深腹洗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。器(qi)底(di)有三(san)個支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)占18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),5個支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),6個支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),殘(can)存1個支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),無支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在釉(you)色上(shang),粉青27件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),天青12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),卵青10件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不(bu)(bu)明(ming)5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在這次汝官(guan)窯燒造區出(chu)土的(de)(de)大(da)量瓷器(qi)中(zhong),除包含以上(shang)所有傳(chuan)世(shi)品外(wai),還出(chu)土不(bu)(bu)少(shao)在傳(chuan)世(shi)品中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)曾見到的(de)(de)器(qi)形。如出(chu)土量較大(da)的(de)(de)有套盒,荷花(hua)口(kou)平底(di)盤(pan)、盞等(deng)(deng),同(tong)出(chu)土的(de)(de)還有缽、罐、盂(yu)等(deng)(deng),工(gong)藝品鳥首(shou),龍形器(qi)和仿早期青銅器(qi)的(de)(de)方壺(hu),圓(yuan)壺(hu)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。
有(you)幾個不可忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)中與(yu)發掘所(suo)獲得的(de)(de)(de)(de)大量(liang)器(qi)物(wu)標本有(you)所(suo)區別。其一,清(qing)(qing)涼(liang)寺汝官(guan)窯出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)器(qi)物(wu)開片絕大多(duo)(duo)數細密,開片好者(zhe)罕見。釉色粉(fen)青(qing)者(zhe)極(ji)少。其二,清(qing)(qing)涼(liang)寺汝官(guan)窯出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洗(xi)類器(qi)中圈足洗(xi)占相對(dui)多(duo)(duo)數,胎質較(jiao)傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)薄。器(qi)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小差異較(jiao)明顯,盡管(guan)如此,絕大多(duo)(duo)數采用五(wu)個支(zhi)釘藝(yi),并且五(wu)個支(zhi)釘往往緊貼于圈足內側四周(zhou),這些皆與(yu)上海博(bo)物(wu)館藏(zang)(zang)傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)4件和英國達維德基(ji)金會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1件留足洗(xi)工藝(yi)有(you)所(suo)不同。其三(san),北京故宮博(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)院(yuan)藏(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1件粉(fen)青(qing)平(ping)底深腹洗(xi)和三(san)足洗(xi)其造型(xing)工藝(yi)也有(you)別于清(qing)(qing)涼(liang)寺窯址(zhi)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深腹平(ping)底洗(xi)、三(san)足洗(xi)。其四,目前所(suo)知,傳(chuan)世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)紋汝窯器(qi),只有(you)臺北故宮博(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1件“天青(qing)無(wu)紋橢(tuo)圓(yuan)水仙盆”。這些問(wen)題(ti)值得研究者(zhe)關(guan)注。
有關汝(ru)窯的文(wen)獻記載已經被今天的考(kao)古發(fa)掘(jue)所證(zheng)實。即(ji)使(shi)如此(ci),仍有人對汝(ru)官窯在寶(bao)豐清(qing)涼寺提(ti)出(chu)質疑(yi)。今年6——10月,河南文(wen)物考(kao)古研究(jiu)所對寶(bao)豐清(qing)涼寺汝(ru)官窯燒造區進行了正(zheng)式發(fa)掘(jue),揭露(lu)面(mian)積475平方米,以(yi)其(qi)罕見的窯爐、配釉作坊(fang)和豐富的汝(ru)官瓷(ci)器被清(qing)理出(chu)來而(er)引人注目(mu)。
清涼(liang)寺古(gu)窯(yao)(yao)址共分為四個(ge)發(fa)掘區,這次發(fa)掘僅限(xian)于約4800平方米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)(zao)區的(de)(de)(de)西北部,清理出(chu)窯(yao)(yao)爐(lu)15座,作坊2座,大型澄(cheng)泥池2個(ge),排(pai)列(lie)有(you)序大型陶甕(weng)10余(yu)個(ge),灰(hui)坑22個(ge)等(deng)重(zhong)要遺跡,出(chu)土(tu)(tu)遺物極為豐(feng)富,絕(jue)大數(shu)為汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)器,這與(yu)(yu)我們在(zai)(zai)第l、11、III燒造(zao)(zao)區內(nei)青(qing)瓷(ci),白瓷(ci)、黑瓷(ci)、三彩等(deng)瓷(ci)器同出(chu)絕(jue)然不同。重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)(zao)區汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)瓷(ci)工藝(yi)達到成熟階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)地層內(nei)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)1枚來神宗時(shi)期(qi)“元豐(feng)通寶(bao)”,有(you)可(ke)能將(jiang)汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)創燒時(shi)間提前到來神宗元豐(feng)(公元1078—一公元1085)年間。與(yu)(yu)陳(chen)萬里先(xian)生考證汝(ru)州燒造(zao)(zao)宮廷用(yong)瓷(ci)時(shi)間在(zai)(zai)哲宗元祐元年(108)到徽宗崇寧五年基本一致。因(yin)此,筆(bi)(bi)者認為汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)就在(zai)(zai)寶(bao)豐(feng)清涼(liang)寺是(shi)不可(ke)爭辯的(de)(de)(de)事實。《坦齋(zhai)筆(bi)(bi)衡》中(zhong)記載“政和間,京師自置窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)(zao),名日(ri)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)”也是(shi)可(ke)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)。