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基本介紹

北戴河近代建筑建設可追溯到，1917年在此修建了中國第一條旅游鐵路支線后就進入繁榮時期，七年間共增建別墅273幢。北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)近代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群。加上以(yi)前(qian)三十多(duo)年建(jian)(jian)的253幢(chuang)(chuang)，到1924年北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海濱有(you)中(zhong)外別(bie)墅(shu)樓526幢(chuang)(chuang)，其中(zhong)中(zhong)國(guo)人的別(bie)墅(shu)占(zhan)(zhan)四分之一(yi)；以(yi)后的二(er)十四年間，又(you)建(jian)(jian)新(xin)別(bie)墅(shu)193幢(chuang)(chuang)，中(zhong)國(guo)人的占(zhan)(zhan)了一(yi)半。這些(xie)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)分布在北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海濱自西(xi)聯峰山(shan)到鴿子窩沿海，總面積18平方公里。如喬和別(bie)墅(shu)，又(you)名瑞(rui)士小姐樓，位(wei)于北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)安二(er)路5號，今(jin)水利部(bu)北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)療養院內。建(jian)(jian)于20世紀20年代，坐北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)南，為(wei)地下一(yi)層，地上兩層，毛(mao)石(shi)基礎(chu)，墻體為(wei)磚砌水刷石(shi)貼面，局部(bu)為(wei)毛(mao)石(shi)壘砌，歐(ou)式堡壘建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。該建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)造型(xing)獨特，風(feng)格優雅，占(zhan)(zhan)地面積較大，有(you)附屬花園，園內種有(you)珍奇花木，環境優美，是目前(qian)北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)優秀(xiu)近代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。

北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)近(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，最(zui)早(zao)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)追(zhui)溯(su)到19世紀末，自1917年(nian)(nian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海(hai)濱(bin)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國第(di)一條旅游鐵(tie)路(lu)支(zhi)線后就進入繁榮時期。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1917年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)13幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1918年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)39幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1919年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)32幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1920年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)16幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1921年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)57幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1922年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)80幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1923年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)36幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，7年(nian)(nian)間共(gong)增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)273幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，加(jia)(jia)上以(yi)(yi)(yi)前30多(duo)年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)253幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，到1924年(nian)(nian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海(hai)濱(bin)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)樓(lou)526幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)占四(si)分(fen)之一，以(yi)(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)24年(nian)(nian)間，又建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)新(xin)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)193幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)占了一半(ban)。但從總(zong)數看，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)還是(shi)大大少于(yu)外(wai)(wai)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)。別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)數字變化，也(ye)反映了北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海(hai)濱(bin)自1898年(nian)(nian)被清政(zheng)府辟為(wei)(wei)"允(yun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)士(shi)雜居(ju)"的(de)(de)(de)避(bi)暑(shu)地的(de)(de)(de)發展過(guo)程(cheng)。這(zhe)些形(xing)(xing)式各異(yi)且具有(you)某些共(gong)同特點的(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計者(zhe)，多(duo)為(wei)(wei)外(wai)(wai)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)，而建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造者(zhe)則都是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)(ren)(ren)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)當(dang)(dang)地的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)包(bao)工頭以(yi)(yi)(yi)草廠村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)闞(kan)向(xiang)舞最(zui)為(wei)(wei)有(you)名，他(ta)因(yin)與德國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)設(she)計師魏(wei)迪錫及(ji)蓋林合(he)作承包(bao)了不(bu)少工程(cheng)而發了大財。這(zhe)些建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)布在北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海(hai)濱(bin)自西(xi)聯峰山至鴿(ge)子窩沿海(hai)三里(li)范(fan)圍內，總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積18平(ping)方公里(li)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)西(xi)式別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅(shu)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)近(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)稍有(you)變化的(de)(de)(de)矩形(xing)(xing)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)，也(ye)有(you)變化多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)；多(duo)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)(dan)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，部分(fen)為(wei)(wei)二、三層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)；簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)式四(si)坡(po)屋(wu)頂；一面(mian)(mian)、二面(mian)(mian)、三面(mian)(mian)或者(zhe)四(si)面(mian)(mian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)外(wai)(wai)廊(lang)，外(wai)(wai)廊(lang)進深很大。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)占地面(mian)(mian)積大，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，周圍空地多(duo)，院(yuan)內廣植花草樹(shu)木，環(huan)境良(liang)好，非常適宜(yi)休閑(xian)避(bi)暑(shu)。這(zhe)種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)是(shi)西(xi)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)在殖民地尤其是(shi)熱帶地區根據當(dang)(dang)地氣(qi)候、居(ju)住的(de)(de)(de)需要，結合(he)當(dang)(dang)地建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)一種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)，它的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)通風良(liang)好，適宜(yi)室(shi)外(wai)(wai)長(chang)廊(lang)活動，這(zhe)在有(you)關北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)近(jin)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)文獻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屢屢提到，北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)大部分(fen)近(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)種殖民式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式。北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴河(he)還有(you)一些近(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)體量較大，設(she)計優(you)美，現(xian)狀保存(cun)良(liang)好，這(zhe)些建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)是(shi)將西(xi)式各種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)相融合(he)的(de)(de)(de)折(zhe)衷主義(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)。已經(jing)申報(bao)為(wei)(wei)全國重點文物保護單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)近(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。