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歷史沿革

頂子(zi)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)河北(bei)省平泉縣(xian)茅蘭(lan)溝鄉燒鍋(guo)營子(zi)村東(dong)山(shan)頂。遺(yi)址(zhi)三面環山(shan)，是(shi)一處黃土城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)。

1985年8月，考古人員對頂子城遺址的第(di)二(er)生(sheng)活(huo)區(qu)進行了一次試掘。

1992年，頂子城遺址被河北省人(ren)民政府批準為省級重點文物(wu)保護單(dan)位。

1993年7月，頂子城遺址被(bei)河(he)北省(sheng)(sheng)人民(min)政(zheng)府公(gong)布為第三批省(sheng)(sheng)級重點文物保護單位(wei)。

2013年5月，頂子城(cheng)遺址被國務院公布(bu)為第七批(pi)全(quan)國重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護單位。

遺址特點

頂子(zi)城遺址區(qu)域呈不規則(ze)的(de)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)。周長315米(mi)，總面積為(wei)1.5萬平方米(mi)，文化(hua)層(ceng)厚度約2.5米(mi)。遺址中(zhong)現存數重用(yong)石頭壘砌的(de)半圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)矮(ai)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和(he)一些(xie)平坦(tan)的(de)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)、方形(xing)(xing)(xing)、長方形(xing)(xing)(xing)生活區(qu)。生活區(qu)周圍有(you)(you)石頭壘砌的(de)矮(ai)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，高(gao)有(you)(you)2米(mi)，低0.4米(mi)。該遺址還有(you)(you)內圍墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和(he)外圍墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之分，間(jian)距為(wei)40米(mi)。圍墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)(ji)高(gao)3米(mi)，壘墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)用(yong)的(de)石料大小不等(deng)，均為(wei)當地青灰石質不規則(ze)石板(ban)和(he)石條，墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)(ji)寬窄不均。遺址內屬黃砂土(tu)質，沒有(you)(you)植(zhi)被。

文物遺存

在頂子城遺址中采集的遺物(wu)有陶器、石(shi)(shi)(shi)器、銅器等(deng)。陶器以褐陶和(he)灰黑陶為主(zhu)，紋飾有繩紋、弦紋、附加堆紋和(he)劃(hua)紋，器形有鬲、氟、豆、甕、大口尊、缽(bo)、筒(tong)形罐(guan)等(deng)；石(shi)(shi)(shi)器有石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵、石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)等(deng)；發現銅斧(fu)1件及勺形器1件。

在(zai)遺址北(bei)側(ce)山根還發現石板(ban)墓(mu)群(qun)一處(chu)，但經多(duo)年雨水沖刷，均(jun)已被(bei)毀，僅(jin)存散(san)亂石板(ban)，石板(ban)長約(yue)10—60厘米(mi)，厚約(yue)10——20厘米(mi)。從散(san)亂的(de)石板(ban)中發現銅勺形器(qi)一殘碎片和(he)一件(jian)完整的(de)玉(yu)壁。

研究價值

頂子城遺(yi)址(zhi)是平泉(quan)幾百處(chu)“夏家店文化(hua)”上、下(xia)層遺(yi)址(zhi)中內(nei)涵豐富、器物類(lei)型(xing)(xing)典型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。采集到的(de)(de)遺(yi)物有(you)很高歷(li)史價(jia)值(zhi)、藝術價(jia)值(zhi)和研究價(jia)值(zhi)。它的(de)(de)發現(xian)為研究平泉(quan)歷(li)史乃至承德及東北地區夏商時期政治、經(jing)濟、文化(hua)發展(zhan)史提供了實物資料。

城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)是城(cheng)市發展的顯(xian)著(zhu)標志之一，中的筑城(cheng)史十分(fen)悠久，頂子城(cheng)遺址出現了(le)以數重(zhong)石頭壘(lei)砌的半(ban)圓(yuan)形短墻(qiang)(qiang)，石頭短墻(qiang)(qiang)高0.4——2米，壘(lei)墻(qiang)(qiang)所用石料大小(xiao)不(bu)等，墻(qiang)(qiang)基寬窄(zhai)不(bu)勻，說(shuo)明城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)建造得(de)還很不(bu)成熟。

保護措施

1993年7月，頂子城遺址被河北省人民政府批(pi)準(zhun)公布為第三批(pi)省級文(wen)物保護單位，并制定了保護范圍(wei)和建筑控制地(di)帶(dai)。

保護范圍：以(yi)頂子(zi)城遺址外一(yi)道墻(qiang)向四周各(ge)外擴50米。

建筑控制地帶：以保護范圍的邊線為基線向外四周再各(ge)擴5米（西南到懸(xuan)崖邊）。

歷史文化

夏家店文化

夏(xia)家(jia)店(dian)文化(hua)，中國社會科學院考古(gu)研究所內蒙古(gu)考古(gu)隊(dui)，于(yu)1960年在(zai)赤(chi)峰市郊區五(wu)家(jia)店(dian)鄉(xiang)夏(xia)家(jia)店(dian)村，發現代表商朝(chao)早(zao)期(qi)的中國北方(fang)文化(hua)遺址，屬(shu)于(yu)新石器時期(qi)，夏(xia)家(jia)店(dian)文化(hua)時期(qi)遺址，在(zai)平(ping)泉縣(xian)13個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)都有發現。

山戎族

頂子(zi)(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)，位于(yu)(yu)平(ping)泉(quan)縣茅(mao)蘭(lan)溝(gou)鄉(xiang)北(bei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之上，根(gen)據史(shi)料(liao)分(fen)析。此城(cheng)(cheng)是春秋(qiu)、戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)居住(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)活地(di)(di)(di)。春秋(qiu)時(shi)代，燕(yan)國(guo)的(de)(de)北(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)分(fen)布著山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)，因其居住(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)深山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峽谷(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)，故被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)；又(you)因其居住(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)原北(bei)部(bu)，又(you)被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“北(bei)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)”。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、北(bei)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，指的(de)(de)是一個民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)，在(zai)(zai)歷史(shi)上也稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)國(guo)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)以(yi)“射獵(lie)禽(qin)獸為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)，隨畜牧而(er)轉移，各分(fen)散溪谷(gu)，勿城(cheng)(cheng)郭常(chang)處、耕田之業”。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)是個游牧民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)，主要從事畜牧業，性驃悍，善騎射。頂子(zi)(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)石砌城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，主要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)居住(zhu)(zhu)防止野獸襲擊，或用(yong)于(yu)(yu)圈馬(ma)之用(yong)。頂子(zi)(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)北(bei)的(de)(de)小王(wang)子(zi)(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)“馬(ma)圈子(zi)(zi)”，即為(wei)(wei)圈馬(ma)之處。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)原來主要活動(dong)于(yu)(yu)燕(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)以(yi)北(bei)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，即今河北(bei)省承德地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，以(yi)及與(yu)之毗鄰的(de)(de)遼(liao)寧省朝陽(yang)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。進入春秋(qiu)時(shi)代，中(zhong)(zhong)原諸侯國(guo)互相征戰(zhan)，爭(zheng)當霸主，無(wu)暇顧及邊疆(jiang)其他民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)襲擾，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)便乘機發(fa)展強(qiang)盛起來。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)軍事勢(shi)力(li)，已(yi)經越過(guo)燕(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，到(dao)達(da)秦皇島盧龍縣，以(yi)及遷安、灤縣等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，并頻頻襲擾燕(yan)國(guo)。公元前(qian)664年，齊桓公救燕(yan)北(bei)伐山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，給(gei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)以(yi)重創(chuang)。燕(yan)國(guo)收復了無(wu)終、令支、孤竹(zhu)等(deng)屬國(guo)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)從西周到(dao)春秋(qiu)時(shi)代，延續(xu)了400多年。春秋(qiu)晚期(qi)(qi)，其勢(shi)力(li)已(yi)大為(wei)(wei)削弱。燕(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)時(shi)，燕(yan)將秦開率兵襲破東(dong)胡，拓(tuo)地(di)(di)(di)千(qian)余里(li)，連同山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)殘余部(bu)落(luo)一同消滅。至戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)族(zu)(zu)已(yi)銷聲匿跡。