駱(luo)駝城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址分(fen)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)兩部分(fen)組成。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)僅一(yi)(yi)墻之(zhi)隔,總面(mian)積30.77萬平方(fang)米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)494米(mi)(mi)、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)425米(mi)(mi),北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)425米(mi)(mi)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)210米(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)正中(zhong)各辟一(yi)(yi)門,門外皆有(you)方(fang)形(xing)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)又有(you)一(yi)(yi)座南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)132米(mi)(mi)、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)79米(mi)(mi)的小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),俗(su)稱“宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)古井一(yi)(yi)眼。北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),俗(su)稱“皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,面(mian)積為6.54萬平方(fang)米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)面(mian)正中(zhong)筑方(fang)形(xing)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),開東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)向(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門,與南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相通。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣四角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)均(jun)有(you) 6×6米(mi)(mi)的方(fang)形(xing)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)墩。兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)存墻垣總長(chang)(chang)(chang)1933米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內地(di)表(biao)遺(yi)存有(you)漢(han)一(yi)(yi)唐時代的磚、瓦、陶(tao)(tao)片,北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)建筑遺(yi)跡9處。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內地(di)表(biao)散見焦獸骨、灰陶(tao)(tao)片,出土過(guo)漢(han)五銖(zhu)錢幣(bi)、陶(tao)(tao)紡輪、唐代銅器和(he)鐵器等。
從整體上看又分(fen)外廊、宮城(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)三層(ceng),外城(cheng)(cheng)的甕城(cheng)(cheng)、馬面、敵臺、角(jiao)墩、城(cheng)(cheng)垣等輔(fu)助設施一(yi)應俱全(quan)(quan),基本完(wan)好(hao)。在城(cheng)(cheng)西南(nan)2公里(li)處,還有俗稱“羊(yang)蹄鼓城(cheng)(cheng)”的小方(fang)城(cheng)(cheng),長55米,寬(kuan)40米,向東開一(yi)小城(cheng)(cheng)門,系主城(cheng)(cheng)外圍防御堡壘,二者(zhe)遙相呼應,互為犄(ji)角(jiao)之勢。統觀全(quan)(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)結構(gou)嚴密精巧,氣(qi)勢宏偉雄壯,歷經千(qian)年仍巍然屹立(li),充分(fen)展示了(le)古人在軍(jun)事工程設計施工方(fang)面的高超水(shui)平。
遺址(zhi)周圍還有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南墓(mu)(mu)群、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東墓(mu)(mu)群和(he)五(wu)座(zuo)窯遺址(zhi)。墓(mu)(mu)群以城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)為中心(xin),分布在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南、西、北三面。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南墓(mu)(mu)群距城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)南2公里,面積27平(ping)方公里,有封土(tu)(tu)墓(mu)(mu)葬近2000余(yu)座(zuo)。封土(tu)(tu)堆呈圓形或方形,有土(tu)(tu)壙墓(mu)(mu)和(he)磚室墓(mu)(mu)兩種(zhong)。出土(tu)(tu)有大(da)量的(de)彩繪(hui)畫像磚,內(nei)容有伏羲(xi)、女媧、農耕、畜牧、家居(ju)等,并出土(tu)(tu)有前涼(liang)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)木牘、木俑及西晉(jin)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)彩帛旌(jing)銘、木版畫。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西南墓(mu)(mu)群距城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)西南1公里處,墓(mu)(mu)葬均為高(gao)大(da)的(de)方形夯土(tu)(tu)墩(dun),土(tu)(tu)墩(dun)底邊長6一8米(mi)(mi),高(gao)5一6米(mi)(mi),為五(wu)涼(liang)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)葬,經(jing)發掘為磚室墓(mu)(mu)和(he)土(tu)(tu)壙墓(mu)(mu),出土(tu)(tu)有彩繪(hui)畫像磚、胡運(yun)子衣物疏(shu)、紅(hong)紗旌(jing)銘、青海神樹(shu)等,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北1.5公里處有古窯址(zhi)9座(zuo),窯底周長50米(mi)(mi),窯高(gao)8—10米(mi)(mi),地表散見(jian)大(da)量磚瓦(wa)、陶(tao)器(qi)殘片和(he)少量墓(mu)(mu)葬。
可(ke)乘火(huo)車、長途汽車前往觀光、考古,當地(di)有住宿。粉(fen)(fen)皮(pi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)是(shi)當地(di)的(de)特(te)色美食。農民秋(qiu)收后,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶要晾腸粉(fen)(fen)皮(pi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)。一來(lai)秋(qiu)收后農閑;二來(lai)用新(xin)麥面(mian)(mian)(mian)做面(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)質(zhi)量(liang)好;三是(shi)因為馬蓮成熟(shu)。可(ke)用來(lai)晾曬(shai)粉(fen)(fen)皮(pi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)。粉(fen)(fen)皮(pi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)的(de)制作過程較復雜,由白(bai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)加水(shui)拌和揉(rou)洗(xi),將洗(xi)出的(de)淀粉(fen)(fen)加熱煮(zhu)沸,放冷凝固(gu),切片(pian)晾干(gan),即(ji)(ji)成粉(fen)(fen)皮(pi)。剩下的(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)蒸(zheng)熟(shu)或絡熟(shu)切片(pian)晾干(gan)即(ji)(ji)可(ke)。做好的(de)粉(fen)(fen)皮(pi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin),都用馬蓮絲扎成小把,貯(zhu)存(cun)起來(lai)。食用時用涼水(shui)臨時浸(jin)泡,即(ji)(ji)可(ke)做湯、炒萊,又可(ke)加蔥末、蒜泥(ni)、辣椒(jiao)油、鹽及(ji)醋等涼拌而食,冷熱葷素(su)隨(sui)人口味而制,方便實惠(hui),風味獨特(te)。
據史(shi)書(shu)記載和學術(shu)考證,駱駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)表是(shi)縣(xian)(xian)地震后(hou)(hou)(hou)前涼(liang)(liang)于(yu)(yu)距縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南20公(gong)(gong)里處新建(jian)的(de)治所。西(xi)(xi)(xi)晉滅亡(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou),割(ge)據河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)前涼(liang)(liang)張(zhang)氏政權(quan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)安置(zhi)關內來投的(de)難民,在駱駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)故址建(jian)郡,并(bing)(bing)以東(dong)晉王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝都“建(jian)康(kang)(kang)”來命名,借此標(biao)榜效(xiao)忠晉王(wang)(wang)(wang)室(shi)來爭(zheng)取(qu)北方漢(han)人(ren)的(de)支持,成為(wei)(wei)(wei)戰亂給駱駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)歷(li)史(shi)烙下(xia)的(de)特(te)殊印記。此后(hou)(hou)(hou)前涼(liang)(liang)于(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)376年(nian)(nian)(nian)被前秦(qin)所滅,建(jian)康(kang)(kang)郡首(shou)次易主。淝水(shui)之(zhi)戰前秦(qin)苻(fu)堅失敗后(hou)(hou)(hou),其(qi)大將(jiang)呂(lv)光乘機占領河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)擁兵(bing)自(zi)立,次年(nian)(nian)(nian)又鎮壓(ya)了以張(zhang)大豫(yu)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)穆為(wei)(wei)(wei)首(shou)的(de)前涼(liang)(liang)殘(can)余勢力在建(jian)康(kang)(kang)郡舉行的(de)叛(pan)亂,并(bing)(bing)于(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)389年(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)立后(hou)(hou)(hou)涼(liang)(liang),委任參軍(jun)(jun)(jun)段(duan)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)康(kang)(kang)太守。第二年(nian)(nian)(nian),因呂(lv)光濫殺無辜,盧水(shui)胡人(ren)沮(ju)渠(qu)、蒙遜擁立段(duan)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,以建(jian)康(kang)(kang)郡為(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)據地糾集各部族起兵(bing)反(fan)呂(lv),四年(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)占領張(zhang)掖(ye)建(jian)立北涼(liang)(liang),使(shi)駱駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)北涼(liang)(liang)政權(quan)的(de)發(fa)祥地。沮(ju)渠(qu)、蒙遜自(zi)段(duan)業(ye)(ye)自(zi)稱涼(liang)(liang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou),為(wei)(wei)(wei)與西(xi)(xi)(xi)涼(liang)(liang)李暠爭(zheng)霸,于(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)405年(nian)(nian)(nian)增筑了建(jian)康(kang)(kang)郡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在歷(li)經北魏(wei)、北周250年(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)至(zhi)隋代被撤銷建(jian)置(zhi)降(jiang)稱福祿縣(xian)(xian)。唐武后(hou)(hou)(hou)證圣元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)695年(nian)(nian)(nian)),大將(jiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)孝杰在此置(zhi)建(jian)康(kang)(kang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),成為(wei)(wei)(wei)甘、肅(su)兩州之(zhi)間的(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)重(zhong)鎮,郡與軍(jun)(jun)(jun)雖一(yi)(yi)字之(zhi)差(cha),但反(fan)映出地方行政與軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)管制兩種(zhong)管理體(ti)制,軍(jun)(jun)(jun)有大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、小(xiao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)分。大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)建(jian)置(zhi)是(shi)萬人(ren)左(zuo)右,中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)五(wu)千(qian)人(ren)左(zuo)右、小(xiao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)三千(qian)人(ren)左(zuo)右。建(jian)康(kang)(kang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)是(shi)中(zhong)等軍(jun)(jun)(jun),多時,屯(tun)兵(bing)五(wu)千(qian)三百人(ren)。唐大歷(li)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)766年(nian)(nian)(nian)),建(jian)康(kang)(kang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)被吐蕃(fan)攻陷后(hou)(hou)(hou),慘遭屠(tu)掠,后(hou)(hou)(hou)荒(huang)廢(fei),從此淪(lun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牧人(ren)晚間的(de)宿營地,被當作天然的(de)駱駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)圈,風(feng)靡一(yi)(yi)時的(de)故都由此得(de)名駱駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)沿(yan)用(yong)至(zhi)今。
神秘的駱(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)曾讓(rang)后(hou)人(ren)產(chan)生了(le)許多遐想。相(xiang)傳,西夏王(wang)(wang)李元昊(hao)在(zai)攻(gong)打由(you)回鶻駱(luo)駝(tuo)王(wang)(wang)子鎮(zhen)(zhen)守的駱(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)時(shi),因(yin)城(cheng)(cheng)池堅固久(jiu)攻(gong)不下,便命人(ren)用(yong)亂(luan)木、骷髏鎮(zhen)(zhen)住了(le)從(cong)山上流向駱(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)的“臭門泉”。斷水(shui)后(hou)駱(luo)駝(tuo)王(wang)(wang)子支(zhi)持不住,以土丘水(shui)缸假制米山面嶺、油缸醋井來迷惑城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)重(zhong)兵,擺出誓同來敵(di)(di)一決死戰(zhan)的架勢,而在(zai)背后(hou)則調兵差民開挖了(le)一條自城(cheng)(cheng)中直通往今羅城(cheng)(cheng)紅寺坡的地道(dao)。一個月黑風高的夜晚,駱(luo)駝(tuo)王(wang)(wang)用(yong)餓(e)馬搖(yao)鈴、懸羊擂鼓的手法掩敵(di)(di)耳目(mu),他自己則率領城(cheng)(cheng)中軍民老少潛入地道(dao)悄然遠遁(dun)。
解放(fang)后,考(kao)古(gu)工作(zuo)者在遺址內采集(ji)到(dao)了大量的(de)漢(han)晉(jin)(jin)玉銖和(he)唐(tang)開元(yuan)古(gu)幣(bi)及漢(han)、魏晉(jin)(jin)銅印、箭鏃,城(cheng)南墓群出土的(de)魏晉(jin)(jin)畫(hua)像磚、猴形木(mu)印、漢(han)晉(jin)(jin)紀年(nian)簡牘、彩繪木(mu)馬、木(mu)板畫(hua)、木(mu)尺、西(xi)晉(jin)(jin)紀年(nian)彩帛旌銘,五座窯出土的(de)魏晉(jin)(jin)帛書等珍貴文(wen)物,為研(yan)究古(gu)代河(he)西(xi)歷史提供(gong)了豐富直觀(guan)的(de)資料佐證,受到(dao)國(guo)家文(wen)物部門的(de)高度重視,多次出國(guo)展出,在國(guo)際(ji)考(kao)古(gu)界引起強烈轟動。2002年(nian)8月,甘(gan)肅省(sheng)考(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究所在北(bei)城(cheng)西(xi)南角進(jin)行(xing)考(kao)察性考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘(jue),發(fa)掘(jue)面(mian)積(ji)1000多平方米(mi)(mi),出土文(wen)物有唐(tang)代開元(yuan)通(tong)寶錢幣(bi)和(he)方形蓮花紋地(di)磚,據此判斷北(bei)城(cheng)上面(mian)地(di)表(biao)為唐(tang)代文(wen)化層(ceng),并根據房屋柱基被(bei)火焚燒(shao)的(de)遺存推(tui)斷,駱(luo)(luo)(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)的(de)廢棄(qi),與一場大火有關。同時還發(fa)掘(jue)出一眼磚砌水(shui)(shui)井(jing),深5.7米(mi)(mi),表(biao)明在唐(tang)代,駱(luo)(luo)(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)地(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)位在5米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),現駱(luo)(luo)(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)周圍打(da)井(jing),出水(shui)(shui)層(ceng)在34米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位在千余年(nian)歷史過程(cheng)中(zhong)下(xia)降30米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位逐年(nian)下(xia)降,也與駱(luo)(luo)(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)的(de)廢棄(qi)密切相關。
駱(luo)駝城(cheng)位于高臺縣(xian)城(cheng)西20公(gong)(gong)里處。始建(jian)(jian)于東晉陲安元(yuan)年(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)397年(nian),是后涼(liang)(liang)建(jian)(jian)康郡太守段(duan)業(ye)另立(li)年(nian)號建(jian)(jian)立(li)的(de)北涼(liang)(liang)國國都(dou)。據《重修肅州(zhou)新(xin)志》記(ji)載,駱(luo)駝城(cheng)不但是北涼(liang)(liang)初(chu)建(jian)(jian)時的(de)國都(dou),而且是漢代樂涫縣(xian)、唐代建(jian)(jian)康軍(jun)的(de)故(gu)址。
駱駝城(cheng)(cheng)面積(ji)近30萬平方米(mi),分前、中(zhong)、后三城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)基厚(hou)6米(mi),殘(can)高(gao)7米(mi)。除東(dong)北角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)外,其(qi)它三角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)都筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)長方形角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)墩,前部城(cheng)(cheng)垣東(dong)、西(xi)、南三面各開(kai)一門并筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)甕城(cheng)(cheng),內城(cheng)(cheng)南垣正中(zhong)辟(pi)門并筑(zhu)(zhu)甕城(cheng)(cheng)與外城(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)通。全城(cheng)(cheng)布局合(he)理(li),是遺(yi)存較完整的(de)漢唐故城(cheng)(cheng)。
明代詩人沈青崖(ya)過高臺留詩道“榆木(mu)山前(qian)古建康,南郭風景繪屯莊(zhuang)。兩行(xing)高柳沙汀暗(an),一派平湖水(shui)稻香。紫燕泥穿曲巷,白鷗沖雨過橫塘。當年畫(hua)舸中流處,談笑行(xing)兵寄(ji)羽(yu)觴”。這首詩道出了當年故(gu)城周圍人丁興旺,水(shui)清(qing)樹茂,阡陌(mo)縱橫的田野風光(guang)秀色。