簡介
興(xing)隆山,又稱東老(lao)爺山,地處陜甘(gan)寧三省(區(qu))交界處,甘(gan)肅省慶(qing)陽市環縣東北部四合原鄉(xiang),北接寧夏(xia)鹽池,東臨陜西(xi)定邊,自古有“雞鳴(ming)聽三省”之美譽,距縣城75公里(li),海拔1774米。現為(wei)國家AAA級(ji)旅游景區(qu)、全國重點文物保護單位、省級(ji)森(sen)林公園。東老(lao)爺山古建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)(qun),是慶(qing)陽境內古建(jian)筑(zhu)中規模最(zui)(zui)大、藝術成就(jiu)最(zui)(zui)高、保存最(zui)(zui)完好(hao)的古建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)(qun)落,是頗負(fu)盛名的道教名山。
作為(wei)隴東現代革命(ming)圣(sheng)地之(zhi)一(yi),1935年長征(zheng)途中的中央紅軍二、三縱隊(dui)在(zai)(zai)此地宿營,司(si)令部和(he)電臺辦公室就設在(zai)(zai)祖師(shi)殿內,葉劍英(ying)、鄧發、蔡(cai)樹藩、張經武等領導在(zai)(zai)神龕下過夜。
興隆(long)山(shan)屬于子午(wu)嶺山(shan)脈的北(bei)(bei)部(bu)余脈,海拔1774米,位于環縣(xian)四合塬鄉以東六公(gong)里處,距縣(xian)城75公(gong)里。北(bei)(bei)與(yu)(yu)寧夏(xia)鹽池相(xiang)望,東與(yu)(yu)陜西定邊毗鄰(lin),素有"雞鳴聽三(san)省"之稱(cheng)。
歷史沿革
興隆山古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)始建(jian)于(yu)明代,清康熙(xi)、道光年間(jian)曾進行過兩(liang)次(ci)修復和擴建(jian),現(xian)存15座(zuo)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)地(di)(di)面積約(yue)40000平(ping)方(fang)米。劃分(fen)三個(ge)區域,一是(shi)東(dong)南(nan)峰(feng)外圍建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)區域,現(xian)存有(you)牛馬王廟(miao)(miao),城隍廟(miao)(miao);二是(shi)中峰(feng)東(dong)南(nan)坡上(shang)分(fen)布(bu)的建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun),它們不(bu)規(gui)則(ze)地(di)(di)分(fen)布(bu)在許多小(xiao)平(ping)臺上(shang),依次(ci)由下(xia)而上(shang)有(you)前門樓(lou)、碑坊、中門樓(lou)、三進門樓(lou)、關(guan)帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)、藥王洞(dong)等建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu);最高處即是(shi)中峰(feng)峰(feng)頂主建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun),以無量祖師大殿(dian)、獻(xian)殿(dian)和山門為中軸(zhou)線(xian),旁有(you)佛殿(dian)、菩薩(sa)殿(dian)、鐘樓(lou)、鼓樓(lou),共(gong)同構成了對稱規(gui)整(zheng)布(bu)局。
歷史懸疑
東老爺山是否始建于(yu)北(bei)魏(386—534年)
至今仍完(wan)整矗立在岳靈官樓后院牌(pai)坊之內的《無(wu)(wu)量(liang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)廟記》碑(bei)(bei),可算是探(tan)究東(dong)老(lao)爺(ye)(ye)山(shan)(shan)歷(li)史的“活教材”。碑(bei)(bei)置磚砌頂部(bu)為(wei)圓拱形的碑(bei)(bei)龕(kan)內,龕(kan)高225厘米,寬71厘米,進深61厘米,龕(kan)內鑲有(you)清(qing)道光二十年(1840年)孟夏四(si)月(yue)初一日立石碑(bei)(bei),黑青石材質(zhi),雕(diao)工精(jing)美。據作者(zhe)近期翻閱(yue)大(da)量(liang)資料(liao),特別(bie)是仔細研(yan)讀《無(wu)(wu)量(liang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)廟記》碑(bei)(bei)文后,關于東(dong)老(lao)爺(ye)(ye)山(shan)(shan)的建(jian)(jian)造時間和歷(li)史上的重修擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian),認(ren)為(wei)有(you)著詳盡的記述。該(gai)碑(bei)(bei)撰文結構嚴謹(jin),文采超然,堪稱迄今為(wei)止研(yan)究東(dong)老(lao)爺(ye)(ye)山(shan)(shan),特別(bie)是研(yan)究確定其修建(jian)(jian)史實的基(ji)本資料(liao)。撰文者(zhe)張毓秀,清(qing)代(dai)吏部(bu)候選官、環縣拔貢(gong)、尊(zun)為(wei)教諭、道家弟子。從(cong)作者(zhe)的經(jing)歷(li)與學識(shi)來看,《無(wu)(wu)量(liang)祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)廟記》所(suo)記載的東(dong)老(lao)爺(ye)(ye)山(shan)(shan)足可采信。碑(bei)(bei)文如下:
興隆山(shan),蓋延(yan)慶重鎮(zhen)也。其嶺□□,亙數余里,上結山(shan)峰(feng),勢若捧(peng)笏(hu),眾山(shan)繚繞,累累如貫珠;兩(liang)旁幽谷窈然,而(er)深(shen)谷中有泉翁(weng)然而(er)出,泉水南(nan)北分流如往(wang)而(er)復陡;其巔蔚(yu)然深(shen)秀,峰(feng)回(hui)路轉,往(wang)來行(xing)旅不絕。
朔方地脈之(zhi)靈,莫(mo)勝于此山之(zhi)中峰(feng)。祖師廟(miao)(miao)在正(zheng)殿,旁有(you)佛廟(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音菩薩(sa)廟(miao)(miao)、百子(zi)閣(ge)、韋陀廟(miao)(miao)。山門(men)之(zhi)外(wai)有(you)黑虎(hu)廟(miao)(miao)、靈官(guan)廟(miao)(miao),左有(you)關(guan)帝廟(miao)(miao)、藥王(wang)洞,右(you)有(you)三官(guan)蟲王(wang)廟(miao)(miao),前(qian)門(men)有(you)靈官(guan)樓,北峰(feng)則玉皇廟(miao)(miao),南峰(feng)則馬(ma)王(wang)牛王(wang)、城隍、土(tu)地廟(miao)(miao)也。追(zhui)溯所自,不(bu)知創于何(he)時?
洎乎國朝順治年(nian)間,仙人(ren)林公修煉此山,重為建造,頗壯觀(guan)瞻。至(zhi)康熙時,即得圣(sheng)果,因建廟(miao)在山,邑民李(li)天(tian)柱等(deng)捐割,環縣祥集(ji)里一甲佃(dian)地百余畝。□其所入,以招道流,供(gong)香火(huo),鳴鐘磬。每歲春朔秋望,諸人(ren)士(shi)之祈(qi)福而來者(zhe),莫不(bu)感斯(si)應昭(zhao)其靈也。第以峰巒高聳,風(feng)雨易(yi)于飄零,且(qie)歷(li)年(nian)既久,廟(miao)宇見圮,登(deng)獻者(zhe)以為嘆。
丁酉歲,主持孫吉寧暨五官司事諸(zhu)公,目擊凋零,毅然(ran)(ran)欲恢(hui)復之,而(er)竊慮(lv)其艱也(ye)。夫執事貴敬(jing)(jing),能敬(jing)(jing)必有(you)德,有(you)德故(gu)人和,人和則(ze)功易,成(cheng)而(er)神必享。諸(zhu)公乃傾城募緣,估得(de)七百余金,以儲木材,征(zheng)工役,重修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)祖(zu)師正(zheng)殿(dian),改修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)靈(ling)官樓,創修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鐘(zhong)鼓樓二座、山(shan)門一(yi)座,上下右路并起(qi),丹漆(qi)黝堊,煥然(ran)(ran)聿新。若左右南北峰諸(zhu)廟,雖乃夫舊,則(ze)有(you)待(dai)于修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)之司事者也(ye)。其工肇于戊戌春,中越己亥(hai)秋季告竣。
諸公屬余(yu)為(wei)記,余(yu)為(wei)之其登(deng)山(shan),沐手焚香謁神(shen),牽(qian)牲捧帑,朝(chao)者(zhe)(zhe)如云。僉曰(yue):山(shan)之靈(ling)以(yi)(yi)神(shen)也,又曰(yue):神(shen)之靈(ling)以(yi)(yi)山(shan)也。仰知神(shen)有(you)陰翊,斯人(ren)(ren)之功。人(ren)(ren)有(you)肅(su)事(shi),其神(shen)之禮。惟賴司(si)事(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)至誠感神(shen),而神(shen)乃靈(ling)應如斯。司(si)事(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)誰?安化縣武生(sheng)周殿福、環縣生(sheng)員(yuan)南丹穴(xue)、邑民李含(han)章、縣學(xue)廩生(sheng)敬(jing)爾位、武生(sheng)韓中元(yuan)、定(ding)邑生(sheng)員(yuan)趙(zhao)玉德、環縣居士孫(sun)(sun)吉財,主(zhu)持孫(sun)(sun)吉寧、馬(ma)和順、蘇(su)萬和、何明(ming)、司(si)事(shi)墻功監生(sheng)□明(ming)是也。
碑文(wen)(wen)(wen)首句“興隆山,蓋延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)重(zhong)鎮也”。筆(bi)者認為(wei)(wei)反映的是東(dong)老爺山廟(miao)宇始(shi)(shi)建的時(shi)間問題。“延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)”是我國北(bei)朝時(shi)期(qi)建于慶(qing)(qing)陽(yang)的縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)名。據(ju)《元(yuan)和郡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圖(tu)志》記(ji)載,“延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),中南至州40里(li)。天寶元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(742年(nian)(nian)),改(gai)(gai)名延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”。《元(yuan)和郡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圖(tu)志》寫于唐憲宗(zong)元(yuan)和年(nian)(nian)間(806—820年(nian)(nian)),當時(shi)正處于藩鎮割(ge)據(ju)的混亂時(shi)期(qi)。“慶(qing)(qing)州,都督(du)府,古西戎地春秋及戰國時(shi)為(wei)(wei)義(yi)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)戎國,秦厲公(gong)伐義(yi)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)并之,虜其(qi)王。至始(shi)(shi)皇時(shi)屬北(bei)地郡。后(hou)魏文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)大統(tong)十一年(nian)(nian)置(zhi)朔(shuo)州,周武(wu)帝(di)保定元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)廢(fei)朔(shuo)州為(wei)(wei)周武(wu)防(fang),隋文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝(di)十六年(nian)(nian)割(ge)寧(ning)州歸德縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)置(zhi)慶(qing)(qing)州,義(yi)寧(ning)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)弘化(hua)(hua)郡,天寶元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)化(hua)(hua)郡,至德元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)順化(hua)(hua)郡,乾元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)復為(wei)(wei)慶(qing)(qing)州。州境:東(dong)西二(er)百五十二(er)里(li)。南北(bei)四(si)百七十二(er)里(li)”。“管縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)十:順化(hua)(hua),樂蟠,馬(ma)領,合水,華池,同(tong)川,洛原,延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing),方渠(qu)(qu)(qu),懷(huai)安(an)(an)”。又據(ju)顧祖禹《讀(du)史方輿紀要(yao)》卷57記(ji)載:“延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)城,府城東(dong)北(bei)三十里(li),本漢郁(yu)郅縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)地,后(hou)魏嘗置(zhi)延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),旋廢(fei)。劉(liu)咰曰:唐武(wu)德六年(nian)(nian),分合水縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)置(zhi)白馬(ma)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。天寶元(yuan)年(nian)(nian),改(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。寶歷初廢(fei)。”
可見,北(bei)魏(wei)時期在今慶(qing)城置延(yan)慶(qing)縣(xian),西(xi)魏(wei)大統十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(545年)置朔州,乾元(yuan)元(yuan)年復為慶(qing)州。州境包括東西(xi)252里,南(nan)北(bei)472里,下管十(shi)(shi)個縣(xian),延(yan)慶(qing)、方(fang)渠是其中(zhong)之一(yi)。據1985年修《環縣(xian)志》記載,唐(tang)高祖武德二年(619年)前(qian),環屬慶(qing)州方(fang)渠縣(xian)轄(《唐(tang)書》)。由此推斷,興隆山(東老爺山)在北(bei)魏(wei)時期就是“延(yan)慶(qing)重鎮”。
廟(miao)(miao)宇建(jian)筑(zhu)群包括“祖(zu)師廟(miao)(miao)在正(zheng)殿,旁有(you)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)廟(miao)(miao)、觀音菩薩廟(miao)(miao)、百子閣、韋(wei)陀廟(miao)(miao)。山(shan)(shan)門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外有(you)黑虎(hu)廟(miao)(miao)、靈官(guan)廟(miao)(miao),左有(you)關帝廟(miao)(miao)、藥王(wang)洞(dong),右有(you)三(san)官(guan)蟲王(wang)廟(miao)(miao),前(qian)門(men)有(you)靈官(guan)樓,北峰(feng)則(ze)(ze)玉皇(huang)(huang)廟(miao)(miao),南峰(feng)則(ze)(ze)馬王(wang)牛王(wang)、城隍、土(tu)地(di)廟(miao)(miao)也。追溯所自,不(bu)知(zhi)創于(yu)何(he)時(shi)?”碑文撰(zhuan)(zhuan)寫于(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)光二十年,撰(zhuan)(zhuan)者對(dui)上述建(jian)筑(zhu)群的(de)起始(shi)年代提出(chu)了質疑。但(dan)這(zhe)里提供了一個信息,就是(shi)釋(shi)(shi)老同山(shan)(shan)而居。這(zhe)與(yu)(yu)北朝時(shi)期崇(chong)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)、崇(chong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)政(zheng)治生態(tai)分不(bu)開的(de)。據《冊府元龜(gui)》卷五(wu)十三(san)載(zai):“后魏道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)武帝(拓跋珪(gui))好黃老之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,誦(song)詠不(bu)倦(juan),數(shu)(shu)召諸王(wang)及朝臣親為說之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。大興道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法,皇(huang)(huang)帝都要登壇受簶。“[始(shi)光間]崇(chong)尚天(tian)師,顯揚(yang)新法,宣布天(tian)下,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)業(ye)大行(xing)……”(《魏書·釋(shi)(shi)老志》第(di)8冊第(di)3049頁,中(zhong)華(hua)書局1976年版),期望政(zheng)權(quan)鞏固,皇(huang)(huang)帝康強。北魏拓跋氏以少(shao)數(shu)(shu)民族(zu)身份入(ru)主(zhu)中(zhong)原,其統治者對(dui)神仙(xian)方術興趣(qu)頗隆,還(huan)把道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)定位國教(jiao),對(dui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)極度尊崇(chong)。修道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)講(jiang)究環境清(qing)靜,自然優美,在這(zhe)樣一個山(shan)(shan)勢奇特(te),天(tian)造地(di)設(she),“雞鳴(ming)聽三(san)省”的(de)地(di)方,天(tian)時(shi)地(di)利人和,尊神修廟(miao)(miao),正(zheng)合時(shi)宜(yi)。佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)學在沒有(you)傳入(ru)華(hua)夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),本土(tu)的(de)宗教(jiao)就是(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao),在中(zhong)華(hua)傳統文化中(zhong),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)是(shi)與(yu)(yu)儒學和佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)一起占據著主(zhu)導地(di)位的(de)理論學說。佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)曾經相爭,但(dan)又互相包容(rong)(rong),和諧共(gong)生。這(zhe)也是(shi)解釋(shi)(shi)東老爺(ye)山(shan)(shan)建(jian)筑(zhu)和塑像為什么是(shi)以道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)為主(zhu),又兼容(rong)(rong)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)內容(rong)(rong)的(de)緣(yuan)故(gu)了。
由此,從區(qu)域設置、歷史(shi)背(bei)景,以及(ji)自然形態分析,我們能否由此推斷:東老爺(ye)山始建于魏晉(jin)南北朝時期(qi)的(de)北魏,距今約1600多(duo)年(nian),比元明時期(qi)早約900年(nian)。但由于現存(cun)可查證的(de)資(zi)料并(bing)不(bu)多(duo),留待史(shi)學家去(qu)進一(yi)步去(qu)考(kao)證。
基本情況
前(qian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)是興隆山(shan)第(di)一道門(men)(men)(men)(men),為(wei)純磚(zhuan)發券砌成(cheng)的(de)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)閣(ge),上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)磚(zhuan)砌仿木歇山(shan)頂,下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)卷(juan)頂形(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong),其(qi)頂部為(wei)四檐出水短坡(po),以屋脊代回(hui)廊(lang)欄(lan)桿(gan)。下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墻體(ti)為(wei)四方形(xing),每(mei)邊(bian)長(chang)6米(mi)(mi),檐高(gao)4.6米(mi)(mi),中開(kai)拱券頂門(men)(men)(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong),高(gao)3.1米(mi)(mi),寬1.8米(mi)(mi)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)洞(dong)(dong)內(nei)有(you)暗道式(shi)樓(lou)(lou)梯,隱在門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)第(di)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)側墻內(nei),樓(lou)(lou)梯踏步23級(ji),曲折而(er)上至第(di)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)屋內(nei)。第(di)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)四面坡(po)短檐下(xia)(xia)有(you)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)雕花磚(zhuan)刻,圖案有(you)“琴棋書畫(hua)”、“建筑四寶”等,還有(you)較為(wei)少見的(de)人面龍和人面鳥。上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)墻體(ti)也是正方形(xing),每(mei)邊(bian)長(chang)3.75米(mi)(mi),高(gao)3.9米(mi)(mi),園券頂門(men)(men)(men)(men)開(kai)東南向(xiang),上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)屋頂為(wei)仿木歇山(shan)頂,共有(you)13條脊,14個(ge)獸。屋內(nei)有(you)神壇(tan),塑像已(yi)佚,僅存部分(fen)繪有(you)屏風人物的(de)壁畫(hua)。
碑(bei)坊為磚(zhuan)砌仿木歇(xie)山頂,通高4.4米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)3.64米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深1.77米(mi)(mi),頂部結(jie)構(gou)和前(qian)門(men)樓上(shang)層屋頂結(jie)構(gou)相似,但略小點。檐下有(you)橫匾(bian)(bian)楷(kai)體(ti)陽(yang)刻“蟠龍泊鳳”四(si)字,兩(liang)側各有(you)兩(liang)幅磚(zhuan)雕人物圖案,工藝屬淺(qian)浮(fu)雕。橫匾(bian)(bian)下有(you)兩(liang)個并列(lie)神龕(kan)(kan),高2.52米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)0.71米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深0.61米(mi)(mi)。其中一龕(kan)(kan)內有(you)鑲石碑(bei)一通,即清道光二(er)十年的《無量祖師廟(miao)記》碑(bei)。
中(zhong)門(men)樓亦是兩層(ceng)純磚樓閣結(jie)構(gou),通高(gao)8.4米(mi)。下層(ceng)為(wei)正方形,邊(bian)長(chang)4.45米(mi),高(gao)3.7米(mi),有發(fa)券門(men)洞,高(gao)1.68米(mi),寬1.43米(mi),下層(ceng)出檐為(wei)兩層(ceng)平砌素磚,每(mei)面均有兩個仿(fang)木(mu)倒掛垂蓮(lian)柱,四(si)角(jiao)有仿(fang)木(mu)角(jiao)科式(shi)挑角(jiao)。上(shang)層(ceng)為(wei)歇(xie)山(shan)頂,結(jie)構(gou)與前門(men)樓相(xiang)似,正脊中(zhong)有一站獅(shi)。東南開圓拱門(men),兩側雕有對(dui)聯一副,“金磚有眼不垯善(shan),鋼鞭無情自(zi)逐兇”屋(wu)內有神壇,塑像已佚,兩壁各尚存山(shan)水畫四(si)條(tiao)副。
三進(jin)門(men)樓(lou)與(yu)前門(men)樓(lou)結(jie)構相似,通(tong)高9.35米。下(xia)層(ceng)正方(fang)形(xing)邊長4.32米,檐(yan)下(xia)有(you)兩(liang)層(ceng)雕花磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)和(he)一(yi)層(ceng)云紋雕花仿木(mu)雀(que)替磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕圖(tu)案為琴棋書(shu)畫和(he)暗八仙題材(cai)。上層(ceng)為純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)發券結(jie)構的歇(xie)山頂(ding),正脊中(zhong)有(you)團龍(long),龍(long)上有(you)鐵制(zhi)變形(xing)壽字裝飾。檐(yan)下(xia)亦有(you)兩(liang)層(ceng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕圖(tu)案和(he)仿木(mu)吉祥草紋樣(yang)雀(que)替,四角有(you)簡式角科,正面開(kai)門(men),門(men)兩(liang)側檐(yan)下(xia)和(he)后檐(yan)檐(yan)下(xia)各有(you)一(yi)方(fang)蒙古(gu)裝男士磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕,神態威(wei)武強悍。
關帝廟(miao)為(wei)磚木結構硬山(shan)頂,前(qian)廊有(you)兩明柱,面闊4.1米(mi),進深5米(mi),通高4.8米(mi)。在(zai)兩山(shan)墻上施以貼墻柁,大柁與(yu)二柁間(jian)以金瓜柱相承(cheng)。屋頂為(wei)青色板(ban)瓦(wa)、簡瓦(wa)覆頂,5脊6獸。正脊為(wei)鏤空雙(shuang)龍(long)雙(shuang)鳳(feng)脊圖案,脊中(zhong)有(you)寶(bao)(bao)珠(zhu)(zhu),形(xing)成二龍(long)戲珠(zhu)(zhu),寶(bao)(bao)珠(zhu)(zhu)上有(you)獅馱寶(bao)(bao)塔。4個(ge)垂脊末端亦為(wei)張口龍(long)獸。
藥王洞位于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)峰東(dong)南(nan)(nan)山(shan)坡(po)中(zhong)(zhong)部南(nan)(nan)側,屬黃土窯洞建筑,外加簡易雨棚,洞高(gao)2.3米(mi),寬2.2米(mi),進(jin)深(shen)3.1米(mi)。
山(shan)(shan)門(men)為(wei)(wei)單間磚木(mu)結構(gou)歇山(shan)(shan)頂(ding),面(mian)闊3米,柱高(gao)3.3米。門(men)匾墨書“興隆寶山(shan)(shan)”四字。山(shan)(shan)門(men)四角柱露(lu)明,上托角科,下座鼓形基石(shi)。前檐檐枋、額(e)枋均彩繪,額(e)枋下面(mian)為(wei)(wei)鏤空二龍戲珠圖案的(de)騎馬雀替,雀替下為(wei)(wei)云角。梁架(jia)結構(gou)為(wei)(wei)四角亭式結構(gou),屋頂(ding)青色(se)板瓦、簡瓦覆頂(ding),中脊、垂脊、戧(chuang)脊均為(wei)(wei)堆花脊,脊上均為(wei)(wei)張口(kou)龍獸(shou)。
鐘樓(lou)和鼓樓(lou)位于山門內(nei)兩側(ce),這兩座建筑造型和大小完全相同,均為高(gao)(gao)臺基二層建筑,歇山頂。臺階(jie)高(gao)(gao)1.3米(mi)(mi),平(ping)面(mian)為四方形,邊長3.3米(mi)(mi),檐高(gao)(gao)2.8米(mi)(mi),頂高(gao)(gao)1米(mi)(mi),通高(gao)(gao)5.1米(mi)(mi)。向(xiang)山門處(chu)開拱(gong)券門洞(dong),高(gao)(gao)1.83米(mi)(mi),寬0.69米(mi)(mi)。二層圍(wei)墻其余三面(mian)均有圓(yuan)形窗。木制窗欞(ling)為“八字連環”式(shi),窗周(zhou)飾以“鵲雀撣梅”或(huo)梔子花圖案。
獻(xian)殿為(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)木結構(gou)(gou)卷棚頂(ding)(ding)過庭(ting),與大(da)殿相(xiang)通(tong)。兩山墻飾(shi)以博風(feng),頂(ding)(ding)有螻蛄垂脊和(he)(he)龍(long)獸。墀頭頂(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)裝飾(shi)成四(si)(si)面坡屋頂(ding)(ding)的牌樓形,平(ping)身科、如意科、平(ping)板(ban)枋(fang)、檐枋(fang)、檐檁以及椽和(he)(he)飛頭等仿(fang)木構(gou)(gou)件樣樣俱全,還有仿(fang)木雀(que)替和(he)(he)倒掛垂蓮(lian)柱等裝飾(shi)磚(zhuan)雕。在戧磚(zhuan)位置有三(san)層磚(zhuan)雕,上(shang)下(xia)均為(wei)(wei)條磚(zhuan)所刻,上(shang)為(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)鶴,下(xia)位單鹿,中間(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)方磚(zhuan)雕刻的麒麟(lin)圖(tu)案(an)。獻(xian)殿三(san)開間(jian)(jian)(jian),面闊6.92米(mi)(mi)(mi),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)寬(kuan)2.36米(mi)(mi)(mi),稍間(jian)(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)寬(kuan)2.28米(mi)(mi)(mi),檐高2.8米(mi)(mi)(mi),進(jin)深6.27米(mi)(mi)(mi)。正門和(he)(he)隔扇均為(wei)(wei)六抹,條形板(ban)、隔心、裙板(ban)遍施彩繪。廊(lang)(lang)進(jin)深1米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩邊廊(lang)(lang)墻上(shang)各(ge)有屏風(feng)形磚(zhuan)刻。東廊(lang)(lang)墻上(shang)部(bu)(bu)展示“琴、棋、書、畫”四(si)(si)樣文化生活;下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)“四(si)(si)福(fu)降臨(lin)”圖(tu)案(an)。西廊(lang)(lang)墻上(shang)部(bu)(bu)則為(wei)(wei)“耕、讀、漁、樵”,四(si)(si)種經濟生活方式(shi),下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)“丹(dan)鳳(feng)賜福(fu)”圖(tu)案(an)。獻(xian)殿屋架(jia)結構(gou)(gou)為(wei)(wei)三(san)架(jia)梁(liang)結構(gou)(gou),斗拱結構(gou)(gou)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)斗二(er)升(sheng)交麻葉。
祖師大(da)殿(dian)(dian)與獻殿(dian)(dian)的(de)開間(jian)、面闊、檐(yan)高完(wan)全相(xiang)同,兩者左右山(shan)墻也(ye)在一條線上(shang),前后檐(yan)緊接,之間(jian)有(you)(you)50厘米寬的(de)小天井。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)為歇山(shan)頂,各脊(ji)均為團花脊(ji),正脊(ji)中部有(you)(you)三層樓閣(ge)式(shi)天宮。四個(ge)翼角均有(you)(you)套獸。屋頂為青(qing)灰板瓦、簡瓦覆頂,大(da)殿(dian)(dian)各檐(yan)下的(de)斗(dou)(dou)拱為“單斗(dou)(dou)只替”,屋架結(jie)構為“穿斗(dou)(dou)式(shi)”結(jie)構。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)兩山(shan)墻上(shang)有(you)(you)無量(liang)祖師成(cheng)道的(de)連環畫(hua)(hua)彩繪壁畫(hua)(hua)。
佛(fo)殿位于大(da)殿左側(ce)3米(mi)處,坐北面南。單間歇(xie)山(shan)頂(ding)建(jian)筑,面闊(kuo)5米(mi),進深4.8米(mi),通(tong)高(gao)(gao)6.1米(mi)。圓券頂(ding)板門,高(gao)(gao)2.82米(mi),寬1.14米(mi)。門兩側(ce)各鑲石(shi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)一(yi)塊,高(gao)(gao)1.02米(mi),寬53厘米(mi),左為(wei)(wei)《興隆山(shan)地形碑(bei)(bei)(bei)記(ji)》,右(you)為(wei)(wei)功德碑(bei)(bei)(bei)。佛(fo)殿四面平砌磚墻,用5層疊(die)澀出檐。屋頂(ding)用青灰板瓦、簡瓦覆蓋,正吻為(wei)(wei)龍形獸,正脊為(wei)(wei)堆花脊,中(zhong)部有立獅(shi),左為(wei)(wei)狻猊,右(you)為(wei)(wei)天馬(ma)。殿內有西(xi)游記(ji)故事(shi)彩繪壁畫。
菩薩殿位于祖師大殿右側(ce),坐北面(mian)南,磚木(mu)硬(ying)山頂結構,面(mian)闊7米(mi),進深8米(mi),通高(gao)5.5米(mi),原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)五(wu)架梁(liang),前(qian)帶廊(lang)子。因后改造,前(qian)廊(lang)、前(qian)檐(yan)用(yong)磚墻(qiang)包砌,用(yong)五(wu)層疊澀(se)出(chu)檐(yan),再用(yong)磚件刻(ke)出(chu)仿木(mu)椽頭和飛頭。面(mian)墻(qiang)有(you)圓券頂板門,門高(gao)1.66米(mi),寬(kuan)0.83米(mi),門兩側(ce)有(you)磚刻(ke)對聯一副:“擺動慈云救八難,施行法雨淋蒼生”,對聯外側(ce)各有(you)一直徑為(wei)(wei)88厘米(mi)的圓形(xing)窗。屋頂也(ye)是(shi)青灰板瓦(wa)(wa)和簡瓦(wa)(wa)覆頂,五(wu)脊(ji)(ji)六獸(shou),正脊(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)堆(dui)花脊(ji)(ji),脊(ji)(ji)中有(you)輪狀裝(zhuang)飾,正吻和垂獸(shou)均為(wei)(wei)龍形(xing)。
牛(niu)馬王(wang)(wang)廟位于東南峰,這里(li)地形(xing)平緩(huan)、開闊,原有建(jian)筑較(jiao)多,現(xian)僅存牛(niu)馬王(wang)(wang)廟和城隍廟兩座建(jian)筑。牛(niu)馬王(wang)(wang)廟為(wei)純(chun)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)發券相砌的歇山頂單(dan)間建(jian)筑,面(mian)闊3.7米,進深3.7米,通(tong)高5.2米,檐(yan)下(xia)高3.45米,出檐(yan)是(shi)以(yi)多層疊澀成形(xing),再施以(yi)仿(fang)木椽頭(tou)(tou)和飛頭(tou)(tou)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)件(jian),前(qian)檐(yan)下(xia)有磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)裝飾,面(mian)墻正(zheng)中開券形(xing)門,高1.6米,寬0.95米。屋(wu)頂也(ye)是(shi)灰色板瓦、簡(jian)瓦覆頂,正(zheng)脊(ji)為(wei)堆花脊(ji),正(zheng)吻、垂(chui)獸(shou)和戧獸(shou)均為(wei)龍形(xing)。
城隍廟與牛馬王廟距離(li)10米(mi),為純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)發券(quan)成(cheng)四(si)角攢尖 的單間建筑,攢頂為兩層(ceng)塔(ta)式樓閣天(tian)宮(gong),天(tian)宮(gong)兩層(ceng)均為八(ba)角形,每面開圓拱門或(huo)金(jin)錢圓形窗,頂部有(you)蓮座(zuo)和(he)寶(bao)珠。通高5.7米(mi),面闊4米(mi),進(jin)深(shen)4米(mi),檐高3.9米(mi)。四(si)檐均以五層(ceng)疊澀磚(zhuan)(zhuan)件和(he)仿木椽、飛龍條磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng),疊澀磚(zhuan)(zhuan)下(xia)為雕花條磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)(qi)成(cheng),疊澀磚(zhuan)(zhuan)組(zu)成(cheng)檐枋,四(si)角出(chu)角昂和(he)云形耍頭。坐北面南(nan),面墻開圓拱頂門,門兩側磚(zhuan)(zhuan)刻對聯(lian):“舉念奸邪任爾焚香無益,存(cun)志正直(zhi)見吾(wu)不拜何妨”。
縱(zong)觀興(xing)隆山古建筑(zhu)(zhu)群整體(ti)布局和建筑(zhu)(zhu)風格,至(zhi)少(shao)可追(zhui)溯(su)到元明時(shi)期,而現存的建筑(zhu)(zhu)基本上屬于清代(dai),清代(dai)古建筑(zhu)(zhu)雖(sui)然不(bu)能用歷史悠久來(lai)概括,但其歷史價值是(shi)不(bu)容忽視的,因為它代(dai)表著(zhu)一個時(shi)代(dai)的建筑(zhu)(zhu)風格,同時(shi)也反映著(zhu)這一時(shi)期的文化藝術、科技經濟(ji)、乃至(zhi)軍事政(zheng)治諸領(ling)域的社會現實。
興隆山(shan)古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)造(zao)型雖不是宏偉高(gao)大,但趨向小巧(qiao)玲瓏。從總(zong)體(ti)(ti)效果看,布局疏密有(you)致,巧(qiao)妙地利用了(le)(le)自然地貌,呈不規則分布,人工雕(diao)(diao)(diao)琢與山(shan)形(xing)(xing)地貌結合(he)得天衣無(wu)縫(feng),體(ti)(ti)現出(chu)我國(guo)傳統的“天人合(he)一”文化思維。造(zao)型除(chu)獻殿(dian)為卷(juan)棚頂(ding)外,其余多為單體(ti)(ti)歇山(shan)頂(ding)或硬山(shan)頂(ding)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu);結構多為磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木(mu)結構或純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)結構。另(ling)外壁畫精(jing)(jing)美(mei),情節連環、形(xing)(xing)神(shen)畢肖、寓意深(shen)刻(ke)。 每座(zuo)單體(ti)(ti)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)檐下都有(you)三至五層以(yi)寫實手(shou)法構圖、深(shen)淺浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)制(zhi)作的精(jing)(jing)工磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao),如此(ci)精(jing)(jing)美(mei)造(zao)型和精(jing)(jing)湛雕(diao)(diao)(diao)琢工藝以(yi)及保存(cun)完好的磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)是其他古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)少有(you)的,體(ti)(ti)現了(le)(le)了(le)(le)清代環慶地區藝術流派和思潮。
興隆(long)山(shan)(shan)古建(jian)筑群的(de)科學價值主要(yao)表現在建(jian)筑布局與自然環(huan)境的(de)有機結(jie)(jie)(jie)合和建(jian)筑物的(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)與用(yong)途的(de)合理(li)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合這(zhe)兩個方面。從建(jian)筑學角度看,它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)處規劃(hua)設(she)計完善、施工規范,又(you)具有創造(zao)和發明的(de)建(jian)筑。主要(yao)體現在三方面:1、建(jian)筑為歇山(shan)(shan)頂磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木(mu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou),架構(gou)采用(yong)無(wu)梁穿(chuan)斗式(shi);2、多采用(yong)純(chun)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)發券(quan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou);3、純(chun)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)疊澀仿(fang)木(mu)出(chu)檐與磚(zhuan)(zhuan)混(hun)造(zao)型假歇山(shan)(shan)頂結(jie)(jie)(jie)合是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種發明,而用(yong)于(yu)廟宇實屬興隆(long)山(shan)(shan)首創。這(zhe)些珍貴的(de)歷史遺產和科技實物,是(shi)(shi)明清時期環(huan)慶地區(qu)勞動人(ren)民(min)智(zhi)慧和文明的(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)晶(jing),也是(shi)(shi)不可多得的(de)精神財富。