林(lin)家(jia)(jia)遺址(zhi)全國重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位(wei)。位(wei)于甘(gan)肅(su)省臨(lin)夏(xia)(xia)回(hui)族自治州(zhou)東(dong)鄉族自治縣城鎖南壩西(xi)12公里(li)東(dong)塬(yuan)鄉林(lin)家(jia)(jia)村(cun)北,大夏(xia)(xia)河(he)南岸臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)上。1976年(nian)發(fa)現(xian),1977-1978年(nian)發(fa)掘秋梁地(di)(di)(di)(di)、破四格、陰(yin)洼(wa)坡子三處(chu),前(qian)兩處(chu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)埂上發(fa)現(xian)大量(liang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片和殘石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。陰(yin)洼(wa)坡子崖邊地(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)1米(mi)以(yi)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1-2米(mi)厚的(de)(de)(de)灰(hui)層,內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大量(liang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片、殘石、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片復原有(you)(you)(you)(you)缽(bo)、盆、罐、壺(hu)、瓶(ping)等(deng)(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形,施(shi)黑(hei)彩(cai)(cai)(cai),花紋有(you)(you)(you)(you)平行線夾圓(yuan)點(dian)紋、勾葉紋、網格紋等(deng)(deng)。陶(tao)(tao)質細膩,陶(tao)(tao)色(se)橙黃,器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表(biao)打(da)磨(mo)光滑。曾發(fa)現(xian)房(fang)址(zhi)幾十座,窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)五(wu)處(chu)及窖穴多(duo)處(chu)。出(chu)土大量(liang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)、石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及炭(tan)粟、麻籽等(deng)(deng)農作物(wu)。還出(chu)土銅(tong)刀一把(長(chang)12.7厘(li)米(mi),寬2.5厘(li)米(mi))。林(lin)家(jia)(jia)遺址(zhi)屬5000年(nian)前(qian)新(xin)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)文(wen)化馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類型文(wen)化遺存(cun)。 遺址(zhi)位(wei)于甘(gan)肅(su)省東(dong)鄉縣東(dong)塬(yuan)鄉林(lin)家(jia)(jia)村(cun)北、大夏(xia)(xia)河(he)東(dong)岸臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)。該遺址(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢平坦,高(gao)出(chu)河(he)床約(yue) 30 米(mi),隔河(he)與(yu)臨(lin)夏(xia)(xia)市上莊遺址(zhi)相望(wang)。總面積約(yue)6.6 萬平方米(mi)。其(qi)主(zhu)體(ti)遺存(cun)為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類型,臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)東(dong)緣有(you)(you)(you)(you)少(shao)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)齊家(jia)(jia)文(wen)化遺存(cun)。發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類型房(fang)址(zhi)中的(de)(de)(de)早期房(fang)屋均(jun)為(wei)凸字形半(ban)地(di)(di)(di)(di)穴建(jian)筑,門(men)向大夏(xia)(xia)河(he)。中期房(fang)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)基經平整夯筑,半(ban)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)淺穴,僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)一個淺坑低圈灶址(zhi)。晚期出(chu)現(xian)平地(di)(di)(di)(di)筑墻建(jian)房(fang)或室內(nei)分隔小間,室外(wai)續建(jian)前(qian)后(hou)相連小屋的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑形式。灰(hui)坑多(duo)為(wei)袋(dai)狀窖穴。發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)生產工(gong)具(ju)和生活用具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)2000 余件,陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)缽(bo)、碗、罐、壺(hu)、瓶(ping)等(deng)(deng),其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)泥質紅陶(tao)(tao)大多(duo)為(wei)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao),均(jun)為(wei)黑(hei)彩(cai)(cai)(cai),飾有(you)(you)(you)(you)平行線紋、圓(yuan)點(dian)紋、網格紋、葉網紋。石制(zhi)工(gong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)刀、斧、鏟(chan)、鎮、鑿(zao)、錐(zhui)、紡輪、網垂等(deng)(deng)10 余種,且磨(mo)刃鋒(feng)利。骨(gu)(gu)制(zhi)工(gong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)、骨(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)竿和特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)柄石刃器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),精(jing)細實(shi)用。這里(li)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)一件銅(tong)刀,由錫(xi)青銅(tong)模(mo)鑄而成,刀身薄厚均(jun)勻,短柄長(chang)刃,長(chang)12.5厘(li)米(mi),是我國目前(qian)發(fa)現(xian)早的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),距今約(yue)五(wu)千(qian)年(nian),它的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)把我國使用青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)歷史提(ti)早了一千(qian)年(nian)。
1977年(nian)至1978年(nian),甘肅省博物館(guan)文物工作隊、臨(lin)夏州文化局、東鄉縣(xian)文化館(guan)共同對林(lin)家遺址進行了發掘。
1978年夏天(tian)(tian),考古文(wen)物工作隊又(you)(you)到林家,舉辦了第二期學習班,人員(yuan)擴大到40人。我們在考古隊老師的帶領(ling)下,遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)發掘又(you)(you)開(kai)始了。探(tan)方五米(mi)見方,每(mei)五至六人一組。白(bai)天(tian)(tian)發掘探(tan)方,清理(li)、繪(hui)圖(tu)、拍片、記錄(lu)、采集陶(tao)片等遺(yi)(yi)物。晚上整理(li)采集物、洗照片、抄(chao)送記錄(lu)等。照片是用(yong)海鷗像機照的,原保存有(you)一些現場(chang)照片,找不(bu)著了。特(te)別(bie)是日記本,每(mei)天(tian)(tian)的日記記得(de)很細,探(tan)方編號、開(kai)挖(wa)時間、出土器(qi)物等都有(you)記錄(lu)。因搬(ban)了一次家,丟(diu)了個干凈(jing)。
陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)是當(dang)時人們主(zhu)要的(de)(de)生活(huo)用具。東鄉(xiang)縣(xian)林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)址(zhi)發現的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)型橫穴式陶(tao)(tao)(tao)窯(yao),窯(yao)室(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)形,直徑1.3米,窯(yao)箅周圍有(you)火孔,頂部與窯(yao)室(shi)(shi)間隔一(yi)(yi)層夯土,火膛呈長(chang)方形。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作普遍采用泥(ni)條盤(pan)筑法(fa),出土的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)分泥(ni)質、夾砂二類(lei)。早(zao)期的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)數量少,有(you)瓶、罐(guan)(guan)、盆、缽(bo)等。瓶多(duo)喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou),罐(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)敞口(kou)(kou),盆的(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)沿外卷,缽(bo)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)唇。紋飾以(yi)(yi)旋(xuan)紋為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),線條流(liu)暢古拙。中期的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓶,口(kou)(kou)沿向外翻轉,頸(jing)部變長(chang),罐(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)頸(jing)部變短(duan),紋飾以(yi)(yi)弧形并列條紋為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),線條均勻細密,活(huo)潑流(liu)暢。晚期陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)數量多(duo),陶(tao)(tao)(tao)質較(jiao)前(qian)者(zhe)略粗,主(zhu)要器(qi)形有(you)盆、碗(wan)、壺、瓶、罐(guan)(guan)等,色彩(cai)也有(you)變化,在(zai)黑(hei)彩(cai)間添(tian)加了白(bai)彩(cai),白(bai)彩(cai)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)輔助裝飾,黑(hei)白(bai)對比強烈,紋飾簡(jian)化,線條以(yi)(yi)旋(xuan)紋、平行為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),是晚期的(de)(de)特(te)點。2005年,在(zai)修林家(jia)(jia)至(zhi)河灘鄉(xiang)間公路時,出土了很(hen)多(duo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片,有(you)群(qun)眾把好看的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片拿到了臨夏市舊花市出售。9月(yue)初的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)天,我從市場上拍到了兩(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)精美的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片,一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)是鴨子紋,一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)是蝌蚪紋。若(ruo)是完整器(qi),那將是馬(ma)(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)型的(de)(de)美輪美奐的(de)(de)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)大盆和大罐(guan)(guan),應屬當(dang)時居民的(de)(de)祭祀用器(qi)。
重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)20號(hao)房(fang)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)北壁下出土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),還在(zai)54號(hao)灰坑中(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣。考(kao)古(gu)工(gong)作者(zhe)龐耀先是(shi)(shi)林家(jia)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe),他(ta)說(shuo):編號(hao)F20的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋結構是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de),它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋門道大都向著大夏河的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian),屋基皆在(zai)生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)(shi)半(ban)地(di)(di)穴式房(fang)屋,我(wo)們(men)看得(de)(de)出來(lai),單(dan)間(jian)房(fang)屋各自(zi)獨(du)立,布局(ju)分散,他(ta)們(men)比較(jiao)講究生(sheng)活,好多房(fang)屋遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)都出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)兩個灶。在(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)僅有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),還出土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)。在(zai)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)前,我(wo)還發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)(gu)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)匕(bi)首。匕(bi)首非常精致,兩面(mian)(mian)有(you)刃(ren)(ren),使用打磨成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細石器(qi)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)(ba),用動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肢骨(gu)(gu)做(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)刃(ren)(ren),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)則是(shi)(shi)用不(bu)知名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)膠粘合上(shang)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)。長15厘米(mi)左右(you)(you),刃(ren)(ren)面(mian)(mian)非常銳利,用手一(yi)(yi)(yi)摸有(you)點被(bei)刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue),就是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣精美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)(gu)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),在(zai)拿到手的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間(jian)就散了(le)(le)架,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)與骨(gu)(gu)刃(ren)(ren)分離了(le)(le)。那把(ba)(ba)(ba)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)放在(zai)房(fang)屋的(de)(de)(de)(de)角落里,角落正好在(zai)我(wo)們(men)探方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫梁下面(mian)(mian),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)渾身布滿銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)銹,它(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)被(bei)主人(ren)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)忘了(le)(le),才得(de)(de)以幸存下來(lai)。”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)由(you)兩塊(kuai)范澆鑄而成(cheng)(cheng),表面(mian)(mian)平整,有(you)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)深灰色綠色銹,短柄長刃(ren)(ren),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)尖圓鈍(dun),微上(shang)翹,弧背(bei),薄厚均勻,柄端有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)裝木把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長12.5厘米(mi)。1981年經(jing)北京鋼鐵學院冶金研究所(suo)檢驗,為(wei)含(han)錫青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)迄今為(wei)止發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時代(dai)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi),其(qi)年代(dai)距(ju)今約5000年左右(you)(you)。此刀(dao)(dao)(dao)被(bei)譽為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)華第一(yi)(yi)(yi)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)”,現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)藏(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)博(bo)物(wu)館(guan) 。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣分別用巖相鑒定(ding)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)子活化(hua)法(fa)分析,證明(ming)(ming)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣不(bu)是(shi)(shi)天然礦(kuang)石,也非煉(lian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殘渣,而是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)經(jing)冶煉(lian)但(dan)已經(jing)分化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)碎塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鐵金屬(shu)(shu)長期銹蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu),這(zhe)些銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣在(zai)林家(jia)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)三(san)四快,都因(yin)為(wei)分化(hua)而成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)碎塊(kuai),這(zhe)證明(ming)(ming)當地(di)(di)以能進行冶鑄銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)生(sheng)產。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)在(zai)于:把(ba)(ba)(ba)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶金史,向前推進了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大步,與早(zao)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)亞、西(xi)亞的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)大致相同(tong),這(zhe)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)世界(jie)上(shang)率先發(fa)明(ming)(ming)和(he)使用冶金技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi);同(tong)時也證明(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冶金技術發(fa)源(yuan)地(di)(di)在(zai)甘(gan)肅。用金屬(shu)(shu)代(dai)替石器(qi)作為(wei)勞動(dong)工(gong)具,是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類發(fa)展史上(shang)極為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)革,青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)早(zao)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),有(you)其(qi)劃時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。到了(le)(le)龍(long)山文(wen)化(hua)、齊家(jia)文(wen)化(hua)時期銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制造較(jiao)為(wei)普(pu)遍(bian)。據考(kao)古(gu)資(zi)料得(de)(de)知,整個黃河流(liu)域從東到西(xi)都有(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)出土(tu)(tu),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
林(lin)家遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)器有(you)(you)2000余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛312件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)211件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)刀209件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)189件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),石(shi)(shi)(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪49個(ge)(ge),還有(you)(you)敲(qiao)砸器、研磨器、磨臼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵、磨石(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆(zhan)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃等;次為骨(gu)器,骨(gu)錐(zhui)358個(ge)(ge)、骨(gu)針(zhen)236個(ge)(ge)、骨(gu)鏃44個(ge)(ge)、骨(gu)刀15個(ge)(ge);石(shi)(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)柄刀12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)柄匕首6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。林(lin)家遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)F21晚期陶(tao)罐(guan)內盛有(you)(you)稷(ji)、粟和(he)大(da)麻籽(zi)。H19灰(hui)坑底部有(you)(you)大(da)量炭化(hua)稷(ji)、部分(fen)穗頭、稷(ji)粒、枝干(gan)等,穗頭上(shang)帶(dai)有(you)(you)較長的(de)(de)細(xi)枝,捆成小把,整齊放(fang)在(zai)坑底,厚達(da)(da)(da)40厘米(mi),計可達(da)(da)(da)2立方米(mi)。這說明(ming),林(lin)家已有(you)(you)較發(fa)達(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)原始農業,兼事狩獵和(he)采(cai)集。其石(shi)(shi)(shi)錛、石(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)刀、石(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)為農業生產中的(de)(de)主要使用工具;另外三處窯穴(xue)也有(you)(you)炭化(hua)稷(ji)粒,大(da)量稷(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)現,從(cong)帶(dai)穗的(de)(de)細(xi)枝割斷痕跡,是(shi)用石(shi)(shi)(shi)、陶(tao)刀割下來(lai)的(de)(de);磨臼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)杵是(shi)大(da)量谷(gu)物加工,說明(ming)粟是(shi)當(dang)時居(ju)民的(de)(de)主要糧食之一(yi)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪、骨(gu)針(zhen)、骨(gu)錐(zhui)的(de)(de)出(chu)土(tu),證明(ming)當(dang)時的(de)(de)人們已經掌握了紡(fang)(fang)織(zhi)技術,取(qu)植物纖維(wei)或(huo)獸毛(mao),用紡(fang)(fang)輪捻成線,用原始的(de)(de)織(zhi)布(bu)機(ji)制成粗毛(mao)、麻布(bu),用骨(gu)針(zhen)縫制衣服(fu)。F8、F10、F11房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殘陶(tao)罐(guan)中均有(you)(you)發(fa)現大(da)麻籽(zi)。大(da)麻籽(zi)可食用,其纖維(wei),以紡(fang)(fang)輪捻織(zhi)麻布(bu);出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)鏃、石(shi)(shi)(shi)蛋是(shi)人們獵取(qu)鹿、獐、兔等野生動物的(de)(de)明(ming)證。
主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)采用泥條(tiao)盤筑和捏塑法(fa)制作。根據(ju)地層堆(dui)積,分早、中、晚(wan)三期(qi)。早期(qi)的(de)陶器數量(liang)較(jiao)少,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有瓶、罐(guan)、盆、缽(bo)(bo)等,瓶多(duo)為喇叭口(kou),罐(guan)為敞口(kou),盆的(de)口(kou)沿外卷,缽(bo)(bo)為圓唇。彩(cai)(cai)繪為黑(hei)(hei)色(se),漆黑(hei)(hei)發亮,紋飾(shi)以(yi)旋(xuan)紋和弧線紋為主(zhu)(zhu),線條(tiao)粗健古樸;中期(qi)的(de)瓶口(kou)沿向外翻轉,頸部變長(chang),罐(guan)的(de)頸部變短,紋飾(shi)以(yi)弧形并列條(tiao)紋為主(zhu)(zhu),線條(tiao)均勻(yun)細密,活潑流暢;晚(wan)期(qi)陶器數量(liang)多(duo),陶質較(jiao)粗,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)器形有盆、缽(bo)(bo)、碗、壺、瓶、罐(guan)等,色(se)彩(cai)(cai)也發生(sheng)變化,出現了白(bai)彩(cai)(cai),紋飾(shi)簡化、潦(liao)草,以(yi)旋(xuan)紋、平行條(tiao)紋為主(zhu)(zhu),色(se)彩(cai)(cai)清淡,白(bai)彩(cai)(cai)多(duo)為輔助裝飾(shi),黑(hei)(hei)白(bai)分明,對比強烈,是晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)突出特點。
國務(wu)院公布的(de)第六批全國重點文物保護單位中(zhong)(zhong)牞東鄉縣新石器時代林家遺址名列其中(zhong)(zhong)。
林家(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)東(dong)(dong)鄉族自治縣大夏河東(dong)(dong)岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)黃土塬上牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)文化內涵以(yi)馬家(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)為主牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)包含有(you)馬家(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)早(zao)、中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文化遺(yi)(yi)存牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是馬家(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)性(xing)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。1978年牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)甘肅省博物(wu)館文化工作隊、州(zhou)文化局(ju)、東(dong)(dong)鄉縣文化館共同進行(xing)了發掘(jue)(jue)(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)發掘(jue)(jue)(jue)面積近3000平方米。發現(xian)馬家(jia)窯時期(qi)房屋(wu)遺(yi)(yi)跡27處牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)制陶窯址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3處牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)灰坑985個。發掘(jue)(jue)(jue)和采(cai)集各(ge)類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)3000余件牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)其中各(ge)類(lei)(lei)工具和生活(huo)用具2000余件牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)包括石器(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶、蚌、角器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)。其中一件青銅模鑄刀(dao)具牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為目前發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)時代早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)。林家(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發掘(jue)(jue)(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能夠(gou)幫助人們(men)了解馬家(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)早(zao)、中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)地層(ceng)堆積關系牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為文化遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)33期(qi)提供了明確的(de)(de)(de)地層(ceng)關系。