城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址位于(yu)甘肅(su)省夏河縣駐地(di)拉卜(bu)楞鎮東(dong)北(bei)24公里白石(shi)崖(ya)南(nan)(nan)麓、央曲(qu)北(bei)岸。漢代(dai)(dai)曾在(zai)此設白石(shi)縣,古為(wei)軍事交(jiao)通要地(di)。古八(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)一空(kong)心十字(zi)形城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)十字(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)各角上設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩(dun)八(ba)個(ge),形成八(ba)角,故(gu)名(ming)。古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)占(zhan)地(di)20萬平方米,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)周長2193米,墻(qiang)(qiang)高達(da)10米。東(dong)西(xi)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)s形通道。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)有(you)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河。北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)依山、無(wu)門(men)(men),從西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經(jing)南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)至東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)外(wai)(wai)廓,南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有(you)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)以沙(sha)土、蘆葦、紅柳等層(ceng)層(ceng)夯(hang)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)而成。至今(jin)保存(cun)完好。由于(yu)墻(qiang)(qiang)面多,對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下弩(nu)射無(wu)死角,故(gu)易守(shou)難攻。八(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壁(bi)壘(lei)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)突破方形、矩(ju)形格局,式樣奇特,不同于(yu)一般古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。據考證(zheng),它可能就是唐代(dai)(dai)雕窩(wo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),宋代(dai)(dai)的一公城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。
八(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)故址的(de)建筑形式(shi),是(shi)我(wo)國古代城(cheng)(cheng)堡傳統的(de)建筑形式(shi),外掘城(cheng)(cheng)壕,內建城(cheng)(cheng)堡,引(yin)水護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻為夯(hang)(hang)層(ceng)夾棍做法,夾棍粗(cu)細較均勻(yun),且排列(lie)有序。城(cheng)(cheng)墻下部夯(hang)(hang)層(ceng)較厚(22厘米(mi)),夯(hang)(hang)土層(ceng)間有砂(sha)石伴有樹枝(zhi)。緊連內角的(de)外角處有馬(ma)面。
城中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)了大量的(de)(de)(de)文物,有唐宋時期的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu) 貨幣(bi)、方磚(zhuan)、條磚(zhuan)、筒(tong)瓦、板瓦、碓舀(yao)、礎(chu)石、城門樞舀(yao)、碾盤等。在(zai)八角(jiao)城周(zhou)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)平地、丘陵、臺(tai)地上,還(huan)保(bao)留 有不少(shao)古代棄耕的(de)(de)(de)梯田(tian),有些梯田(tian)一直(zhi)修到山頂。八角(jiao) 城在(zai)宋代為黨項(xiang)、西夏、唃廝啰(luo)活動和爭戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心。
八(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)故址(zhi)位于夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)河(he)(he)縣城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)35公里(li)大(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)河(he)(he)(古稱(cheng)漓水(shui))支流央曲河(he)(he)上游(you)且(qie)(qie)隆(long)(long)溝(gou)內臺地(di)上,海拔2100米(mi)。出且(qie)(qie)隆(long)(long)溝(gou)經(jing)過(guo)懷羌城(cheng)(cheng)(即麻當古城(cheng)(cheng))、土門關(guan),直(zhi)通(tong)臨夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。西(xi)(xi)邊是廣(guang)闊的(de)大(da)草(cao)原,其(qi)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)通(tong) 道(dao)八(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)故址(zhi)位于夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)河(he)(he)縣城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)35公里(li)大(da)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)河(he)(he)(古稱(cheng)漓水(shui))支流央曲河(he)(he)上游(you)且(qie)(qie)隆(long)(long)溝(gou)內臺地(di)上,海拔2100米(mi)。出且(qie)(qie)隆(long)(long)溝(gou)經(jing)過(guo)懷羌城(cheng)(cheng)(即麻當古城(cheng)(cheng))、土門關(guan),直(zhi)通(tong)臨夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。西(xi)(xi)邊是廣(guang)闊的(de)大(da)草(cao)原,其(qi)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)通(tong)過(guo)達里(li)加山隘口,可(ke)直(zhi)通(tong)青海。1981年,甘肅省人民政府公布八(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)故址(zhi)為省級文物保(bao)護單位。
八角城所在地(di)四周(zhou)山巒環抱,地(di)層屬(shu)于巴(ba)顏喀(ka)喇一(yi)一(yi)秦(qin)嶺(ling)地(di)層區北(bei)秦(qin)嶺(ling)地(di)層下白堊紀,城北(bei)是(shi)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)白石(shi)崖。甘(gan)(gan)加(jia)鄉盆地(di)中草灘廣闊,谷(gu)溝寬敞(chang),溪流(liu)縱橫,自古以來是(shi)天然的(de)(de)優(you)質(zhi)牧(mu)場,盛產甘(gan)(gan)加(jia)羊、牦(mao)牛、蕨麻豬等優(you)質(zhi)品種。草甸(dian)邊(bian)緣,巖石(shi)裸露、斷(duan)崖百丈,形成了橫亙10余里(li)的(de)(de)白石(shi)崖矗壁,其主峰達里(li)加(jia)山海拔4636米,為夏(xia)河縣(xian)第(di)一(yi)高(gao)峰。
八角城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)憑(ping)山(shan)依水,居(ju)高臨下,內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)廓,引水護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),層(ceng)層(ceng)設防,首尾相(xiang)顧。而總(zong)體布局又和(he)一般(ban)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡又不(bu)相(xiang)同,特別是內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)20個面、16個外(wai)角(8個外(wai)直角抹平后變為(wei)16個外(wai)角)和(he)4個內直角相(xiang)互照應,克服了(le)一般(ban)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡在防御(yu)上不(bu)可避免死角的(de)(de)弊病。是一座防御(yu)性甚強的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡。北(bei)京故宮外(wai)圍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)(de)建筑形制(zhi)與八角城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建筑極為(wei)相(xiang)似。因此,八角城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)故址為(wei)研(yan)究中國古代建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)史具(ju)有極高的(de)(de)藝術和(he)科研(yan)價值。
八(ba)(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)因其有(you)(you)八(ba)(ba)個城(cheng)(cheng)角而得名(ming),城(cheng)(cheng)廓是一(yi)個空(kong)心的十字形(xing)。八(ba)(ba)角城(cheng)(cheng)全長2193.4米,合2.2公(gong)里,城(cheng)(cheng)內占地300畝。城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)有(you)(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)河、護城(cheng)(cheng)壕,還有(you)(you)外(wai)廓,南門(men)外(wai)另有(you)(you)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)。
從建筑工藝上看,該城(cheng)系唐以前所建,建筑形式上突破了方形格局,十分(fen)獨特。城(cheng)雖不小,但(dan)城(cheng)角之(zhi)間距(ju)離(li)均在(zai)弓弩的有效射程(cheng)之(zhi)內,可互(hu)為照應,因而易守(shou)難攻。
八角(jiao)(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),藏語稱(cheng)(cheng)“卡爾昂”,藏文(wen)史稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“雍仲卡爾”,意(yi)為(wei)“萬字(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,實際是一個(ge)空心(xin)的(de)(de)“十(shi)(shi)”字(zi)形城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。它打破了傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)方城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)構筑慣例(li),內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)空心(xin)十(shi)(shi)字(zi)型,但截去城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣四面(mian)(mian)凸出(chu)(chu)部(bu)分的(de)(de)8個(ge)角(jiao)(jiao),形成為(wei)20個(ge)面(mian)(mian),在(zai)“十(shi)(shi)”字(zi)的(de)(de)各角(jiao)(jiao)上有(you)馬面(mian)(mian),計(ji)8個(ge)。早在(zai)漢代,這(zhe)里就設有(you)白石縣,《漢書》卷二十(shi)(shi)八下(xia):金(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郡轄縣十(shi)(shi)三,其中有(you)白石縣,并有(you)離水(shui)出(chu)(chu)西塞外,東(dong)至袍(pao)罕入河(he)。王莽時期稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)頃(qing)礫。是絲(si)綢之路河(he)南道上的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)軍事(shi)建筑遺址。
絲綢之路(lu)河(he)南(nan)(nan)道(dao)開創于南(nan)(nan)北朝時(shi)(shi)期(qi),是(shi)(shi)由西(xi)域、漠(mo)北、涼州出(chu)發(fa)(fa),經(jing)吐谷渾(hun)河(he)南(nan)(nan)國,而(er)往古(gu)代益州、建(jian)康去的(de)(de)國際通道(dao)。它(ta)由許多路(lu)線(xian)(xian)組成(cheng)(cheng),但(dan)主要路(lu)線(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi):由若(ruo)羌、敦(dun)煌或武威(涼州)出(chu)發(fa)(fa),經(jing)過青海湖至(zhi)黃(huang)河(he)以南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)吐谷渾(hun)地區,而(er)抵達長(chang)江(jiang)上游的(de)(de)松(song)(song)潘(pan)地區,再由松(song)(song)潘(pan)地區沿岷(min)江(jiang)而(er)下至(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)。這(zhe)(zhe)條路(lu)線(xian)(xian)在甘(gan)肅(su)省境(jing)內有三段:由松(song)(song)潘(pan)出(chu)發(fa)(fa),沿東(dong)岷(min)江(jiang)而(er)上,經(jing)南(nan)(nan)坪至(zhi)文縣(xian),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)陰(yin)(yin)平(ping)南(nan)(nan)支道(dao);第二段是(shi)(shi)陰(yin)(yin)平(ping)中支道(dao)西(xi)段,由文縣(xian)出(chu)發(fa)(fa),經(jing)峰(feng)迭、華嚴諸(zhu)古(gu)城,至(zhi)迭部(bu);第三段是(shi)(shi)河(he)南(nan)(nan)中支道(dao),由迭部(bu)出(chu)發(fa)(fa),經(jing)碌曲、夏河(he)、臨夏,至(zhi)西(xi)寧(ning)。這(zhe)(zhe)條路(lu)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)沿線(xian)(xian)多保留大量的(de)(de)古(gu)代城址,分(fen)布線(xian)(xian)路(lu)比較(jiao)分(fen)明,由松(song)(song)潘(pan)向東(dong)北方向延伸,多半都(dou)是(shi)(shi)吐谷渾(hun)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)與唐(tang)代的(de)(de)。此(ci)次勘察時(shi)(shi),我(wo)們在八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)城內發(fa)(fa)現一些魏晉時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)殘(can)磚斷瓦。據當地文物(wu)部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)同(tong)志(zhi)講,他(ta)們曾經(jing)在—八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)城故址征集到大量唐(tang)、宋時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)金屬貨幣(bi),發(fa)(fa)現了新(xin)莽貨幣(bi)及其他(ta)文物(wu)。因此(ci),可初步推測:八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)城即漢代的(de)(de)白石城、唐(tang)代的(de)(de)雕窩城、宋代的(de)(de)移公城。
由于絲綢(chou)之路(lu)河南道(dao)的(de)逐(zhu)漸廢棄,又成為唐蕃(fan)古(gu)道(dao)上的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)軍(jun)事(shi)設施,因此,八角(jiao)城在唐、宋時期,具有雙重(zhong)身份:
其一,是延續(xu)絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)河南(nan)道(dao)(dao)的交通要道(dao)(dao)作(zuo)用(yong),并(bing)成為(wei)吐蕃地方政(zheng)權響廝噦“聯宋抗(kang)夏”、溝通漢藏商路(lu)和(he)在(zai)(zai)西夏截斷(duan)河西走廊絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)中線后南(nan)線上的重要通道(dao)(dao)。該城(cheng)在(zai)(zai)唐代稱“一公(gong)(gong)城(cheng)”、“雕窩城(cheng)”、“葉(xie)公(gong)(gong)城(cheng)”。宋崇(chong)(chong)寧二(er)年(nian)(nian)改名(ming)為(wei)循化城(cheng)。《宋史·地理志》稱:“循化城(cheng), 舊一公(gong)(gong)城(cheng),崇(chong)(chong)寧二(er)年(nian)(nian)收復(fu)(fu),改今名(ming)”。“樂(le)州。舊邈川城(cheng),元符二(er)年(nian)(nian)收復(fu)(fu),建(jian)為(wei)湟(huang)州,建(jian)中靖國元年(nian)(nian)棄之(zhi)。崇(chong)(chong)寧二(er)年(nian)(nian)又復(fu)(fu)。三年(nian)(nian),置倚郭縣,五年(nian)(nian)罷。大觀三年(nian)(nian),加向(xiang)德軍節(jie)度。宣(xuan)和(he)元年(nian)(nian),改為(wei)樂(le)州”。
其二,是唐蕃古道上(shang)的(de)重要軍事(shi)設置,是中(zhong)央王朝(chao)保(bao)護絲綢之路南線暢通和(he)保(bao)障郵驛安(an)全(quan)的(de)重要設施。唐蕃古道在甘肅(su)省境(jing)內(nei)越過陜甘兩省界山——隴山到達秦州(今甘肅(su)天水(shui)),溯渭水(shui)繼續西(xi)上(shang)越鳥鼠山到臨(lin)州(甘肅(su)臨(lin)洮)。從臨(lin)洮西(xi)北行,經(jing)河州(甘肅(su)臨(lin)夏)渡(du)黃(huang)河進入青(qing)海(hai)境(jing)內(nei),再經(jing)龍支城(青(qing)海(hai)民和(he)柴溝北古城)西(xi)北行到鄯州(青(qing)海(hai)樂都),可(ke)以稱古道東段,全(quan)在唐王朝(chao)境(jing)內(nei),這是漢代(dai)以來(lai)從中(zhong)原進入河湟(huang)地區的(de)傳統路線。城內(nei)出(chu)土有大(da)量唐、宋時期(qi)的(de)建筑構件和(he)文(wen)物。
元、明時期,八角城開始廢棄(qi),但只是(shi)一座(zuo)重要的(de)驛站。宋(song)代(dai)所稱的(de)“移(yi)公城”在明代(dai)即青海蒙(meng)古火落赤(chi)的(de)駐牧地捏貢(gong)川。清代(dai)以來稱甘加川,即今大(da)夏(xia)河的(de)支流鐵龍溝,《中國歷史地圖(tu)集·北(bei)宋(song)秦鳳路圖(tu)》亦將移(yi)公城位置標示于此一帶。
清代(dai)初年(nian)準備(bei)在這里開(kai)墾(ken)屯田(tian)(tian),但由(you)于自然條(tiao)件(jian)較差而未能(neng)實施。乾隆(long)年(nian)間始(shi)有“八角(jiao)(jiao)城”的名稱,乾隆(long)七年(nian)《大學士(shi)鄂爾(er)泰為(wei)遵旨議復(fu)捏(nie)貢川(chuan)地(di)(di)方屯田(tian)(tian)事奏(zou)折(zhe)》:“查從前鄂彌(mi)達奏(zou)請將河州八角(jiao)(jiao)城之捏(nie)貢川(chuan)地(di)(di)方挑浚(jun)河渠(qu),開(kai)墾(ken)荒地(di)(di)。臣等議令(ling)該督撫委員查勘(kan),于奏(zou)到之日再議。捏(nie)貢川(chuan)遠在番夷(yi),泉水既不(bu)足(zu)以灌田(tian)(tian),而地(di)(di)土又難于開(kai)墾(ken),兼之地(di)(di)寒霜早,不(bu)能(neng)必其成(cheng)熟,徒(tu)勞民(min)力(li),虛糜帑項,均(jun)屬(shu)無益。”清政府放棄(qi)在此(ci)地(di)(di)開(kai)墾(ken)土地(di)(di)的計劃,說明在清代(dai)時八角(jiao)(jiao)城已廢棄(qi)。
據當(dang)地(di)一位88歲的(de)藏(zang)(zang)民回憶(yi),清代末年,八角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)尚無居(ju)(ju)民居(ju)(ju)住(zhu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)少量的(de)清兵。民國時(shi)期,當(dang)地(di)漢、藏(zang)(zang)居(ju)(ju)民開始(shi)大(da)量入住(zhu)八角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。八角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)故址(zhi)內(nei)現有七十余戶人家,五百多人,藏(zang)(zang)、漢雜居(ju)(ju)。藏(zang)(zang)族居(ju)(ju)民有三分(fen)之二,八角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村(cun)是(shi)附近地(di)區大(da)的(de)自然村(cun)。全村(cun)以放牧(mu)為主(zhu),略(lve)做些農業。村(cun)中小學(xue)學(xue)習藏(zang)(zang)、漢兩種語言(yan)。
八(ba)角(jiao)城故址方(fang)位正(zheng)北,總體上(shang)呈北高(gao)(gao)南(nan)低(di),南(nan)北高(gao)(gao)差6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右;西(xi)高(gao)(gao)東低(di),東西(xi)高(gao)(gao)差3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右。整個城垣保存較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)。城墻(qiang)是由一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)土(tu)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)砂石夯(hang)筑而成。一(yi)(yi)般土(tu)層(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)8一(yi)(yi)12厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),砂石層(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,南(nan)甕城及其他(ta)局(ju)部(bu)地方(fang)底部(bu)夯(hang)層(ceng)厚(hou)(hou)22厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),夾(jia)棍垂直距(ju)離(li)42—110厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)相(xiang)距(ju)不均(jun),夾(jia)棍眼直徑為10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右。城墻(qiang)外(wai)(wai)圍周長(chang)為2540米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。現(xian)存城墻(qiang)殘高(gao)(gao)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)13米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi):城墻(qiang)底寬(kuan)1l米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)13米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),上(shang)寬(kuan)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)18米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。城四面(mian)正(zheng)中(zhong)有(you)(you)甕城。東、西(xi)兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)緊鄰甕城的(de)南(nan)側各有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)夾(jia)道,形(xing)似“S”,東面(mian)夾(jia)道寬(kuan)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(殘);西(xi)面(mian)夾(jia)道寬(kuan)3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。整個城的(de)8個外(wai)(wai)角(jiao)均(jun)被抹平(ping),形(xing)成了16個外(wai)(wai)角(jiao),內(nei)角(jiao)為直角(jiao),緊鄰直角(jiao)的(de)外(wai)(wai)角(jiao)處均(jun)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)馬面(mian),現(xian)存馬面(mian)6個。城墻(qiang)外(wai)(wai)圍有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)護城壕,護城壕不完整,殘存部(bu)分(fen)(fen)寬(kuan)4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),護城壕外(wai)(wai)有(you)(you)護城河,寬(kuan)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)14米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)一(yi)(yi)13米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),護城河水(shui)(shui)(shui)引自言(yan)江(央(yang)拉河)水(shui)(shui)(shui),河水(shui)(shui)(shui)從城北分(fen)(fen)兩(liang)(liang)支(zhi)流(liu)繞(rao)城向(xiang)南(nan)流(liu),后(hou)匯入央(yang)曲河。護城河外(wai)(wai)有(you)(you)外(wai)(wai)廓,外(wai)(wai)廓輪廓西(xi)、北兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)較(jiao)(jiao)明顯。
八角城(cheng)南面甕城(cheng)外東南角有一外城(cheng),城(cheng)廓(kuo)明顯(xian),根據地形而建,呈(cheng)現(xian)出不規則的(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)方形,長(chang)(chang)寬為(wei)130~66米。從(cong)位(wei)置(zhi)分析,似(si)是(shi)經過此地的(de)(de)商人(ren)(ren)居住之地,相當于今天的(de)(de)旅館。但有人(ren)(ren)認為(wei)是(shi)練兵(bing)場。
在城內居民(min)家中發現(xian)的少(shao)量的金屬貨幣,基本(ben)上屬于宋、明、清時期(qi)。同時還有元代(dai)少(shao)數民(min)族銅(tong)飾牌(pai)和刻有“吳興”銘(ming)文(wen)的銅(tong)牌(pai),明代(dai)的宣德爐和清代(dai)的酥油燈(deng)等。據當地居民(min)講,文(wen)物販子經(jing)常(chang)出現(xian)在八角城村,居民(min)們家中的許多(duo)文(wen)物已(yi)經(jing)出售給文(wen)物販子。當地居民(min)家中還保存大量的灰布(bu)紋瓦、勾頭(tou)滴水、吻(wen)獸及門(men)枕石等建筑構(gou)件。
根據(ju)歷年(nian)來(lai)征集到(dao)的文物以及史料的記載,八角(jiao)城應初建于南(nan)北朝時(shi)期,宋(song)代進(jin)(jin)行了(le)完整的修筑過程,從筑城的技(ji)法上看(kan),元代也進(jin)(jin)行了(le)較大規模的修繕工(gong)程。清(qing)代時(shi),八角(jiao)城已(yi)被放棄。
秦(qin)漢(han)時期,甘(gan)南(nan)(nan)屬于西(xi)羌,甘(gan)加地(di)區因地(di)利位置的(de)特殊,在此(ci)設置白石(shi)縣。甘(gan)加草原是(shi)古代(dai)(dai)隴右通往(wang)青海東南(nan)(nan)部的(de)門戶,八角城(cheng)位居此(ci)道的(de)必(bi)經(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),而(er)此(ci)處(chu)又成為東連袍罕(今(jin)臨(lin)夏(xia)(xia)),西(xi)通西(xi)平 (今(jin)樂(le)都)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)咽(yan)喉要津。北宋時期,西(xi)夏(xia)(xia)東侵北宋疆土,并切斷河西(xi)走(zou)廊。確(que)廝噦“聯宋抗夏(xia)(xia)”,開辟了(le)南(nan)(nan)絲(si)綢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu),并保證了(le)絲(si)綢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)南(nan)(nan)線暢通無阻。絲(si)綢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)南(nan)(nan)線是(shi)宋代(dai)(dai)通往(wang)西(xi)域的(de)通道。此(ci)地(di)地(di)名雖經(jing)多次變更,而(er)各朝(chao)歷代(dai)(dai)的(de)高統治者對此(ci)道也極為重(zhong)視。因此(ci),八角城(cheng)在歷史(shi)上(shang)溝通漢(han)人與其他民族關(guan)系(xi)、疏(shu)通貿易渠道及和(he)平友好往(wang)來起到了(le)積(ji)極的(de)作用。
八(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)故(gu)址(zhi)的建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)式(shi),是我國古代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)傳統的建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)式(shi),外(wai)掘城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao),內(nei)建(jian)(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao),引(yin)水(shui)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻為(wei)(wei)夯(hang)層夾棍做法,夾棍粗細較(jiao)均勻,且排列有序。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻下(xia)(xia)部夯(hang)層較(jiao)厚(22厘米),夯(hang)土層間有砂(sha)石伴(ban)有樹枝。緊連(lian)內(nei)角(jiao)的外(wai)角(jiao)處有馬面(mian)。八(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)憑山(shan)依水(shui),居高臨(lin)下(xia)(xia),內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)廓,引(yin)水(shui)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),層層設防(fang),首尾相顧。而總體布局(ju)又和一般(ban)(ban)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)又不相同,特別是內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)20個(ge)面(mian)、16個(ge)外(wai)角(jiao)(8個(ge)外(wai)直(zhi)角(jiao)抹平后變為(wei)(wei)16個(ge)外(wai)角(jiao))和4個(ge)內(nei)直(zhi)角(jiao)相互(hu)照(zhao)應,克(ke)服了一般(ban)(ban)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)在防(fang)御上不可避免死角(jiao)的弊病。是一座防(fang)御性甚強的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)。北京故(gu)宮外(wai)圍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)制與八(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的建(jian)(jian)筑極為(wei)(wei)相似。因此,八(ba)(ba)(ba)角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)故(gu)址(zhi)為(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)中國古代建(jian)(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)史具有極高的藝術和科研價值。
經考古(gu)專家(jia)調查、勘測,所(suo)得(de)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)初步結(jie)論(lun)為,八角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)0.5平方(fang)公里(li)的(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)內設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建制(zhi),以(yi)其(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為正南北(bei)方(fang)位的(de)(de)(de)中軸線來(lai)看(kan),已屬我(wo)國古(gu)代(dai)社會典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市風貌(mao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)下層整(zheng)(zheng)土層常(chang)夾有(you)(you)新石器時代(dai)碎(sui)陶片,其(qi)上(shang)層也(ye)有(you)(you)唐、宋以(yi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)陶片出(chu)(chu)現,再加上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外西北(bei)高(gao)地(di)漢墓群和出(chu)(chu)土王莽時代(dai)貨幣,推出(chu)(chu)八角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建于(yu)漢代(dai)。八角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)它特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)結(jie)構,為我(wo)們展(zhan)現了(le)古(gu)代(dai)屯田點上(shang)設計(ji)守防(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)風貌(mao),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡的(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)上(shang)突破過去方(fang)形、矩形的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)框框而自然(ran)體(ti)(ti)系(xi),在(zai)我(wo)國現存(cun)在(zai)中突破過去方(fang)形、矩形的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)框框而自成(cheng)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。