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下菰城(cheng)遺址地(di)處湖(hu)州市南(nan)郊12．5公(gong)里云巢(chao)鄉(xiang)窯頭村，為戰國時(shi)楚春(chun)中君(jun)黃(huang)歇(xie)封地(di)。楚考烈工(gong)十五年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)前248)黃(huang)歇(xie)在此置(zhi)菰城(cheng)縣，距(ju)今已(yi)有2200余年(nian)。菰城(cheng)得名于因“城(cheng)西溪澤(ze)我草彌(mi)望”，是湖(hu)州早的(de)古(gu)城(cheng)址，為省級重點文物(wu)保(bao)護單(dan)位。

下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址坐落在一個自北(bei)向南(nan)傾斜(xie)的山(shan)坡上，背倚(yi)和尚山(shan)，東北(bei)靠(kao)近(jin)金蓋山(shan)。下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣分內(nei)外(wai)兩重，其中外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)略似圓角(jiao)等邊二角(jiao)形，現存城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣周(zhou)長約1800米。東北(bei)和西(xi)北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣保存完(wan)好(hao)，無(wu)南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)南(nan)隅，現存城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣周(zhou)約1200米，除南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邁較殘外(wai)，其余(yu)部分保存都較完(wan)好(hao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣一般高度在9米左右，上部寬5-6米，底(di)部寬30米。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有闕(que)口六，外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有闕(que)口三。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣用黃土夯筑(zhu)而(er)成，較實(shi)。

在下(xia)菰城(cheng)的城(cheng)垣中夾雜(za)有(you)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶、原始青瓷(ci)和(he)夾砂陶片等(deng)；印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶有(you)云雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、回紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、折線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、組合紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)。附近山頂上還分布有(you)傳說的“烽火墩(dun)”，據(ju)發掘為(wei)土墩(dun)墓、石室墓等(deng)。

下菰(gu)城(cheng)遺址在云巢鄉的(de)(de)東南隅(yu)，西北倚和尚山(shan)，北面是(shi)(shi)金蓋山(shan)，東南臨東苕(tiao)溪，背山(shan)面水(shui)。距今約(yue)2000年(nian)。當時(shi)這(zhe)里(li)“起青樓連延十(shi)里(li)”，十(shi)分(fen)(fen)繁華。現在除(chu)南城(cheng)垣外(wai)，其余各邊的(de)(de)斷垣殘(can)壁(bi)依(yi)然存在。城(cheng)垣分(fen)(fen)內外(wai)兩圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，皆橢圓略帶三(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing)。外(wai)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)面積(ji)約(yue)20萬(wan)平方米；內圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)位于外(wai)兩圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)東南隅(yu)，面積(ji)約(yue)8萬(wan)平方米。由于當時(shi)燒(shao)磚技術尚未(wei)(wei)普及，內外(wai)兩城(cheng)垣均不(bu)用(yong)磚砌，而是(shi)(shi)用(yong)黃(huang)土夯打筑實(shi)，高約(yue)9米。下菰(gu)城(cheng)尚未(wei)(wei)經(jing)過正(zheng)式考古(gu)發掘，但在遺址上仍可(ke)揀到鐮形(xing)(xing)刀和印陶(tao)罐殘(can)片等戰國時(shi)代(dai)遺物。明代(dai)詩(shi)人張羽曾慕名來此游覽，并賦有《下菰(gu)長煙》詩(shi)：“坡陀廢壘青山(shan)側，至今傳(chuan)是(shi)(shi)春申宅(zhai)。三(san)(san)千(qian)劍履化為(wei)塵(chen)，蔓草(cao)蒼煙淡草(cao)瑟”，形(xing)(xing)象地描(miao)繪(hui)了當時(shi)這(zhe)里(li)的(de)(de)荒涼景(jing)色。

兩千多年過去了，這座當年繁華一(yi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邑廢圯(yi)已久。現在(zai)除(chu)南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)段外(wai)，其余各邊的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)殘壁(bi)(bi)依然存在(zai)。為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)南名省(sheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)年代(dai)早保(bao)存為完整的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座。是浙江省(sheng)重點(dian)文(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)內外(wai)兩圈(quan)，其平面(mian)像兩個(ge)均(jun)呈(cheng)三角形(xing)。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面(mian)積約(yue)二(er)十平方(fang)米(mi)，應(ying)是文(wen)獻(xian)記載(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”；內圈(quan)位(wei)于外(wai)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)南隅，面(mian)積約(yue)八萬平方(fang)米(mi)，應(ying)是文(wen)獻(xian)記載(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)“子城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”即內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)依山勢而建(jian)，當時(shi)燒磚(zhuan)技術尚未普及，內外(wai)兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)均(jun)不(bu)用磚(zhuan)砌(qi)，而用泥夯筑(zhu)(zhu)，斷(duan)面(mian)呈(cheng)梯形(xing)，上寬3—5米(mi)，底寬20—30米(mi)，高(gao)達6—9米(mi)不(bu)等(deng)。這個(ge)周長四余里的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)究竟筑(zhu)(zhu)于何時(shi)？有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)書認為是“楚春(chun)(chun)申(shen)(shen)君黃歇所(suo)筑(zhu)(zhu)”；也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)說“今所(suo)謂下(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者，蓋春(chun)(chun)申(shen)(shen)君伐(fa)吳時(shi)親壘屯駐(zhu)之外(wai)，其四壁(bi)(bi)間可(ke)證”，此均(jun)屬臆(yi)斷(duan)，不(bu)足為憑。下(xia)菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)夾雜(za)有(you)(you)(you)印紋(wen)陶、原(yuan)始春(chun)(chun)瓷和(he)夾砂陶片等(deng)，印紋(wen)陶紋(wen)飾有(you)(you)(you)云(yun)雷(lei)紋(wen)、回紋(wen)、拆線紋(wen)、組合紋(wen)等(deng)。附(fu)近山頂上還(huan)分布著，當地群眾(zhong)傳說是古代(dai)“烽火(huo)墩”的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)（近年考(kao)古界又稱為土(tu)墩墓、石室墓），可(ke)以說這個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邑的(de)(de)(de)始建(jian)年代(dai)約(yue)在(zai)春(chun)(chun)秋時(shi)期。

基本構造

位于(yu)浙江湖(hu)州市(shi)南(nan)郊金(jin)蓋(gai)山(shan)(shan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家重點文物保護單位。下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)臨東(dong)(dong)苕(tiao)溪，北依金(jin)蓋(gai)山(shan)(shan)，是戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)時楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣和秦置烏程縣的(de)(de)(de)縣治，下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)面溪澤(ze)，菰(gu)(gu)草彌(mi)望”故(gu)名，建于(yu)戰國(guo)(guo)(guo)楚(chu)考烈王十五年（前248）。下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)是中國(guo)(guo)(guo)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)各省古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)中年代(dai)早，保存完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)一座(zuo)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩圈，外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）面積(ji)約(yue)20萬平方米(mi)(mi)；內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（子城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）位于(yu)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)隅，面積(ji)約(yue)8萬平方米(mi)(mi)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻均用(yong)黃土(tu)(tu)夯筑(zhu)，下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻高(gao)6-9米(mi)(mi)不等，上部(bu)寬3-5米(mi)(mi)，底(di)部(bu)寬20-30米(mi)(mi)，斷面呈梯形。附近山(shan)(shan)頂上分(fen)布著百姓傳說中的(de)(de)(de)古代(dai)“烽火墩“的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)，近代(dai)考古界稱為土(tu)(tu)墩墓(mu)(mu)、石室墓(mu)(mu)。現下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)有(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)紀念(nian)墻，高(gao)3米(mi)(mi)，寬18米(mi)(mi)，用(yong)花崗巖砌成，上面刻有(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)菰(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)悠久歷史(shi)。

所含文物

在下菰城(cheng)的(de)(de)城(cheng)垣中夾雜有(you)(you)印紋陶(tao)、原始青(qing)瓷和夾砂陶(tao)片(pian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)；印紋陶(tao)有(you)(you)云雷紋、回(hui)紋、折線(xian)紋、組合(he)紋等(deng)(deng)(deng)。附近山頂(ding)上(shang)還分布有(you)(you)傳說(shuo)的(de)(de)“烽火(huo)墩”，據發掘為土墩墓、石室墓等(deng)(deng)(deng)。“城(cheng)面溪澤，菰草(cao)彌漫”而(er)得名的(de)(de)下菰城(cheng)，地(di)處(chu)湖(hu)州城(cheng)南二十五(wu)里的(de)(de)云巢鄉窯(yao)頭村，北依金(jin)蓋山，南臨東(dong)苕溪，順流向(xiang)北約四(si)十里可達太湖(hu)，有(you)(you)背山面水的(de)(de)地(di)理(li)環境(jing)。

價值

下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)浙江(jiang)省湖州市城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區道(dao)場鄉，建(jian)于(yu)春秋戰國時期，是楚國春申君黃(huang)歇的封地。 下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)可(ke)分內(nei)外(wai)(wai)兩重，平(ping)面均呈圓(yuan)角等邊三角形。現存(cun)(cun)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)長約2000米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)總面積(ji)達(da)44萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)居(ju)于(yu)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南角，面積(ji)約16萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。內(nei)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)外(wai)(wai)側還有30米(mi)寬的壕溝。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)均為(wei)泥土夯筑而成，現存(cun)(cun)內(nei)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)各有闕(que)口(kou)多(duo)處(chu)，有的可(ke)能(neng)為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門址(zhi)(zhi)。下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門口(kou)現新建(jian)了一道(dao)紀念墻，上面銘刻下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主要歷史(shi).。

下菰城(cheng)(cheng)遺址是浙江省現(xian)存規模大、保存好的先秦古城(cheng)(cheng)址，對其進行(xing)發掘和(he)研究(jiu)，對研究(jiu)先秦歷史提供珍貴的實物資料。

歷史文化

據文獻記載，下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)春申君黃(huang)歇的(de)(de)(de)封地(di)。黃(huang)歇是戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)末年(nian)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)貴族。當時(shi)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)日益強大，開始(shi)征(zheng)服六國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭。楚(chu)(chu)王十(shi)分害怕(pa)，派黃(huang)歇出使秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)。他(ta)(ta)機智(zhi)善辯，說服秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)把兵力引向北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)韓(han)、魏兩國(guo)(guo)，尤(you)其是他(ta)(ta)幫助(zhu)被(bei)扣押在秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)作(zuo)人質的(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)太子(zi)(zi)完逃出秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)，為(wei)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)立了大功。公(gong)元(yuan)前262年(nian)太子(zi)(zi)完登上楚(chu)(chu)王（即楚(chu)(chu)考烈(lie)王）寶座，黃(huang)歇被(bei)任命為(wei)令(ling)尹(yin)（楚(chu)(chu)相），并(bing)封為(wei)春申君，賜淮(huai)北(bei)地(di)十(shi)二縣。他(ta)(ta)和(he)(he)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)孟嘗(chang)君田(tian)文、魏國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)信陵君魏無忌(ji)和(he)(he)趙(zhao)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)原君趙(zhao)勝成為(wei)戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)未(wei)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)四公(gong)子(zi)(zi)。但是，淮(huai)北(bei)地(di)區和(he)(he)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)領(ling)(ling)土鄰近，容易(yi)受到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)威脅。公(gong)元(yuan)前248年(nian)，黃(huang)歇就在江東建立他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)地(di)統治，并(bing)在今(jin)湖州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)下菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)內外，建筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣，設置了菰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣，清(qing)同治《湖州(zhou)府志(zhi)》記載：“青樓連(lian)延(yan)十(shi)里，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內又有小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)……重(zhong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)屹然(ran)，略(lve)不(bu)聵毀，則知(zhi)當時(shi)工役之(zhi)興不(bu)茍矣！”。

遺址研究

下菰城遺址尚未(wei)經過正(zheng)式的考(kao)古發掘(jue)，文物遺跡尚被(bei)掩埋在下面，但是在地表之上的雜草叢中，偶(ou)爾(er)仍可揀(jian)到(dao)鐮形的石刀、石器和印紋陶罐殘片(pian)等物，多(duo)有(you)春(chun)秋及以前的文化遺物，因此，關于(yu)下菰城的真實(shi)面目，尚待正(zheng)式考(kao)古發掘(jue)揭開。