地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)雅安市滎(ying)經(jing)(jing)縣城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)坪(ping)。位于(yu)中峻(jun)山下(xia)滎(ying)河南(nan)(nan)岸(an)的第三階地(di)(di)(di)上。臺地(di)(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長約(yue)(yue)九百(bai)米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)(yue)七百(bai)五十米(mi)(mi),高出滎(ying)河約(yue)(yue)四(si)十米(mi)(mi)。滎(ying)經(jing)(jing)是(shi)巴(ba)蜀文(wen)化(hua)的發(fa)源(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)之一。滎(ying)經(jing)(jing)古(gu)(gu)嚴道(dao)文(wen)化(hua)早于(yu)廣漢(han)三星堆文(wen)化(hua)。古(gu)(gu)嚴道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)絲(si)綢之路上的重(zhong)要驛(yi)站,牦牛道(dao)的起點。城(cheng)(cheng)垣板夯(hang)而成(cheng),夯(hang)層厚(hou)達二十厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。現存南(nan)(nan)墻(qiang)和東(dong)(dong)北(bei)角墻(qiang)體(ti)較(jiao)好,中段發(fa)現有城(cheng)(cheng)門遺跡。嚴道(dao)縣城(cheng)(cheng)由(you)主城(cheng)(cheng)和子城(cheng)(cheng)兩(liang)部分組成(cheng)。主城(cheng)(cheng)平面約(yue)(yue)呈正方(fang)形,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長400米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)375米(mi)(mi)。夯(hang)土(tu)中發(fa)現漢(han)代陶罐、甕(weng)、缽、筒瓦等殘(can)片。子城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長約(yue)(yue)300米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)(yue)200米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)建筑方(fang)法與主城(cheng)(cheng)同。東(dong)(dong)墻(qiang)殘(can)高1.2米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1.5米(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)內夾有大(da)量漢(han)代遺物。
2006年,嚴(yan)道城址(zhi)被國(guo)務院列為第六批全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保護單位。
主城(cheng)平面略呈(cheng)正方(fang)(fang)形,東(dong)西長約(yue)400米(mi),南北寬約(yue)375米(mi)。子城(cheng)建在主城(cheng)西北,平面近似長方(fang)(fang)形,東(dong)西長約(yue)300米(mi),南北寬約(yue)200~270米(mi)。嚴(yan)道(dao)(dao)城(cheng)址周圍(wei)還發(fa)現了(le)曾家(jia)溝(gou)春秋戰(zhan)國(guo)墓(mu)群(qun)、同(tong)心村(cun)(cun)巴蜀(shu)戰(zhan)國(guo)墓(mu)群(qun)、牛(niu)頭(tou)山磚(zhuan)室墓(mu)群(qun)、青下壩磚(zhuan)室墓(mu)群(qun)、烈太(tai)戰(zhan)國(guo)墓(mu)群(qun)、高梁灣巖墓(mu)群(qun)、高山廟秦漢墓(mu)群(qun)、水井(jing)坎溝(gou)巖墓(mu)群(qun)。嚴(yan)道(dao)(dao)城(cheng)址與(yu)(yu)位于雅安市滎經(jing)縣(xian)烈士鄉馮家(jia)村(cun)(cun)的(de)何(he)君尊(zun)楗閣刻石相距12千米(mi),至今仍可辨一條險(xian)峻古道(dao)(dao)與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)相連。嚴(yan)道(dao)(dao)城(cheng)址為研究西南地區(qu)的(de)經(jing)濟、文化(hua)、民族史及“南方(fang)(fang)絲(si)綢之(zhi)路”等(deng)提供了(le)重要的(de)資料(liao)。
滎(ying)(ying)(ying)經初的(de)居(ju)民是(shi)由(you)本地(di)土著(zhu)的(de)巴蜀民族氐(di)羌系(xi)統(tong)的(de)徙、笮、青(qing)衣等族人(ren)(ren)及(ji)外(wai)來的(de)楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)(也應該包括有(you)舜的(de)后(hou)裔(yi),因楚(chu)(chu)文化也有(you)舜文化的(de)成(cheng)分(fen))構成(cheng)。春秋(qiu)戰(zhan)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)際,楚(chu)(chu)莊(zhuang)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)裔(yi)岷(min)山(shan)(shan)(shan)莊(zhuang)王(wang)(wang),約于(yu)(yu)公元前六世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)至四世(shi)紀(ji)(ji),以滎(ying)(ying)(ying)經城(cheng)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心的(de)楚(chu)(chu)人(ren)(ren)建立了附庸于(yu)(yu)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)的(de)岷(min)山(shan)(shan)(shan)王(wang)(wang)國(guo)。滎(ying)(ying)(ying)經縣在岷(min)山(shan)(shan)(shan)莊(zhuang)王(wang)(wang)管(guan)轄時(shi)代,地(di)理(li)(li)位(wei)置非常重要,水(shui)、陸交通(tong)十(shi)分(fen)方(fang)便,所以成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)從麗(li)水(shui)地(di)區(qu)運(yun)送黃金的(de)轉(zhuan)運(yun)站。岷(min)山(shan)(shan)(shan)莊(zhuang)王(wang)(wang)以莊(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)氏,他是(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)派在滎(ying)(ying)(ying)經管(guan)理(li)(li)麗(li)水(shui)地(di)區(qu)黃金的(de)代理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)。
至(zhi)秦滅蜀(shu)后(hou),岷(min)山莊王(wang)族(zu)被迫“南遷(qian)(qian)滇池”,因而后(hou)來的(de)(de)(de)滇王(wang)莊嬌也應是楚莊王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)裔(yi)。公元(yuan)前六世紀時(shi),滎(ying)經(jing)(jing)便已是蜀(shu)國開明王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)冶基地,同時(shi)也是開明蜀(shu)國的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)器、牦牛(niu)、笮(ze)馬貿易的(de)(de)(de)中心。為取得牦牛(niu)、笮(ze)馬和銅(tong)(tong)冶資源,秦國于公元(yuan)前329年(nian)吞并(bing)蜀(shu)國,并(bing)從(cong)上郡(現(xian)陜北地區)遷(qian)(qian)來大批“嚴(yan)(yan)允(yun)(yun)” 羌(qiang)(qiang)人,不(bu)久便以“嚴(yan)(yan)允(yun)(yun)”羌(qiang)(qiang)人和本地人“迎(ying)”部羌(qiang)(qiang)人(戰國時(shi)期南遷(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)羌(qiang)(qiang)部落(luo)之(zhi)(zhi)一部,該羌(qiang)(qiang)人部落(luo)酋長(chang)叫(jiao)“迎(ying)”),修筑了從(cong)臨(lin)邛(qiong)(今邛(qiong)崍市臨(lin)邛(qiong)鎮)至(zhi)今滎(ying)經(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路(lu),秦時(shi)“嚴(yan)(yan)”與“迎(ying)”同音,故所(suo)修之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)稱為“嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)”(此(ci)路(lu)漢代時(shi),從(cong)成都起經(jing)(jing)嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)至(zhi)云南,可直達緬甸北部,再轉至(zhi)印度(du),此(ci)路(lu)與通過各(ge)部落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)民間商路(lu)合稱為古代“南方絲綢之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)”。2004年(nian)發現(xian)于雅安(an)滎(ying)經(jing)(jing)縣的(de)(de)(de)東漢“何君尊楗閣”摩(mo)崖石(shi)刻便印證(zheng)了此(ci)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在)。
公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)316年(nian)(nian),秦(qin)在此設置嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)縣(治所就在今滎經(jing)縣嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)鎮的近郊六(liu)合鄉古城坪),隸于(yu)(yu)蜀國守。公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)312年(nian)(nian)(即秦(qin)惠文王(wang)后(hou)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)),秦(qin)惠文王(wang)的異母兄弟樗里疾(ji)因(yin)戰功顯(xian)赫并從(cong)楚國奪取漢(han)中而(er)(er)封爵(jue)于(yu)(yu)嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao),號為“嚴(yan)(yan)君”,公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)306年(nian)(nian)(秦(qin)昭襄(xiang)王(wang)三(san)年(nian)(nian)),樗里疾(ji)被任為秦(qin)國相(xiang)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)285年(nian)(nian) (秦(qin)昭襄(xiang)王(wang)二十二年(nian)(nian)),秦(qin)廢蜀國守,設蜀郡,嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)隸之。公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)223年(nian)(nian),秦(qin)滅(mie)楚,遷楚莊王(wang)(于(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)613—590年(nian)(nian)在位,為春秋五霸之一(yi))之后(hou)于(yu)(yu)此,因(yin)而(er)(er)嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)又名“莊道(dao)(dao)(dao)”,直至(zhi)東漢(han)因(yin)避(bi)漢(han)明(ming)帝(di)劉莊之諱而(er)(er)停用此名。漢(han)文帝(di)劉恒(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)(qian)179-156年(nian)(nian))時,賜幸臣鄧通(tong)于(yu)(yu)嚴(yan)(yan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)銅山冶(ye)銅鑄錢,隨即有“鄧氏錢,布(bu)天下”一(yi)說。直至(zhi)唐(tang)(tang)武(wu)德三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)620年(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)設“榮經(jing)縣”。明(ming)洪武(wu)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1380年(nian)(nian)),榮字(zi)改木從(cong)水(shui),“榮經(jing)”設為“滎經(jing)”。