修筑歷史
松潘(pan)(pan)古(gu)城位(wei)于己于人松潘(pan)(pan)縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府所在地進(jin)安鎮,為川西(xi)北地區的門戶(hu)之一,自古(gu)以(yi)來就(jiu)是一處(chu)重要的軍事(shi)要塞,深得(de)廳(ting)朝重視。1379年(明洪(hong)武(wu)十二(er)年)平羌將軍丁玉揮師占據松州(zhou)后,兩度(du)上書朝廷請求(qiu)設衛(wei)建城派兵(bing)駐扎(zha),次年朝庭批準(zhun)設“松州(zhou)衛(wei)”,后將“潘(pan)(pan)州(zhou)衛(wei)”(今若爾蓋(gai)縣(xian)(xian)求(qiu)吉鄉境(jing)內)并入稱(cheng)“松潘(pan)(pan)衛(wei)”。保存至今的古(gu)城墻即為此時(shi)始筑。
據民國《松(song)(song)潘(pan)縣志》載(zai),松(song)(song)潘(pan)始設(she)衛時(shi),丁(ding)玉即調寧(ning)州(個甘(gan)肅寧(ning)縣)指(zhi)揮高顯(xian)來松(song)(song)潘(pan)負責筑城事(shi)宜。高顯(xian)在唐宋(song)柔遠(yuan)土城基礎上(shang)(shang),西緣山(shan)麓,東濱江岸(an)筑城,歷(li)時(shi)五年(nian)之外(wai)。明英宗上(shang)(shang)統年(nian)間,御(yu)使寇(kou)琛又將西部城墻內(nei)山(shan)麓順山(shan)脊筑至山(shan)頂。嘉靖(jing)五年(nian)1520年(nian)松(song)(song)潘(pan)兵何卿又增修外(wai)城二(er)里七分(fen)四百(bai)零五丈。松(song)(song)潘(pan)城制(zhi)大體完成。
城墻構造
松潘(pan)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)分內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)兩城(cheng)(cheng),內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)面跨崇(chong)山(shan),依(yi)山(shan)順勢略呈三角形,東部崇(chong)山(shan)之下河谷部份(fen)為長方形,外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)毗鄰內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)面的(de)河谷下壩,有城(cheng)(cheng)門與(yu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)相通,平(ping)面為長方形。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)總長6.2公(gong)里,用(yong)本(ben)地(di)燒制的(de)青磚砌成墻(qiang)(qiang)身(shen),內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)土石(shi)(shi)(其中外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長1.37公(gong)里,用(yong)條石(shi)(shi)砌成墻(qiang)(qiang)身(shen),內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)填土石(shi)(shi))而成,高12.5米,厚12余米,以糯米、石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)、桐油熬(ao)制的(de)灰(hui)漿粕(po)連(lian)勾(gou)縫(feng),堅固如銅(tong)墻(qiang)(qiang)鐵(tie)壁。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)有城(cheng)(cheng)門七道,其中內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)五道:東曰“覲(jin)陽(yang)”,南(nan)稱“延薰(xun)”,兩號“威遠”,北(bei)名“鎮羌”,西(xi)南(nan)山(shan)麓者冠之“小西(xi)門”,外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)有門兩道,東西(xi)向者雅各“臨(lin)江(jiang)”,內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)北(bei)向者稱謂“安阜”。
各城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)僅(jin)以(yi)大(da)塊(kuai)規則(ze)的長方條石(shi)券拱(gong)而成。各城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)外原皆有翁城(cheng)(cheng)(今僅(jin)存南門(men)(men)翁城(cheng)(cheng)),城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)上(shang)建有重(zhong)檐歇山式城(cheng)(cheng)樓,惜已毀。從實際調查情況采石(shi),每道(dao)門(men)(men)(包括翁城(cheng)(cheng))外壁門(men)(men)沿(yan)兩側(ce)上(shang)方有仿(fang)木結構建筑,高浮(fu)雕(diao)須彌座蓮花柱礎,闌(lan)額,柱頂枋上(shang)施(shi)七鋪(pu)作圓柱,省替、鐠(pu)柏枋、梁、獅首椽子等,圓柱頂部陰刻密集(ji)形(xing)紋(wen)飾(shi),闌(lan)額中心浮(fu)雕(diao)一(yi)朵雙蓮菱形(xing)花紋(wen),雀替下方鏟(chan)地淺浮(fu)雕(diao)“雙鹿(lu)吃葉”圖案(an),門(men)(men)洞上(shang)方門(men)(men)楣上(shang)雕(diao)菱形(xing)窗格(ge)間(jian)以(yi)云彩紋(wen)飾(shi)。