五門(men)堰(yan)(yan),位于(yu)陜西省(sheng)城(cheng)(cheng)固縣城(cheng)(cheng)北15公里處的(de)湑水河(he)右岸,堰(yan)(yan)壩在桔(jie)園鎮(zhen)東(dong)偶(ou),渠首在許家廟鎮(zhen)街東(dong)南。截湑水灌田,因(yin)渠首橫列五洞進水故名五門(men)堰(yan)(yan)。
自東(dong)北而(er)來(lai)的湑(xu)水河(he)流(liu)經這(zhe)里,拐(guai)了一個(ge)“L”形彎(wan)(wan),轉向東(dong)南(nan)逝去,五門堰(yan)就卡在這(zhe)個(ge)彎(wan)(wan)節上,大致呈東(dong)北至(zhi)西南(nan)走向。這(zhe)是一座低壩攔(lan)河(he)引水灌(guan)(guan)溉設施,汛時(shi)不礙泄洪,旱(han)時(shi)蓄水灌(guan)(guan)溉。
建筑雄偉,攔河壩(ba)長(chang)374米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)高1.2米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)頂平臺寬2.5米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)坡寬15米(mi)(mi)。渠首五洞,東(dong)二西三(san),形似五門(men),可以啟(qi)閉,下500米(mi)(mi)處,設(she)有進水龍門(men)2孔(kong),退水龍門(men)4孔(kong),可控制水量(liang),設(she)計科學合理,頗(po)有四(si)川都江堰建筑之(zhi)風。干渠長(chang)8.9公里,引水量(liang)2.5立方米(mi)(mi)/秒,現灌(guan)溉農田7300余畝。
相(xiang)傳(chuan)始建于(yu)漢(han)(han)。宋(song)紹(shao)興年(nian)前叫唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堰。創于(yu)何(he)時,無確切(qie)記載(zai)(zai)。清嘉慶十年(nian)(1805)《唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)車按(an)畝攤(tan)錢的批復》載(zai)(zai):“唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)始于(yu)漢(han)(han)朝,疏小渠(qu)以(yi)(yi)灌田,流鼻底(斗山)而歸河(he)(湑(xu)水(shui)河(he))”。清道(dao)光三年(nian)(1823)《唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)車水(shui)利碑》載(zai)(zai):“五門之渠(qu)實起漢(han)(han)矣,相(xiang)傳(chuan)以(yi)(yi)來,渠(qu)口丈八。”唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)房(昉(fang))。據東漢(han)(han)靈帝時所(suo)立“仙人(ren)唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)昉(fang)碑”載(zai)(zai):“唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)房新莽①居攝二年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元7年(nian))為郡(jun)吏,遇(yu)真人(ren),舉(ju)家(jia)升仙。”唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)房升仙雖(sui)為神話傳(chuan)說(shuo),以(yi)(yi)“唐(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”命名,后(hou)世(shi)稱“始于(yu)漢(han)(han)朝”是可(ke)信的。
五(wu)門堰歷史悠久(jiu),工程(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)科(ke)學合理,功(gong)效顯著(zhu),倍受(shou)歷代官府(fu)、民眾(zhong)的(de)重視與保(bao)護,因(yin)而久(jiu)經不衰。建(jian)國(guo)后,古堰古建(jian)筑(zhu)得到妥善保(bao)護。同時對找回的(de)散失文(wen)物(wu),重新陳列(lie)(lie)保(bao)護,修建(jian)碑廊一(yi)座。1982年縣人民政府(fu)公(gong)布為縣級重點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位(wei)(wei)。1984年五(wu)門堰列(lie)(lie)入省(sheng)重點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位(wei)(wei)。2006年6月五(wu)門堰被國(guo)務院公(gong)布為全國(guo)重點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位(wei)(wei)。
五門堰有龍門寺(si)古(gu)廟一座(zuo),三進(jin)四院,有大佛殿、禹稷(ji)殿、太白樓、觀(guan)音閣、望江樓、碑亭、官房(fang)等明、清古(gu)建(jian)筑群(qun)三十余間,歷為(wei)五門堰局住所。為(wei)城(cheng)固縣五門堰文物管(guan)理所和(he)五門堰水管(guan)站住址。
觀音閣,道光十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(1837)建(jian)(jian)。閣由臺基、木架、頂三(san)(san)部組成(cheng),臺基長4.6米、寬1.2米、高(gao)0.97米,全用石(shi)條(tiao)壘砌。1984~1986年(nian)(nian)政府撥款11.4萬元維修。龍門寺廟,廟在堰(yan)頭西南20米處,三(san)(san)進兩院。進門,三(san)(san)間兩層舊式(shi)(shi)瓦房(fang),嘉(jia)慶二十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(1816)創修。光緒三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(1877)夏毀(hui)于火,同年(nian)(nian)重建(jian)(jian)。樓(lou)上原有(you)太白神(shen)泥塑(su),1958年(nian)(nian)毀(hui)。二進,三(san)(san)間清(qing)式(shi)(shi)瓦房(fang),是禹稷殿,明萬歷(li)四年(nian)(nian)(1576)修建(jian)(jian);殿中(zhong)有(you)后(hou)(hou)稷夏禹泥塑(su),左有(you)喬(qiao)(qiao)起鳳(feng),右(you)有(you)高(gao)登明泥塑(su),解放后(hou)(hou)均毀(hui)。近年(nian)(nian)重塑(su),中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)稷夏禹,兩旁為(wei)(wei)蒲庸、喬(qiao)(qiao)起鳳(feng)、高(gao)登明、張世英(ying)泥塑(su)像。后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)排是大佛殿,清(qing)式(shi)(shi)瓦房(fang),康(kang)熙(xi)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1676)重建(jian)(jian)。1985年(nian)(nian)漢中(zhong)地區撥款翻(fan)修龍門寺廟,煥然一(yi)(yi)新。石(shi)碑,原有(you)22通,現存41通,是研(yan)究(jiu)五門堰(yan)的(de)重要實物資料。