冠(guan)山(shan)書院(第二批省(sheng)保),位于平定縣冠(guan)山(shan)鎮后溝村西南,自古(gu)被歷代文人(ren)所(suo)仰慕(mu),元(yuan)朝(chao)中(zhong)書左丞相呂思(si)誠、明朝(chao)南京兵部尚書喬宇(yu)都(dou)曾在冠(guan)山(shan)書院讀書治(zhi)學(xue)。明末清初民族志士傅(fu)山(shan)也曾隱居于此,這(zhe)些志士豪杰都(dou)曾留下了不朽詩作(zuo)。尤以喬宇(yu)詩碑、玄秘塔集五言刻石著名。
宋初(chu),繼(ji)全國的(de)四大書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan):白鹿洞書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、石鼓書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、應天府書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、岳麓書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之后,北宋末年(nian)在(zai)平定州城(cheng)西南(nan)八里,山(shan)明水(shui)秀的(de)冠(guan)山(shan)上建(jian)(jian)起(qi)了“冠(guan)山(shan)精舍”,書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)屬(shu)民間私辦(ban)。元初(chu),中(zhong)書(shu)左丞呂思城(cheng)父祖(zu)數世讀書(shu)于此。元代,在(zai)“冠(guan)山(shan)精舍”的(de)基礎上,擴建(jian)(jian)為“呂公(gong)(gong)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”(呂公(gong)(gong)即呂思城(cheng)),亦稱(cheng)“冠(guan)山(shan)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,成為山(shan)西顯赫一時的(de)大書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。
高(gao)嶺書(shu)院建于明代(dai)(dai)嘉靖九年(1530),時任臨洮太守的孫杰,字朝用,別號高(gao)嶺,回歸故鄉后(hou),寓居(ju)于冠山(shan)書(shu)院,每日聚(ju)朋邀(yao)友且(qie)吟(yin)且(qie)酌,見(jian)冠山(shan)山(shan)腰中有一巨石,即出(chu)資鑿石洞(dong)曰:“夫(fu)子洞(dong)”,供(gong)奉孔圣人,另鑿兩(liang)洞(dong),供(gong)奉顏子、曾子,在夫(fu)子洞(dong)的左面修建了高(gao)嶺書(shu)院。聚(ju)書(shu)萬卷,校(xiao)勘其(qi)間,從嚴規(gui)范以導(dao)迪子孫,亦稱(cheng)上(shang)書(shu)院。明代(dai)(dai)陸琛作(zuo)《高(gao)嶺書(shu)院孔子調銘》今(jin)猶立于夫(fu)子洞(dong)院中。
建于清乾隆年(nian)間(1736),郡人(ren)(ren)張(zhang)佩芳任(ren)壽州時,與多人(ren)(ren)募資(zi),在冠山(shan)資(zi)福寺東面修建。起初欲名“梵宇書院(yuan)”,因院(yuan)內有古(gu)槐參天濃蔭蓋地(di)(di),山(shan)風時至疑有絲竹音(yin),直隸(li)總督那彥(yan)成(cheng)題額“槐音(yin)書院(yuan)”。自好之士(shi),習靜之儒,避城市喧囂,本(ben)州外地(di)(di)好學之士(shi)接踵而至,多至100余人(ren)(ren),每科名麗(li)桂(gui)籍(ji)者,珠(zhu)聯星(xing)耀不下數人(ren)(ren),亦稱下書院(yuan)。
冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),舊址在平定(ding)師范(fan)禮(li)堂附近,清代官辦(ban)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。建于清乾隆(long)(long)十(shi)六年(1751),知州王祖庚,勸捐銀(yin)2683兩,以利息作為師生(sheng)費用,借用上城(cheng)州署西部(bu)學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行署為講學(xue)所,因上城(cheng)為漢淮陰侯韓(han)信下趙駐兵處(chu),舊稱榆(yu)關(guan),故初取名“榆(yu)關(guan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”。乾隆(long)(long)三(san)十(shi)年(1765),知州陶易奉禮(li)部(bu)咨查各省(sheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)名目(mu),以榆(yu)關(guan)名義未確,思及(ji)嘉(jia)(jia)水貫通山(shan)(shan)城(cheng),始自嘉(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)源遠流長,改稱“嘉(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,咨部(bu)纂入《大(da)清一統志》。乾隆(long)(long)五十(shi)年,學(xue)使(shi)戴衢亨易名“冠(guan)山(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,有房屋(wu)50余(yu)間(jian),規模(mo)宏大(da)極一時(shi)之盛。現僅存(cun)零星碑(bei)記石刻,為山(shan)(shan)西省(sheng)重點文物保護單位。。
崇(chong)古(gu)冠山(shan)(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),創(chuang)建(jian)年(nian)代不(bu)詳(xiang),清嘉慶十(shi)一年(nian)(1806),奉直大夫孫裕重建(jian)。書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)坐西(xi)朝東(dong)靠山(shan)(shan)(shan)臨谷建(jian)于(yu)冠山(shan)(shan)(shan)腹部(bu),隨地勢(shi)分上、下(xia)兩(liang)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),占地面積為737平(ping)方米(mi)。內院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)正面月(yue)(yue)臺(tai)上有(you)西(xi)窯(yao)(yao)五(wu)眼,居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)一明兩(liang)暗稱崇(chong)古(gu)洞(dong)(dong)。月(yue)(yue)臺(tai)下(xia)南窯(yao)(yao)三(san)眼,中(zhong)(zhong)窯(yao)(yao)壁嵌集柳公權玄秘塔,五(wu)言(yan)詩(shi)石刻十(shi)六塊,窯(yao)(yao)門額(e)書(shu)(shu)“廣業”。北窯(yao)(yao)三(san)眼額(e)書(shu)(shu)“新德”也為一明兩(liang)暗。外(wai)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)窯(yao)(yao)洞(dong)(dong)一孔為書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)仆役居(ju)室,外(wai)形(xing)為瓦房,內部(bu)為窯(yao)(yao)洞(dong)(dong),冬暖夏涼。里院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)月(yue)(yue)臺(tai)下(xia)立有(you)明代嘉靖年(nian)間(jian),喬尚書(shu)(shu)(喬宇(yu))的《雪中(zhong)(zhong)訪左(zuo)丞(cheng)呂公書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)舊(jiu)址》詩(shi)碑曰:“峻(jun)嶺崇(chong)罔冒(mao)雪來(lai),冠山(shan)(shan)(shan)遙(yao)在(zai)白云隈。松盤厚地蜿蜒出,花散諸天縹緲開。傍險欲(yu)尋歸隱洞(dong)(dong),凌高(gao)還上讀書(shu)(shu)臺(tai)。平(ping)生仰止(zhi)鄉賢意(yi),莫(mo)遺(yi)遺(yi)蹤悶草萊。”筆者幼年(nian)時,經常(chang)聽老人們叨咕,喬尚書(shu)(shu)在(zai)冠山(shan)(shan)(shan)上讀書(shu)(shu)時,夜遇狐(hu)(hu)仙伴讀,星空(kong)淡月(yue)(yue)下(xia),孤(gu)燈苦(ku)讀的喬尚書(shu)(shu),每當夜深人靜,饑渴(ke)難忍時,青(qing)青(qing)松濤中(zhong)(zhong),總有(you)一仙女飄然而至,到身邊伴讀,適時送上明珠一顆為他解饑止(zhi)渴(ke),喬尚書(shu)(shu)為獲取(qu)功名,怕(pa)墜入愛河,與(yu)狐(hu)(hu)仙女情斷意(yi)決后,狐(hu)(hu)仙女在(zai)一棵歪(wai)脖(bo)子古(gu)松上吊(diao)死。這(zhe)些(xie)美(mei)麗的傳說,在(zai)兒時記憶中(zhong)(zhong)留下(xia)許(xu)許(xu)多多神秘的想象。
資福寺為(wei)一(yi)單進四合(he)院,占(zhan)地面積1470平方米(mi)。寺坐(zuo)北朝南(nan),中軸線上有(you)山(shan)門(men)、正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian),兩側有(you)鐘(zhong)、鼓(gu)二樓對峙,正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)東西(xi)為(wei)配(pei)殿(dian)三間(jian),建(jian)筑形制為(wei)清代風格,寺內存清碑8通、元碑1通。
文昌閣和呂祖洞(dong),依(yi)地勢分上(shang)、下兩層,坐(zuo)(zuo)西朝(chao)(chao)東,上(shang)為(wei)文昌閣,下層為(wei)呂祖洞(dong),均為(wei)單(dan)開(kai)間磚結構拱券式窯洞(dong)。夫子洞(dong)位居冠(guan)山山腰上(shang)部,為(wei)一(yi)組砂(sha)石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)石(shi)(shi)窟。開(kai)鑿(zao)于明嘉靖五(wu)年(1526年),窟檐外平面(mian)利用天然石(shi)(shi)略加修飾形成一(yi)坐(zuo)(zuo)北朝(chao)(chao)南的單(dan)進(jin)四合院落(luo)。
呂思城(cheng),字仲實(1293———1357),平定人(ren)。泰定元年(nian)中進(jin)(jin)士(shi)(shi),后擢升為翰(han)林(lin)國(guo)史院檢閱(yue)官及編修。順帝初,拜(bai)監察(cha)御史、侍(shi)御史、集(ji)賢院侍(shi)講(jiang)學士(shi)(shi)兼(jian)國(guo)子祭酒(jiu)、湖廣參(can)政(zheng)、中書參(can)知政(zheng)事、左丞(cheng)轉(zhuan)御史中丞(cheng)等職(zhi)。有《介軒集(ji)》、《兩漢通紀》、《正典舉要》、《嶺南集(ji)》等著作傳(chuan)世(shi)。他性情剛直(zhi)、體察(cha)民情、秉公辦(ban)事,倡導破除迷信,不畏(wei)權(quan)勢,直(zhi)言進(jin)(jin)諫。在任翰(han)林(lin)院期(qi)間,曾總裁宋、遼(liao)、金三史,病逝后贈齊國(guo)公,謚忠肅。
“呂公書院(yuan)”雖系官辦,但實成于(yu)呂思(si)城之(zhi)手,因而得(de)名。志載:左丞呂思(si)城,以元世祖“先儒過化之(zhi)地,名賢經化之(zhi)所(suo)”立書院(yuan)令,并奏(zou)請(qing)賜額,造燕居殿,設宣圣孔夫子(zi)肖像,以顏子(zi)與曾子(zi)配祭,另筑會經堂,以及德本、行(xing)源齋舍,書院(yuan)藏御(yu)賜經籍(ji)、圖書萬卷(juan)。
石樓(lou)書院建(jian)(jian)于(yu)明(ming)代正(zheng)統年間(1436—1449),學正(zheng),夏廷器修建(jian)(jian),系官辦。舊址在今平定縣圣廟大成殿東側(ce),相對城南10公(gong)里的(de)石樓(lou)山。
名(ming)賢(xian)書院(yuan)建于明代弘治十(shi)(shi)一年(1489),知州吳賢(xian)在冠山(shan)(shan)呂公書院(yuan)遺址的石洞前(qian)構(gou)筑(zhu)正堂叫(jiao)“名(ming)賢(xian)書院(yuan)”,時任(ren)山(shan)(shan)西布政(zheng)司左參汪藻在弘治十(shi)(shi)三(san)年立有(you)贊頌呂左丞(cheng)詩(shi)碑:“冠山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)碧棱曾,駐節來游吊左丞(cheng)。十(shi)(shi)里紅塵飛不到,百年青史價先增。”