具體情況
竇(dou)(dou)莊古(gu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)位于(yu)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)省沁水縣東(dong)南竇(dou)(dou)莊村(cun)沁水河(he)畔,為(wei)明(ming)萬(wan)歷二(er)十年(nian)(1592年(nian))進士、大(da)(da)理寺正卿張(zhang)(zhang)五典(dian)及(ji)其(qi)子孫(sun)所建。明(ming)崇(chong)禎初年(nian),陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)農民軍(jun)王自用部屢次進攻山(shan)西(xi)(xi) ,張(zhang)(zhang)五典(dian)正是(shi)在此(ci)時構筑(zhu)(zhu)了(le)竇(dou)(dou)莊村(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)寨。竇(dou)(dou)莊的(de)地形與郭壁(bi)相似,背山(shan)面(mian)河(he),位于(yu)河(he)西(xi)(xi)。張(zhang)(zhang)五典(dian)之(zhi)子張(zhang)(zhang)銓為(wei)明(ming)萬(wan)歷三(san)十二(er)年(nian)(1604年(nian))進士,天啟(qi)元年(nian)(1621年(nian))赴(fu)任監軍(jun)遼東(dong),后金兵圍(wei)遼陽,張(zhang)(zhang)銓苦戰被(bei)俘后壯烈殉國(guo),竇(dou)(dou)莊及(ji)周(zhou)圍(wei)現存(cun)其(qi)衣冠冢。竇(dou)(dou)莊城(cheng)(cheng)池、街(jie)道、院落修建過(guo)程中,相傳(chuan)當地有位出名的(de)“孝子”張(zhang)(zhang)烈功(gong),在京城(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)官,為(wei)其(qi)母安排了(le)仿京城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)景致,故有“小北京”之(zhi)稱。傳(chuan)說竇(dou)(dou)莊原有九(jiu)門(men)九(jiu)關,丁字街(jie)形,也有牌樓及(ji)“四大(da)(da)四小”建筑(zhu)(zhu)風格的(de)民居。現僅(jin)存(cun)四座這樣的(de)民居。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)已毀,僅(jin)存(cun)南、北城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和(he)殘破的(de)角樓。現存(cun)明(ming)萬(wan)歷年(nian)間(1573-1620年(nian))進士、御史張(zhang)(zhang)銓的(de)“尚(shang)書第”和(he)“天 恩(en)世(shi)錫”院,仍不失為(wei)高門(men)大(da)(da)院, 眾多的(de)磚、石、木(mu)雕(diao)保存(cun)至今。
古建筑
竇莊古(gu)村(cun)落,西依(yi)榼山(shan),三面環水,風(feng)景秀(xiu)美,人文(wen)薈萃(cui),民風(feng)淳(chun)樸,文(wen)化積淀深(shen)厚。于崇(chong)禎二(er)年(nian)( 1629 年(nian))歷時九年(nian)告成。現存古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑面積約40000平方米,80%的(de)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑保存完好。建(jian)(jian)筑除(chu)大量民宅(zhai)外,還(huan)有廟(miao)宇、樓閣、祠堂、書房、校場、法庭、地牢、城(cheng)墻、城(cheng)門樓、牌坊、店鋪和大量的(de)碑(bei)刻等。除(chu)佛廟(miao)主(zhu)殿及配殿為(wei)(wei)元代(dai)遺構,其它多為(wei)(wei)明(ming)(ming)、清(qing)(qing)(qing)建(jian)(jian)筑。建(jian)(jian)筑脈絡清(qing)(qing)(qing)晰,特色(se)鮮明(ming)(ming),被前來(lai)考察的(de)專家(jia)學者譽為(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)明(ming)(ming)清(qing)(qing)(qing)時期北方民居(ju)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)最具典型代(dai)表作。
竇莊古(gu)城(cheng)堡(bao)開(kai)啟(qi)了鄉村(cun)城(cheng)堡(bao)建筑的先河(he),它(ta)是鄉村(cun)城(cheng)堡(bao)建筑的代(dai)表作, 是研究當地(di)社(she)會(hui)生活(huo)、經濟發展、民俗民風的重要物證。
竇莊古(gu)村落(luo),西依榼(ke)山,三(san)面(mian)環(huan)水,風景秀美,人文(wen)薈萃(cui),民(min)風淳樸,文(wen)化(hua)積淀深(shen)厚。于崇禎二年(nian)(nian)( 1629 年(nian)(nian))歷時(shi)九年(nian)(nian)告成。現存古(gu)建(jian)筑面(mian)積約40000平方米,80%的古(gu)建(jian)筑保存完好。建(jian)筑除(chu)大(da)量(liang)民(min)宅外,還有廟宇、樓閣(ge)、祠堂(tang)、書房、校場、法庭、地(di)牢、城(cheng)(cheng)墻、城(cheng)(cheng)門樓、牌(pai)坊、店鋪(pu)和大(da)量(liang)的碑刻等(deng)。除(chu)佛廟主殿及(ji)配殿為元代遺構,其它多為明、清建(jian)筑。建(jian)筑脈絡清晰,特色鮮明,被前來(lai)考察的專家學(xue)者譽為研(yan)究明清時(shi)期北方民(min)居建(jian)筑的最具典(dian)型代表作(zuo)(zuo)。竇莊古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)開啟了鄉村城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)建(jian)筑的先河(he),它是鄉村城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)建(jian)筑的代表作(zuo)(zuo), 是研(yan)究當地(di)社會(hui)生活、經濟發展、民(min)俗(su)民(min)風的重要(yao)物證。
竇莊古堡,東(dong)西、南北各(ge)長均500米(mi),修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)2000余米(mi),整體布局呈"卍"萬字形,分東(dong)、西、南、北四(si)條街和(he)四(si)條小(xiao)(xiao)巷,在街、巷與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)交接處設城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓,東(dong)、西、南、北四(si)大(da)(da)四(si)小(xiao)(xiao)共建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)八(ba)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓,加上(shang)祖居(ju)尚書(shu)府所(suo)修(xiu)(xiu)小(xiao)(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)--"甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)",共九(jiu)門,故有(you)九(jiu)關(guan),合稱九(jiu)門九(jiu)關(guan)。因城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡布局形狀類似(si)紫禁(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),故當地人俗稱其為"小(xiao)(xiao)北京"。現(xian)存(cun)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積約(yue)40000余平方米(mi),80%的(de)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)保存(cun)完好。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)除(chu)大(da)(da)量(liang)民宅外,還有(you)廟(miao)宇、樓閣、祠堂、書(shu)房、校場、法庭、地牢、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓、牌坊、店鋪和(he)大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)碑刻等(deng)。除(chu)佛廟(miao)主殿(dian)及配(pei)殿(dian)為元代建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)外,其余大(da)(da)部分為明、清(qing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)脈絡清(qing)晰,特色鮮(xian)明,被前來考察的(de)專(zhuan)家學者譽為研究(jiu)明清(qing)時期北方民居(ju)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)最具典型代表(biao)之作。
竇莊古(gu)堡周長約2000米(mi),高(gao)約12米(mi),墻頭(tou)寬約1.5米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻各拐角(jiao)及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)處建(jian)(jian)有角(jiao)樓、樓門(men)(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻下為(wei)條(tiao)石(shi),上為(wei)青(qing)磚,內(nei)添磚、土(tu)。部分城(cheng)(cheng)段修(xiu)有暗(an)道與城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)及(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)相連同(tong),便于(yu)防守、出(chu)入(ru)。現存城(cheng)(cheng)墻500余米(mi),南城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)一座(zuo),小北門(men)(men)一座(zuo)。南門(men)(men)為(wei)明兵部尚(shang)書張(zhang)五典為(wei)避兵禍于(yu)天(tian)啟(qi)年間筑(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)時同(tong)建(jian)(jian),整體高(gao)三丈,下建(jian)(jian)拱頂門(men)(men),門(men)(men)頭(tou)鑲嵌磚匾上刻"南門(men)(men)"二字,城(cheng)(cheng)樓頂建(jian)(jian)有炮臺(tai)瞭望(wang)孔。前挖深壕(hao)用以排放村(cun)西之山(shan)洪,也(ye)為(wei)護城(cheng)(cheng)河,并設有吊橋相通。整個建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)巍峨屹立,頗為(wei)壯觀。
小北門(men)(men)與城(cheng)同(tong)筑(zhu),磚圈(quan)拱(gong)頂并(bing)裝有(you)鐵門(men)(men),開門(men)(men)出入(ru)方(fang)便,閉(bi)門(men)(men)無處可通(tong),小門(men)(men)即(ji)內城(cheng)門(men)(men),此所(suo)謂外城(cheng)門(men)(men)通(tong)街,內城(cheng)門(men)(men)通(tong)巷,與小北門(men)(men)所(suo)通(tong)者為(wei)九宅巷,即(ji)小北關,為(wei)九門(men)(men)九關之一關。在(zai)祠廟(miao)(miao)建筑(zhu)方(fang)面,竇莊古堡共有(you)古代廟(miao)(miao)宇13處,分別為(wei)大廟(miao)(miao)、烈(lie)公廟(miao)(miao)、佛廟(miao)(miao)、財(cai)神(shen)廟(miao)(miao)、北廟(miao)(miao)、文廟(miao)(miao)、火(huo)星(xing)廟(miao)(miao)、觀音廟(miao)(miao)、閻王廟(miao)(miao)、霸王廟(miao)(miao)、黑虎廟(miao)(miao)、五道(dao)寺。廟(miao)(miao)宇規模(mo)大小不一,現在(zai)尚(shang)存(cun)的有(you)佛廟(miao)(miao)、財(cai)神(shen)廟(miao)(miao)、火(huo)星(xing)廟(miao)(miao)、觀音堂(tang)等。
佛廟建(jian)于(yu)元(yuan)至(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)六(liu)(liu)年,為(wei)(wei)一(yi)進(jin)院落,有(you)(you)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)殿三間、耳殿及東西配殿、大(da)(da)門樓。明、清又有(you)(you)擴(kuo)建(jian)并多(duo)次維修。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)殿坐(zuo)北面(mian)南(nan)三開間,前出廊,懸山頂。前施(shi)四(si)根小(xiao)八角石柱,上施(shi)大(da)(da)額枋(fang),額枋(fang)之(zhi)上施(shi)平板枋(fang),施(shi)柱頭斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)四(si)垛,明間補間斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)一(yi)垛,為(wei)(wei)單(dan)翹單(dan)昂(ang)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong),昂(ang)為(wei)(wei)真(zhen)昂(ang)。門枕(zhen)有(you)(you)元(yuan)至(zhi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)六(liu)(liu)年(1346年)落款。值得一(yi)提的是(shi)吏治建(jian)筑(zhu)"古公堂",該建(jian)筑(zhu)位(wei)于(yu)村(cun)北。由公堂和地牢(lao)兩(liang)部組成。中央(yang)為(wei)(wei)廳堂式建(jian)筑(zhu),走(zou)廊寬闊,石柱支撐斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)飛檐(yan),左(zuo)右廂房高于(yu)主(zhu)大(da)(da)廳。前面(mian)布局(ju)門小(xiao)窗大(da)(da),中央(yang)主(zhu)大(da)(da)廳為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)審廳,兩(liang)側(ce)建(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)(wei)"和議(yi)廳"。距廳堂20米西南(nan)地下5米處(chu)有(you)(you)磚拱(gong)窯(yao)洞8孔,為(wei)(wei)牢(lao)獄建(jian)筑(zhu)。內置石磨,墻(qiang)上置有(you)(you)鐵環,通道口高處(chu)修筑(zhu)磚堡(bao)以(yi)看守牢(lao)內要犯。
據我國著(zhu)名(ming)專(zhuan)家(jia)梁思成先生之助手陳志華、樓慶西考證,此類建筑(zhu)早于洪洞蘇三監獄,是(shi)我國現存非常罕見的(de)一(yi)處吏治類古代建筑(zhu)。