景點介紹
龍(long)(long)(long)門(men)(men)(men)寺創(chuang)始于(yu)北齊(qi)天保年(nian)間,地處(chu)山(shan)巒聳峙、峭(qiao)壁懸崖的龍(long)(long)(long)門(men)(men)(men)山(shan)上,山(shan)因谷內(nei)夾石(shi)凸起,形如龍(long)(long)(long)首而得(de)名,寺因龍(long)(long)(long)門(men)(men)(men)山(shan)得(de)名龍(long)(long)(long)門(men)(men)(men)寺。寺四(si)周三山(shan)一水環繞(rao),景致幽雅。有龍(long)(long)(long)口吐水、石(shi)谷龍(long)(long)(long)門(men)(men)(men)、金燈(deng)流油、幡(fan)桿圣腦(nao)、五檀鬧槐、透靈石(shi)碑(bei)、菩薩迎賓、峭(qiao)壁石(shi)佛等景點,素(su)有“八寶龍(long)(long)(long)門(men)(men)(men)”之(zhi)美稱。
據載,南北(bei)朝(chao)北(bei)齊(qi)天保(bao)年(nian)間法(fa)(fa)聰和尚,經五(wu)臺(tai)山(shan)云游至此,在這里建“法(fa)(fa)華(hua)寺”,于北(bei)宋乾德年(nian)間更名(ming)為“龍門(men)寺”。現(xian)存殿(dian)(dian)堂廊(lang)廡,布局嚴(yan)謹。中軸(zhou)線三進院落,東西(xi)禪堂,經舍(she)等各成一區。其中前院西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)為五(wu)代后唐同光三年(nian)(925年(nian))所建,三開間懸山(shan)式,殿(dian)(dian)內無柱,梁枋簡潔規整,猶(you)存唐風。
大雄寶殿北宋紹圣五年(nian)(1098年(nian))建,廣深各三(san)(san)間,平面近方形,單檐九脊(ji)頂(ding),殿頂(ding)琉璃脊(ji)獸,形制古(gu)老,色澤純(chun)樸,為元(yuan)代燒造。天王殿構(gou)造靈(ling)活,梁枋斷面互不(bu)一致,顯(xian)系金構(gou),后殿三(san)(san)間,懸山式(shi),元(yuan)代形制,其他殿堂(tang)均為明清重建。
歷史記載
據史(shi)料(liao)記(ji)載,南北朝(chao)北齊(qi)天保年間(jian)法(fa)聰和(he)尚,經五臺(tai)山(shan)(shan)云游(you)至(zhi)此(ci)(ci),頓覺(jue)此(ci)(ci)地清靜幽雅,靈氣飄(piao)逸,遂稟呈圣上,傳旨(zhi)建寺,初名“法(fa)華寺”。后唐時(shi)有50余(yu)間(jian)殿宇,宋(song)時(shi)增(zeng)至(zhi)百余(yu)間(jian)。宋(song)太祖趙匡胤(yin)敕(chi)賜寺額為“龍門山(shan)(shan)惠(hui)日(ri)院”,又名惠(hui)日(ri)院。因(yin)龍門山(shan)(shan)形如龍首,于北宋(song)乾德年間(jian)更名為“龍門寺”,寺內僧侶已(yi)增(zeng)至(zhi)300多人(ren)。到了(le)元代,寺院方圓七(qi)里山(shan)(shan)上山(shan)(shan)下地廟皆屬本寺,無俗家地宅。元末遭兵燹,多數建筑廢(fei)記(ji),明清兩代予以重(zhong)葺和(he)增(zeng)建。
特點
龍門寺在山(shan)西(xi)平順縣城西(xi)北(bei)(bei)65公(gong)里龍門山(shan)腰。創始于(yu)北(bei)(bei)齊天保年(nian)(nian)間,北(bei)(bei)宋(song)乾德年(nian)(nian)間(963—968)改今名(ming),明(ming)清(qing)又局(ju)部修葺。現存殿(dian)堂(tang)廊廡,布局(ju)嚴謹。中軸線(xian)三進院落(luo),東(dong)西(xi)禪堂(tang),經舍等各(ge)成一(yi)(yi)區。其(qi)中前院西(xi)配(pei)殿(dian)為(wei)五(wu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)后(hou)(hou)唐(tang)同光(guang)三年(nian)(nian)(925年(nian)(nian))所(suo)建(jian)(jian),三開間懸山(shan)式(shi)(shi),殿(dian)內無柱,梁枋簡潔規整,猶存唐(tang)風。五(wu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)木構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑懸山(shan)式(shi)(shi)殿(dian)宇(yu)僅此一(yi)(yi)例。大雄寶殿(dian)北(bei)(bei)宋(song)紹圣五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(1098年(nian)(nian))建(jian)(jian),廣深各(ge)三間,平面(mian)(mian)近方(fang)形,單檐九(jiu)脊(ji)頂,斗(dou)拱(gong)五(wu)鋪作單抄(chao)單下昂,斗(dou)拱(gong)與梁架結構(gou)(gou)在一(yi)(yi)起,共承(cheng)屋(wu)頂負荷。殿(dian)頂琉璃脊(ji)獸,形制(zhi)古(gu)老,色(se)澤純(chun)樸,為(wei)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)燒(shao)造。天王(wang)殿(dian)構(gou)(gou)造靈活(huo),梁枋斷面(mian)(mian)互不一(yi)(yi)致(zhi),顯系(xi)金(jin)構(gou)(gou),后(hou)(hou)殿(dian)三間,懸山(shan)式(shi)(shi),元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)形制(zhi),其(qi)他(ta)殿(dian)堂(tang)均為(wei)明(ming)清(qing)重建(jian)(jian)。集后(hou)(hou)唐(tang)、宋(song)、金(jin)、元(yuan)、明(ming)、清(qing)六代(dai)(dai)(dai)木構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑于(yu)一(yi)(yi)寺,為(wei)中國(guo)現存文(wen)物(wu)中所(suo)僅見。
建筑規模
龍門(men)寺(si)(si)龍門(men)寺(si)(si)寺(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)座北向南(nan)(nan),總(zong)體布局(ju)共(gong)分三條(tiao)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),即(ji)中、東(dong)、西線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。每(mei)條(tiao)軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上又分前(qian)后數進院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)(luo),沿寺(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)彎延(yan)曲(qu)折的山間石階(jie)山道攀踏而上,可直達寺(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。中線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可分四(si)進院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)(luo),由南(nan)(nan)向北依次有金剛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、天(tian)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、大(da)雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、燃燈(deng)佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、千(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)閣。東(dong)西兩(liang)側配以碑(bei)亭、廊廡、觀(guan)音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、地藏殿(dian)(dian)(dian)及廂房僧舍等建(jian)筑。其中金剛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、碑(bei)亭、千(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)閣早(zao)已殘毀僅存遺(yi)址,其余殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)保存基(ji)本完整。西線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可分為五組院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)(luo)。后三院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)均為四(si)合院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形式(shi),多為清(qing)代的僧舍和庫房等建(jian)筑。東(dong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)分為三進院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)(luo),主(zhu)要建(jian)筑有圣僧堂(tang)、水陸殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、神堂(tang)、僧舍等附屬建(jian)筑,多為明末清(qing)初所建(jian)。 寺(si)(si)內保存最早(zao)的木結構殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂(tang)為中軸(zhou)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)西側的觀(guan)音殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(西配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)),始建(jian)于(yu)五代十國時期的后唐同光三年(925),三開間懸山頂建(jian)筑,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內無(wu)金柱,梁(liang)枋簡潔規整,柱頭鋪作(zuo)出華拱一跳,無(wu)補間鋪作(zuo),呈(cheng)唐代建(jian)筑風格(ge)。
風格特色
五代(dai)后唐的(de)(de)懸(xuan)山式木結構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑,在我國(guo)現存同一(yi)時期的(de)(de)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑中(zhong)也是獨此(ci)一(yi)例(li),絕無(wu)僅有(you)。位于(yu)中(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)中(zhong)央的(de)(de)大雄寶殿(dian)(正殿(dian)),建(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)北宋紹(shao)圣五年(1098),是寺(si)內等級最高(gao)的(de)(de)一(yi)座(zuo)單體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。該殿(dian)臺(tai)基高(gao)峙,廣深(shen)各三間(jian)(jian),平面近方形(xing),斗拱五鋪(pu)作單抄單下昂。單檐九脊頂(ding),殿(dian)頂(ding)琉(liu)璃脊獸(shou),形(xing)制(zhi)古(gu)樸,色澤渾厚,為元代(dai)燒(shao)制(zhi)。天王殿(dian)(山門)構(gou)造(zao)靈活,外形(xing)秀美和諧,各部構(gou)件比(bi)例(li)適度,梁枋斷面不盡(jin)一(yi)致,懸(xuan)山式屋頂(ding),尤(you)其(qi)明間(jian)(jian)補間(jian)(jian)出45°斜拱,顯系金代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑風格。中(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)上的(de)(de)后殿(dian)為燃燈佛殿(dian),面闊三間(jian)(jian),單檐懸(xuan)山式。梁架用原(yuan)始材(cai)料稍加砍制(zhi)使用,富有(you)自然(ran)的(de)(de)流線(xian)形(xing),斗拱疏朗,肥厚墩(dun)實,無(wu)補間(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作。主(zhu)要構(gou)件構(gou)造(zao)純樸,有(you)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)元代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑特征。其(qi)余殿(dian)堂均為明清兩代(dai)重建(jian)(jian)(jian)。
寺(si)院(yuan)各殿(dian)的(de)(de)塑像(xiang)、壁畫(hua)、典籍(ji)和(he)(he)(he)供器等(deng)(deng)附屬(shu)文物大(da)多(duo)已(yi)經損毀流(liu)散,僅(jin)剩(sheng)3尊后唐時(shi)期的(de)(de)石佛身、佛座和(he)(he)(he)元明(ming)時(shi)期殘存(cun)的(de)(de)壁畫(hua)。但值(zhi)得慶幸(xing)的(de)(de)是,在(zai)寺(si)院(yuan)內(nei)還(huan)保留著五代后漢隱(yin)帝乾(qian)佑三(san)年(955)的(de)(de)經幢1通和(he)(he)(he)北宋乾(qian)德五年(967)立(li)的(de)(de)“故大(da)師(shi)塔(ta)記(ji)”等(deng)(deng)歷(li)(li)代碑(bei)碣20通,在(zai)寺(si)外西溝有祖師(shi)墳塋1處(chu),寺(si)院(yuan)東南坡有和(he)(he)(he)尚墳10余(yu)座和(he)(he)(he)宋明(ming)等(deng)(deng)歷(li)(li)代墓塔(ta)4座。寺(si)內(nei)還(huan)保存(cun)著明(ming)成化年間鑄造的(de)(de)大(da)鐵鐘1口和(he)(he)(he)歷(li)(li)代題記(ji)。這些珍貴的(de)(de)附屬(shu)文物已(yi)成為研究該寺(si)創建、增建等(deng)(deng)歷(li)(li)史沿革及規模(mo)、建制、寺(si)院(yuan)經濟、佛教(jiao)文化等(deng)(deng)方面的(de)(de)有力佐證。 龍門寺(si)以其優越的(de)(de)環(huan)境風貌(mao),獨(du)特的(de)(de)自然(ran)景觀(guan)和(he)(he)(he)人文景觀(guan),久遠的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史記(ji)載,宏闊的(de)(de)寺(si)院(yuan)規模(mo)和(he)(he)(he)樸實的(de)(de)地方建筑風格,吸引著四(si)面八方的(de)(de)游人與香客信士到此游覽朝拜,更(geng)以其現存(cun)建筑年代之廣,屋(wu)頂(ding)形制之多(duo),集后唐、宋、金(jin)、元、明(ming)、清六朝建筑于(yu)一處(chu)而著稱于(yu)世,為全國僅(jin)有,具有極為珍貴的(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史研究價值(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)文物游覽價值(zhi)。寺(si)院(yuan)周圍的(de)(de)八大(da)自然(ran)景觀(guan),仍可供人觀(guan)賞(shang)游樂(le)。
結構
西配殿
西配殿(dian)位于(yu)中線前院西側,為寺內最古老的建筑(zhu)。創建于(yu)五代唐(tang)同光(guang)三(san)年(925年)至清泰二年(935年)之(zhi)間。面寬(kuan)三(san)間,進深四(si)(si)椽(chuan)(chuan),單檐(yan)懸山頂(ding)。明(ming)間設板門,兩次(ci)間設直(zhi)欞窗,殿(dian)內無(wu)(wu)柱(zhu),四(si)(si)椽(chuan)(chuan)栿(fa)(fa)通達(da)內外。柱(zhu)頭不(bu)施普拍枋,闌額不(bu)出(chu)頭,櫨斗直(zhi)接座(zuo)于(yu)柱(zhu)頭之(zhi)上承小栱(gong),出(chu)斗口跳,跳頭由四(si)(si)椽(chuan)(chuan)栿(fa)(fa)兩端砍(kan)制而(er)成。斗栱(gong)四(si)(si)鋪作出(chu)單抄,無(wu)(wu)補間鋪作,補間僅設隱(yin)栱(gong)。梁架簡(jian)潔,四(si)(si)椽(chuan)(chuan)栿(fa)(fa)直(zhi)通前后檐(yan)。殿(dian)頂(ding)舉折平緩(huan),檐(yan)頭僅施圓(yuan)椽(chuan)(chuan),無(wu)(wu)飛(fei)椽(chuan)(chuan)。構造(zao)簡(jian)潔,具有唐(tang)代建筑(zhu)的遺風,是我國現存已(yi)知唯一的五代時(shi)期懸山式建筑(zhu)。
中殿
中(zhong)(zhong)殿(dian)即大雄寶殿(dian),位(wei)于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線的(de)正中(zhong)(zhong)。創建于(yu)(yu)北宋紹(shao)圣(sheng)五年(1098)。面寬進深(shen)各三間(jian)(jian),平(ping)面近方形,單(dan)檐(yan)(yan)歇山頂。臺(tai)基高達(da)1.40米(mi),基前(qian)不(bu)設月臺(tai)。明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)設門,兩次間(jian)(jian)設窗,背(bei)面僅明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)設門,可前(qian)后穿(chuan)通。外檐(yan)(yan)和山面共(gong)用l0柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),內(nei)檐(yan)(yan)僅設二(er)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。前(qian)檐(yan)(yan)四(si)(si)根(gen)檐(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)及后檐(yan)(yan)二(er)角(jiao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)均為抹角(jiao)石柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上刻有(you)創修(xiu)及施主姓名題記。柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭斗栱為六鋪作單(dan)抄雙下昂(ang)重栱計心造,里(li)轉為雙抄偷(tou)心造。無(wu)補間(jian)(jian)鋪作。殿(dian)內(nei)梁架為四(si)(si)椽栿后接乳栿。殿(dian)頂脊獸皆為黃(huang)綠琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)燒制(zhi)。為成化年間(jian)(jian)制(zhi)品。殿(dian)宇(yu)雖經(jing)明(ming)(ming)、清時期裝飾翻修(xiu),但從其(qi)開間(jian)(jian)比(bi)例到構件的(de)細(xi)部做法,均保留了宋代(dai)建筑(zhu)的(de)特征。
山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men),即天王殿,位居中軸線前端。面寬三間,進深四椽,單檐(yan)懸(xuan)山(shan)(shan)頂。斗栱(gong)五鋪作(zuo)雙(shuang)下(xia)昂(ang)重栱(gong)計心造,昂(ang)為假昂(ang),昂(ang)下(xia)刻(ke)假華頭子。門(men)(men)內設(she)中柱(zhu)一(yi)列,但門(men)(men)窗均設(she)在前后檐(yan)柱(zhu)上。山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)兩(liang)側(ce)的廊房(fang),其(qi)柱(zhu)額斗栱(gong),梁枋制作(zuo)手法,與(yu)山(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)類似(si),具有宋、金時期的建筑風格。
后殿
后殿(dian),即燃(ran)燈佛殿(dian),位于中軸線最(zui)后。面寬三(san)間(jian),進深(shen)四(si)椽,單檐(yan)懸山頂。梁架構件均為自(zi)然材料稍加(jia)砍(kan)制(zhi)使用,斷面極不規整,元代特征顯著。
東配殿
東配殿(dian)位居前院東廂,與西配殿(dian)相(xiang)對而建。面寬三(san)間(jian),進深四(si)椽,單檐硬(ying)山頂。前后(hou)插廊,明間(jian)設板門,兩(liang)次間(jian)置直(zhi)欞(ling)窗。重(zhong)建于明弘治十(shi)一(yi)年至三(san)十(shi)七年(1478~1504年)。
東(dong)線建筑(zhu)有水陸殿、天宮殿等;西線為兩進院落,多為僧舍、庫(ku)房等,大多為清代晚(wan)期或民國年間所(suo)建。
歷史意義
龍(long)門寺寺史久遠(yuan),規模(mo)宏(hong)大(da)。在中(zhong)國現存(cun)的古(gu)代建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)是僅存(cun)的集五(wu)代、宋、金(jin)、元、明、清建(jian)筑(zhu)于(yu)一(yi)寺的建(jian)筑(zhu)群,具有很(hen)高的歷史、科學(xue)、藝術價值。寺內西配(pei)殿(dian)懸山式木構建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)國僅此一(yi)處,堪稱(cheng)“中(zhong)華之(zhi)最”。
1996年(nian)11月(yue)20日,被國務(wu)院公布為第四批全(quan)國重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物保(bao)護單位。