寺院格局
青龍寺坐北向南,沿中軸線的建(jian)筑(zhu)依(yi)次為(wei)山門,腰殿(dian)(dian),同時又分為(wei)前(qian)院和后院。前(qian)院東側有(you)十王殿(dian)(dian)。腰殿(dian)(dian)兩(liang)面三刀(dao)側有(you)祖師殿(dian)(dian)和無名殿(dian)(dian);后院有(you)東西(xi)廂房(fang),北殿(dian)(dian)兩(liang)側的伽(jia)藍殿(dian)(dian)和護法殿(dian)(dian)。該寺的面積東西(xi)長97米(mi),南北寬70.7米(mi)共(gong)計6857.9平(ping)方米(mi),約占10.39畝。
該現存(cun)建筑(zhu)系元(yuan)、明遺(yi)物(wu),占地約(yue)6000余平(ping)方米,分(fen)前后(hou)兩(liang)進院(yuan)落,大小殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇8座。前院(yuan)南(nan)有四大天(tian)王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)(現改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)山門(men)),東(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)十王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian),西為(wei)(wei)(wei)羅漢(han)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)。后(hou)院(yuan)以中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)和大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)及東(dong)西兩(liang)廂為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian)左(zuo)右(you)(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)各一(yi)(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)祖師殿(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青龍(long)門(men)。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)間(jian),左(zuo)右(you)(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)各一(yi)(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)法(fa)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)伽藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。各殿(dian)(dian)(dian)塑像(xiang)雖皆不存(cun),但大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)和伽藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內保存(cun)有壁(bi)畫196.38平(ping)方米,十分(fen)珍(zhen)貴,制作跨元(yuan)、明兩(liang)個時期。
主要壁畫
大殿壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)據南壁(bi)窗檻畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工題記為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明洪(hong)武十八(ba)年(1385)補繪(hui)或(huo)重裝。唯只西南隅少部(bu)(bu)分粉墨為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元(yuan)代印跡。中殿四(si)壁(bi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“水陸畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,是青龍寺壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中的(de)精華所在(zai)(zai)。該殿全部(bu)(bu)構(gou)圖(tu)共有人(ren)(ren)物300余眾,分畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)130平方米的(de)墻面(mian)上(shang)。 西壁(bi)上(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三世佛(fo)和禮(li)佛(fo)圖(tu),下(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)教萬(wan)神圖(tu);北壁(bi)上(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十八(ba)羅(luo)漢,下(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)十殿閻君、六道(dao)輪回等,另有陰曹地府(fu)行刑場面(mian);東墻壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)因日(ri)曬雨淋,眉目(mu)難辨(bian)。以上(shang)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)雖是宣傳封建禮(li)儀和宗教迷信,但畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)結構(gou)嚴謹,筆力(li)遒勁流(liu)暢(chang),色彩柔和協調,人(ren)(ren)物繁而(er)不(bu)亂(luan),人(ren)(ren)體比(bi)例(li)適(shi)度,造型(xing)優(you)美,形象(xiang)生動,衣飾飄(piao)然,栩栩如生。它繼承了我國唐宋(song)以來(lai)的(de)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)表現技巧,被(bei)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元(yuan)、明兩代繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之(zhi)杰作。
青(qing)龍寺的(de)壁畫主要分布在大殿(dian)(dian)和腰殿(dian)(dian)系(xi)。大殿(dian)(dian)也稱(cheng)大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian),腰殿(dian)(dian)也稱(cheng)立佛殿(dian)(dian),大殿(dian)(dian)和腰殿(dian)(dian)系(xi)五架三間,進深8米單(dan)(dan)檐懸山頂(ding),單(dan)(dan)昂五鋪作,筒瓦覆頂(ding),內均繪水陸(lu)畫。
青龍寺磊雄寶(bao)殿的(de)壁(bi)畫(hua),主要畫(hua)于東壁(bi)和(he)西(xi)(xi)壁(bi)之上。東壁(bi)是《佛(fo)說法圖》,在東山墻上,釋迦牟(mou)尼慈祥端(duan)莊,穩坐中央(yang),文(wen)殊,普(pu)賢(xian)二菩(pu)薩(sa)分坐左右(you),前站阿(a)難,迦葉二弟子,左右(you)排(pai)列古大護(hu)法金剛(gang),上有(you)人首烏身的(de)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)天(tian),后有(you)聽法的(de)天(tian)帝及飛(fei)(fei)(fei)天(tian)凌空,瓊樓玉閣,氣(qi)勢宏(hong)偉,甚(shen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)壯觀(guan)。西(xi)(xi)壁(bi)是《彌勒變》,在西(xi)(xi)壁(bi)上,正中為(wei)(wei)(wei)彌勒佛(fo),左右(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)觀(guan)音和(he)地藏菩(pu)薩(sa),南側畫(hua)有(you)剃度圖。正彌勒佛(fo)的(de)下部,畫(hua)有(you)善財和(he)龍女,上部畫(hua)有(you)人首鳥(niao)翅(chi)的(de)伽樓羅護(hu)侍,手(shou)捧果盤,乘瑞云飛(fei)(fei)(fei)翔。
腰殿的(de)(de)壁畫,是青龍寺壁畫的(de)(de)精華部(bu)(bu)分。它是佛(fo)、道(dao)、儒三教組成的(de)(de)水陸道(dao)場(chang)畫的(de)(de)精華部(bu)(bu)分,其主旨(zhi)是宣(xuan)揚六道(dao)貌岸然輪回。因果報就(jiu),超(chao)度亡魂,祈求(qiu)冥神(shen)速等。在西壁上部(bu)(bu)畫有(you)豎三世佛(fo),在三世佛(fo)的(de)(de)下(xia)部(bu)(bu),畫有(you)禮(li)佛(fo)圖。在禮(li)佛(fo)圖中,刻畫出了頭戴各(ge)種冠冕的(de)(de)帝王、太(tai)子、諸(zhu)王、文武大(da)臣和侍(shi)從像(xiang)以及皇后、女官、侍(shi)女、命(ming)婦等像(xiang)。在禮(li)佛(fo)圖的(de)(de)下(xia)部(bu)(bu),畫有(you)左(zuo)右(you)護法善神(shen)眾、鬼(gui)子母眾、普天列耀星眾,諸(zhu)大(da)羅剎將眾、五方(fang)五帝神(shen)眾、五道(dao)仙人眾等。
在(zai)腰(yao)殿南壁殿門兩側上部(bu),畫有十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)像。明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang),按照佛(fo)教(jiao)教(jiao)義的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)佛(fo)、菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)的(de)(de)(de)忿(fen)怒(nu)像,一般是(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo)面多(duo)臂、身騎怪售、手拿法(fa)器。十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang),是(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)大(da)(da)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)外加二佛(fo)所變(bian)。這十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi):大(da)(da)力明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)釋迦牟尼佛(fo);大(da)(da)輪明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)彌勒(le)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);甘(gan)露軍咤(zha)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)阿彌陀佛(fo);大(da)(da)威(wei)德明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)文殊(shu)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);馬首明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)觀音菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);步擲明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)普賢菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);無(wu)能勝明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)地藏菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);大(da)(da)笑明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)虛空藏菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);降三(san)世明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)金(jin)剛首菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);不動明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)除蓋障菩(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)。在(zai)十大(da)(da)明(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)側,畫有年、月、日、時四(si)值使者,這是(shi)(shi)(shi)源于(yu)道教(jiao)中(zhong)執(zhi)掌年、月、日、時的(de)(de)(de)四(si)位值日神(shen)。在(zai)四(si)值使者的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)部(bu),歷史人物相象(xiang)較多(duo),表現的(de)(de)(de)有儒(ru)家的(de)(de)(de)始祖(zu)——孔子(zi),唐(tang)太宗李世民,唐(tang)貴妃(fei)楊(yang)玉(yu)環,宋祖(zu)趙匡胤,漢(han)名(ming)臣蘇武(wu),三(san)國名(ming)臣諸葛(ge)亮,三(san)國名(ming)將(jiang)關羽,張飛(fei)等。
在腰殿北壁(bi)西(xi)側,繪有佛(fo)教(jiao)中的九橫死生像,以及阿難和焰(yan)口。這組壁(bi)畫生動地再現(xian)了九橫死眾(zhong)生像,同時體現(xian)了身形焦枯,口內燃火(huo),咽如針(zhen),肚大如鼓的面然鬼王的餓鬼形象。
青(qing)龍寺(si)的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)共(gong)有(you)一百九(jiu)十余平(ping)方米,其中(zhong)(zhong)腰(yao)殿四壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)最為(wei)精彩,共(gong)畫(hua)有(you)五百余尊大(da)小不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)神像人物(wu),上下(xia)三層交錯(cuo),大(da)小依次排(pai)列,錯(cuo)落有(you)致,這對(dui)研究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)教(jiao)美(mei)術和宗(zong)教(jiao)發展(zhan)史都是極(ji)其寶貴的(de)(de)(de)資料。青(qing)龍寺(si)壁(bi)畫(hua),內容豐富,形象突出(chu),情節生動(dong),層次分明(ming),千(qian)姿百態,栩栩如生,結構嚴謹,筆力(li)剛健(jian),表現出(chu)了古(gu)(gu)代(dai)繪畫(hua)藝術的(de)(de)(de)高超技術和技能。維修后的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)龍寺(si)古(gu)(gu)建筑(zhu)肅穆(mu)莊嚴,中(zhong)(zhong)央是整(zheng)潔的(de)(de)(de)磚砌通(tong)道,各(ge)式古(gu)(gu)碑排(pai)列有(you)序,通(tong)道兩邊,花木爭芳,柏參天,是研究(jiu)古(gu)(gu)建壁(bi)畫(hua)藝術和佛(fo)教(jiao)文化圣地。