寺院格局
青龍寺(si)坐北向南,沿中(zhong)軸線的建(jian)筑依次(ci)為山門,腰殿(dian)(dian),同時又分為前(qian)院(yuan)(yuan)和后院(yuan)(yuan)。前(qian)院(yuan)(yuan)東側(ce)有十(shi)王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)。腰殿(dian)(dian)兩面三刀側(ce)有祖師殿(dian)(dian)和無名殿(dian)(dian);后院(yuan)(yuan)有東西廂房,北殿(dian)(dian)兩側(ce)的伽藍殿(dian)(dian)和護法殿(dian)(dian)。該寺(si)的面積東西長97米,南北寬70.7米共計6857.9平(ping)方米,約占(zhan)10.39畝(mu)。
該現(xian)存(cun)建筑系(xi)元、明遺物,占地約6000余平方(fang)米(mi)(mi),分前后兩(liang)進院落(luo),大小殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇8座。前院南有(you)四大天(tian)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(現(xian)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)山門),東(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)十(shi)王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),西為(wei)(wei)羅漢殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)。后院以中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)及東(dong)(dong)西兩(liang)廂為(wei)(wei)主,中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)左(zuo)右(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)各一(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)祖師殿(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)為(wei)(wei)青(qing)龍門。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),左(zuo)右(you)垛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)各一(yi),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)護法殿(dian)(dian)(dian),右(you)為(wei)(wei)伽(jia)藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。各殿(dian)(dian)(dian)塑像雖(sui)皆不(bu)存(cun),但(dan)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、中殿(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)伽(jia)藍殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內保存(cun)有(you)壁畫196.38平方(fang)米(mi)(mi),十(shi)分珍貴,制作(zuo)跨(kua)元、明兩(liang)個時期。
主要壁畫
大殿(dian)壁(bi)畫(hua)據南(nan)壁(bi)窗檻畫(hua)工題記為(wei)(wei)明洪武十(shi)八年(1385)補繪(hui)或重裝(zhuang)。唯只西(xi)南(nan)隅少部(bu)分(fen)粉墨為(wei)(wei)元代印跡。中(zhong)殿(dian)四壁(bi)為(wei)(wei)“水(shui)陸畫(hua)”,是青龍寺(si)壁(bi)畫(hua)中(zhong)的(de)(de)精(jing)華所在(zai)。該殿(dian)全部(bu)構(gou)圖(tu)共有人(ren)物300余眾,分(fen)畫(hua)在(zai)130平方(fang)米(mi)的(de)(de)墻(qiang)面上(shang)。 西(xi)壁(bi)上(shang)為(wei)(wei)三(san)世佛(fo)和禮佛(fo)圖(tu),下為(wei)(wei)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)萬神圖(tu);北(bei)壁(bi)上(shang)為(wei)(wei)十(shi)八羅漢,下為(wei)(wei)十(shi)殿(dian)閻君、六道(dao)輪回(hui)等,另有陰曹地府行(xing)刑場面;東墻(qiang)壁(bi)畫(hua)因日曬雨淋,眉目難辨。以上(shang)壁(bi)畫(hua)雖是宣傳(chuan)封建(jian)禮儀和宗教(jiao)(jiao)迷信,但畫(hua)面結(jie)構(gou)嚴謹,筆(bi)力遒勁流暢,色(se)彩柔和協調,人(ren)物繁而(er)不(bu)亂,人(ren)體比例(li)適度,造型優美,形象生(sheng)(sheng)動,衣飾(shi)飄然,栩栩如生(sheng)(sheng)。它繼(ji)承了我國(guo)唐(tang)宋以來的(de)(de)繪(hui)畫(hua)表現技巧,被(bei)視為(wei)(wei)元、明兩代繪(hui)畫(hua)之杰(jie)作。
青龍寺的壁(bi)畫主(zhu)要分布(bu)在大殿(dian)(dian)和腰(yao)(yao)殿(dian)(dian)系(xi)。大殿(dian)(dian)也稱(cheng)大雄寶殿(dian)(dian),腰(yao)(yao)殿(dian)(dian)也稱(cheng)立(li)佛殿(dian)(dian),大殿(dian)(dian)和腰(yao)(yao)殿(dian)(dian)系(xi)五架三間(jian),進(jin)深8米單檐懸(xuan)山頂,單昂五鋪作,筒瓦覆頂,內均繪水(shui)陸畫。
青龍寺磊雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿的(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua),主(zhu)要(yao)畫(hua)(hua)于東壁(bi)和西壁(bi)之(zhi)上。東壁(bi)是《佛(fo)說(shuo)法(fa)(fa)圖》,在(zai)東山墻(qiang)上,釋迦(jia)牟尼慈祥端莊(zhuang),穩坐中央,文殊,普賢二(er)菩薩(sa)分坐左(zuo)右,前站阿難(nan),迦(jia)葉二(er)弟子(zi),左(zuo)右排列(lie)古(gu)大(da)護法(fa)(fa)金剛(gang),上有(you)人首(shou)烏身的(de)飛天(tian)(tian)(tian),后有(you)聽(ting)法(fa)(fa)的(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)帝及飛天(tian)(tian)(tian)凌空,瓊樓(lou)(lou)玉(yu)閣,氣勢宏偉,甚為壯(zhuang)觀。西壁(bi)是《彌(mi)(mi)勒(le)(le)變》,在(zai)西壁(bi)上,正中為彌(mi)(mi)勒(le)(le)佛(fo),左(zuo)右為觀音和地藏菩薩(sa),南側(ce)畫(hua)(hua)有(you)剃度圖。正彌(mi)(mi)勒(le)(le)佛(fo)的(de)下部(bu),畫(hua)(hua)有(you)善財(cai)和龍女,上部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)有(you)人首(shou)鳥翅的(de)伽(jia)樓(lou)(lou)羅護侍,手捧果盤,乘瑞云(yun)飛翔。
腰殿(dian)的(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua),是(shi)青龍寺(si)壁(bi)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)精華部(bu)分(fen)。它是(shi)佛(fo)(fo)、道(dao)、儒三(san)教(jiao)組成的(de)水陸道(dao)場畫(hua)(hua)的(de)精華部(bu)分(fen),其主旨是(shi)宣揚六道(dao)貌岸然輪回。因(yin)果(guo)報就(jiu),超度亡魂,祈求冥神速(su)等。在(zai)(zai)西壁(bi)上部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)有豎三(san)世(shi)佛(fo)(fo),在(zai)(zai)三(san)世(shi)佛(fo)(fo)的(de)下部(bu),畫(hua)(hua)有禮(li)佛(fo)(fo)圖。在(zai)(zai)禮(li)佛(fo)(fo)圖中,刻畫(hua)(hua)出了(le)頭戴(dai)各種冠冕的(de)帝(di)王(wang)、太子(zi)、諸王(wang)、文(wen)武大(da)臣(chen)和侍(shi)從像以(yi)及皇后、女官、侍(shi)女、命(ming)婦等像。在(zai)(zai)禮(li)佛(fo)(fo)圖的(de)下部(bu),畫(hua)(hua)有左右護(hu)法善神眾(zhong)、鬼子(zi)母眾(zhong)、普(pu)天列耀星眾(zhong),諸大(da)羅剎將眾(zhong)、五方五帝(di)神眾(zhong)、五道(dao)仙人(ren)眾(zhong)等。
在(zai)腰殿(dian)南壁(bi)殿(dian)門兩側(ce)上(shang)部(bu),畫有十(shi)(shi)大(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)像(xiang)。明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),按照佛教教義的(de)說法(fa)是(shi)佛、菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)的(de)忿(fen)怒像(xiang),一般是(shi)多面多臂、身騎怪售、手拿(na)法(fa)器。十(shi)(shi)大(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),是(shi)八大(da)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)外加二佛所變。這十(shi)(shi)大(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)是(shi):大(da)力明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)釋迦牟尼佛;大(da)輪明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)彌(mi)勒菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);甘(gan)露軍咤(zha)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)阿彌(mi)陀佛;大(da)威德明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)文殊(shu)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);馬首(shou)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)觀音(yin)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);步擲明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)普賢菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);無能勝明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)地藏(zang)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);大(da)笑明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)虛空藏(zang)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);降三(san)世明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)金(jin)剛首(shou)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa);不(bu)動明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)除蓋(gai)障(zhang)菩(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)薩(sa)。在(zai)十(shi)(shi)大(da)明(ming)(ming)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)下側(ce),畫有年(nian)、月、日(ri)、時四值(zhi)使(shi)者(zhe),這是(shi)源于道教中執掌年(nian)、月、日(ri)、時的(de)四位(wei)值(zhi)日(ri)神(shen)。在(zai)四值(zhi)使(shi)者(zhe)的(de)下部(bu),歷史人(ren)物相(xiang)象較多,表(biao)現的(de)有儒家的(de)始祖——孔子,唐太宗李世民,唐貴妃楊玉環,宋祖趙匡胤,漢名臣(chen)蘇武,三(san)國名臣(chen)諸葛亮(liang),三(san)國名將(jiang)關羽,張飛等。
在腰(yao)殿北壁(bi)西側,繪有佛教中的九(jiu)橫死生像,以(yi)及阿(a)難和焰(yan)口(kou)。這(zhe)組壁(bi)畫生動地(di)再現(xian)了(le)九(jiu)橫死眾生像,同時體(ti)現(xian)了(le)身(shen)形焦枯,口(kou)內燃火,咽如針,肚大如鼓的面然鬼(gui)王的餓鬼(gui)形象。
青(qing)(qing)龍(long)寺(si)(si)的(de)(de)壁(bi)畫(hua)共有一(yi)百九十(shi)余(yu)平方(fang)米,其中(zhong)腰殿四壁(bi)的(de)(de)壁(bi)最為精彩(cai),共畫(hua)有五百余(yu)尊大小(xiao)不同的(de)(de)神像人物,上(shang)下三(san)層(ceng)交錯,大小(xiao)依次排列,錯落有致(zhi),這(zhe)對(dui)研究中(zhong)國的(de)(de)宗教(jiao)美(mei)術和(he)(he)宗教(jiao)發(fa)展史都是(shi)極(ji)其寶貴的(de)(de)資料。青(qing)(qing)龍(long)寺(si)(si)壁(bi)畫(hua),內(nei)容豐富,形象突出,情節生動,層(ceng)次分明,千姿百態,栩(xu)栩(xu)如生,結(jie)構嚴謹(jin),筆力剛健,表現出了古(gu)代繪畫(hua)藝術的(de)(de)高超技(ji)術和(he)(he)技(ji)能。維(wei)修后的(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)龍(long)寺(si)(si)古(gu)建(jian)筑肅穆莊(zhuang)嚴,中(zhong)央是(shi)整潔的(de)(de)磚砌通道,各式(shi)古(gu)碑排列有序,通道兩邊(bian),花木爭(zheng)芳,柏參(can)天(tian),是(shi)研究古(gu)建(jian)壁(bi)畫(hua)藝術和(he)(he)佛教(jiao)文化圣地。