平城遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(Site of Pingcheng City),主要指北魏(wei)都(dou)城平城遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi),中國北魏(wei)中期都(dou)城遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi),位于(yu)山西省(sheng)大同市(shi)城區及其附近。1987年(nian)被列為全國文物保(bao)護單位。由城墻及城內遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(宮殿群、明堂(tang))、白登山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、房山永固(gu)陵(ling)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)三(san)部分組成。
洛(luo)陽(yang)平城(cheng)門(men)(men)是(shi)孝文(wen)帝遷都前正對皇宮的正南城(cheng)門(men)(men),相當于北(bei)京(jing)天安門(men)(men) 。
在(zai)日(ri)本奈良市有古都平城(cheng)京(jing)遺址,是(shi)日(ri)本世界文化(hua)遺產。
拓跋硅戲于天興元(yuan)年(398)七(qi)月遷都(dou)平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),至(zhi)太(tai)和十八年(494)孝(xiao)文帝(di)(di)遷都(dou)洛陽,在平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建都(dou)97年,歷(li)經六帝(di)(di)七(qi)世(shi),一直(zhi)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)我國北(bei)(bei)方政治、經濟、文化的中心,擁有百萬人(ren)口。當(dang)時平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方二(er)十里,外郭周(zhou)圍三十二(er)里,有門十二(er),“其(qi)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)繞宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan),悉筑為(wei)(wei)坊(fang)(fang)。坊(fang)(fang)開(kai)巷,大者容四五百家,小者六七(qi)十家”。京畿范(fan)圍東至(zhi)代郡(河北(bei)(bei)蔚(yu)縣(xian)(xian)暖泉鎮西(xi)),西(xi)及(ji)善無(右(you)玉縣(xian)(xian)南(nan)(nan)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村),南(nan)(nan)及(ji)陰(yin)館(朔縣(xian)(xian)東南(nan)(nan)夏(xia)官村),北(bei)(bei)盡參合(陽高(gao)縣(xian)(xian)東北(bei)(bei))。其(qi)京甸“東至(zhi)上(shang)谷軍都(dou)關(guan)(昌平縣(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)),西(xi)至(zhi)黃河,南(nan)(nan)至(zhi)中山隘門塞(sai)(靈丘縣(xian)(xian)東南(nan)(nan)),北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)五原(包頭市西(xi))”。
其(qi)外又設(she)四(si)方(fang)四(si)維,置八部(bu)帥(shuai)統兵鎮(zhen)守(shou)。北(bei)魏在平城建(jian)(jian)都(dou)(dou)后“始(shi)營宮(gong)(gong)室,建(jian)(jian)宗廟(miao)(miao),立(li)社(she)稷”,進行(xing)了一系列的(de)首都(dou)(dou)建(jian)(jian)設(she),先后建(jian)(jian)天(tian)(tian)文、天(tian)(tian)華(hua)、中(zhong)天(tian)(tian)軍(jun)殿24座(zuo);建(jian)(jian)西宮(gong)(gong)、北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)、南宮(gong)(gong)、東(dong)宮(gong)(gong)、寧(ning)宮(gong)(gong)等(deng)(deng)宮(gong)(gong)15處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)東(dong)苑(yuan)、西苑(yuan)、北(bei)苑(yuan)、鹿苑(yuan)四(si)處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)華(hua)林(lin)(lin)、永林(lin)(lin)、永興等(deng)(deng)國(guo)3處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)鴻雁、天(tian)(tian)淵等(deng)(deng)池6處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)云母、金(jin)華(hua)等(deng)(deng)堂6處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)蓬臺、白臺等(deng)(deng)臺7處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)玄武(wu)(wu)、無(wu)武(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)樓(lou)3處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)涼風、臨望、東(dong)明等(deng)(deng)觀3處(chu)(chu)(chu);還建(jian)(jian)有(you)郊壇、方(fang)壇、五精帝(di)壇三處(chu)(chu)(chu);建(jian)(jian)太(tai)廟(miao)(miao)、太(tai)社(she)、太(tai)稷帝(di)社(she)、孔子廟(miao)(miao)、虎圈、圓丘(qiu)、方(fang)澤、明堂、靈臺、辟雍等(deng)(deng)。其(qi)建(jian)(jian)筑規模、數目之(zhi)繁多、布局之(zhi)道嚴(yan)、規劃完整。 北(bei)魏佛教(jiao)鼎(ding)盛(sheng),神圖妙塔(ta),對峙(zhi)相望,京都(dou)(dou)內寺廟(miao)(miao)上百所,僧尼三千余,除“冠于(yu)一世(shi)”的(de)云岡外,“京華(hua)壯(zhuang)觀”的(de)天(tian)(tian)宮(gong)(gong)寺及五級大(da)寺等(deng)(deng)。
為了改善(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市環境,從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北引(yin)(yin)如(ru)渾水(shui),從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)引(yin)(yin)武州川水(shui)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),使魏都大(da)街西(xi)(xi)岸有(you)(you)潺潺流水(shui),東西(xi)(xi)魚池有(you)(you)游魚嬉戲,水(shui)旁(pang)弱柳、絲(si)楊、雜樹(shu)交蔭,利用水(shui)和樹(shu)把城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市打扮得清(qing)新雅致,配上巍峨的(de)宮(gong)殿樓閣,真是(shi)花(hua)團錦簇一(yi)(yi)般。確實是(shi)“靈臺山立(li),壁水(shui)池園,雙(shuang)闕(que)萬仞,九衢四達,羽旌林森,堂殿膠葛”。 平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址在(zai)今大(da)同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北、大(da)同火車站以西(xi)(xi)到陳莊一(yi)(yi)帶,北依方(fang)山,外靠長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。今大(da)同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北上皇莊之東和白馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村北的(de)板筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基,當(dang)即(ji)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)北墻遺(yi)跡。大(da)同車站附近曾發現有(you)(you)排列整齊的(de)大(da)型(xing)石(shi)礎、磚瓦殘片、“富貴萬歲”隸書(shu)瓦當(dang)等(deng)。在(zai)南門外工(gong)農(nong)路北側(ce),曾出土大(da)型(xing)石(shi)柱礎、筒(tong)瓦和臼(jiu)等(deng)。可(ke)推測這是(shi)一(yi)(yi)座北魏大(da)型(xing)建筑遺(yi)址。其東部曾出土石(shi)雕方(fang)硯(yan)一(yi)(yi)方(fang),硯(yan)首雕有(you)(you)耳環形水(shui)池及騎獸、角抵(di)、舞(wu)蹈、沐(mu)猴圖案四組。
硯側云龍(long)、朱雀、水(shui)禽、銜魚的紋飾和(he)下部壺門(men)保存方形樣等(deng),為北魏石雕藝術的孤品。遺址還出土八曲(qu)銀流(liu)、刻花銀碗和(he)鎏金高足鋼杯等(deng)文物(wu),具有伊朗薩桑王(wang)朝金銀器特征。是北魏時(shi)與西(xi)域(yu)交(jiao)往的實物(wu)見(jian)證,平城(cheng)遺址為國家(jia)文物(wu)保護單位。
據(ju)《魏(wei)書·莫(mo)含傳附孫題傳》記載(zai):“太祖(zu)欲廣(guang)宮室,規(gui)(gui)度平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四方數(shu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),將(jiang)模鄴、洛、長安之制(zhi)(zhi)。運材數(shu)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)根(gen),以(yi)題機巧(qiao),征令監(jian)之。”由此可見,當時道(dao)武(wu)皇(huang)帝(di)心目(mu)中之平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)是仿照(zhao)中原(yuan)的安陽,洛陽和(he)長安為藍(lan)圖(tu)的。據(ju)《魏(wei)書·太祖(zu)紀》記載(zai):“天興元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元件398年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))秋(qiu)七月(yue)(yue)(yue),遷都(dou)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。始(shi)營(ying)宮室,建(jian)宗(zong)廟(miao),立社稷……二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)啟京(jing)(jing)師(shi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)門(men)……冬十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)太廟(miao)成。“天興元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)”詔有司正封畿(御定京(jing)(jing)畿轄區),制(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)甸(規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)郊區建(jian)設(she)),端(duan)經(jing)術(開(kai)辟各地通道(dao)),標道(dao)里(li)(li)(標號(hao)各地里(li)(li)程碑)。“天錫(xi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發八(ba)部人,自五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)內繕修都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),魏(wei)于(yu)是始(shi)有邑(yi)居之制(zhi)(zhi)度。”“規(gui)(gui)立外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),分(fen)置(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)里(li)(li),經(jing)涂洞達(da)。”以(yi)后才(cai)陸(lu)續(xu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)宮殿和(he)陵苑(yuan)(yuan),正如有關(guan)象(xiang)料所載(zai):“神瑞元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)乙卯(mao)起(qi)豐(feng)(feng)宮于(yu)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東北。”豐(feng)(feng)宮即為道(dao)武(wu)皇(huang)帝(di)、華陰公主(zhu)等建(jian)立之別(bie)廟(miao)。“泰(tai)(tai)常(chang)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)筑(zhu)(zhu)蓬臺(tai)于(yu)北苑(yuan)(yuan)。“泰(tai)(tai)常(chang)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)七月(yue)(yue)(yue)作白臺(tai)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南,高二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)丈。”“泰(tai)(tai)常(chang)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)春正月(yue)(yue)(yue)發京(jing)(jing)師(shi)六千(qian)人筑(zhu)(zhu)苑(yuan)(yuan)。起(qi)自舊苑(yuan)(yuan),東包白登,周(zhou)加三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)余里(li)(li)。”“泰(tai)(tai)常(chang)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋(qiu)九月(yue)(yue)(yue)筑(zhu)(zhu)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)郭周(zhou)回(hui)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)里(li)(li)”“泰(tai)(tai)常(chang)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue),廣(guang)西宮,起(qi)外(wai)垣墻,周(zhou)回(hui)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)。”“其郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)繞宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南,悉筑(zhu)(zhu)為坊(fang)。坊(fang)開(kai)巷,大(da)者容四五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)家(jia),小者六七十(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)。每南坊(fang)搜(sou)檢,以(yi)備奸巧(qiao)。”“又有懸食瓦屋數(shu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)間,置(zhi)(zhi)尚(shang)方,作鐵及木。”和(he)平(ping)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西開(kai)始(shi)建(jian)造云崗石窟;皇(huang)興元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)起(qi)永寧寺,構七級佛(fo)圖(tu),太和(he)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)造永固陵。
北魏王朝自(zi)道武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)天興(xing)元年(公元398年)在平城(cheng)定都(dou)(dou)開始(shi),到孝文帝(di)(di)(di)太(tai)和十八年(公元494年)遷(qian)都(dou)(dou)洛陽為(wei)止的(de)(de)(de)96年時間(jian)里(li),前(qian)后經(jing)歷道武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)、明元帝(di)(di)(di)、太(tai)武(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)、文成帝(di)(di)(di)、獻文帝(di)(di)(di)、孝文帝(di)(di)(di)共六位皇帝(di)(di)(di),他們都(dou)(dou)對(dui)京都(dou)(dou)平城(cheng)進行了不同程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)建設,主要抓了六項工程:一(yi)、建有宮(gong)城(cheng)、外城(cheng)和城(cheng)廓;二(er)、建有太(tai)和殿、安(an)昌(chang)殿,坤德六合(he)殿、乾象六合(he)殿等十余座(zuo)宮(gong)殿;三、開鑿了云岡、方山(shan)鹿野苑等處石窟和豐宮(gong)太(tai)廟(miao)等寺廟(miao);四、修筑了西起雷公山(shan),東(dong)至采涼山(shan)和白登山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)皇家園林(lin);五(wu)、營造了永固陵(ling)、萬年堂(tang)等規模龐大(da)的(de)(de)(de)皇家陵(ling)墓;六、為(wei)一(yi)百多萬的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市居民興(xing)建了里(li)坊(fang)式住(zhu)宅。通過(guo)以上六項工程,使平城(cheng)發展(zhan)為(wei)擁有百萬人口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)宏大(da)帝(di)(di)(di)都(dou)(dou),堪當(dang)中國北方政治、軍事、文化(hua)、經(jing)濟、文化(hua)和佛教中心。后來(lai),經(jing)歷代(dai)風云變幻,時過(guo)境遷(qian),平城(cheng)淪為(wei)廢墟一(yi)片,僅存土臺東(dong)西對(dui)峙,后來(lai)此自(zi)建有天王寺,來(lai)往(wang)行人無不瞻仰,吊古(gu)(gu)憑今感慨(kai)萬千(qian)。明朝代(dai)王朱桂次子廣靈王來(lai)此游覽,賦(fu)詩名曰“魏陵(ling)煙雨”,曾(ceng)被譽(yu)為(wei)古(gu)(gu)云中郡八景之一(yi):“ 魏陵(ling)兀兀倚郊圻,草樹(shu)蓊森過(guo)客稀。 疏雨淡(dan)煙春色里(li),清風明月夜闌(lan)時。 兩(liang)朝事業三更夢,百代(dai)興(xing)亡一(yi)局(ju)棋。 吊古(gu)(gu)漫勞回首(shou)處,不堪駐(zhu)馬(ma)讀殘(can)碑。 ”
北(bei)(bei)魏平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)在漢朝(chao)平城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣之基礎擴(kuo)建而成,它包括宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廓三個組成部分(fen)。根(gen)據考(kao)古調查發現,今城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)皇莊、白馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)安家(jia)小村一(yi)帶有斷斷續續板筑夯打的(de)土墻遺址,高(gao)處五米(mi)多,低處一(yi)二米(mi),底部約(yue)十幾米(mi),這(zhe)正是(shi)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之北(bei)(bei)墻,東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻則在御河之西(xi),南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻在大同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)操(cao)場(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)帶,西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻在上(shang)皇莊以南(nan)(nan),此區面積(ji)約(yue)有60多平方里。火車(che)站東(dong)北(bei)(bei)處曾經(jing)出土有排列(lie)整齊的(de)覆(fu)盆礎石,這(zhe)些遺跡可以說明北(bei)(bei)魏宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)官府衙署之范圍(wei)。
新中國成立以后,黨和政(zheng)府十分重(zhong)視文物保護,平城遺址于1987年被(bei)列入全(quan)國文物保護單(dan)位(wei),其平城當時原貌(mao),還有等專家學者進(jin)一步(bu)考察(cha)發現(xian)。
大(da)(da)同市地處黃土高原,地形地貌復(fu)雜(za)多(duo)樣,基(ji)本上屬溫帶大(da)(da)陸性季風氣候,年平(ping)均(jun)氣溫只有(you)6.8度(du)。大(da)(da)同冬季非常寒冷,夏季天氣較涼爽,是避暑的好去(qu)處。每年的春夏兩季是旅游的最佳(jia)時間。
平城遺址最顯著的特點是(shi)晝夜溫(wen)差很大,注意多穿衣服,以(yi)抵御早晚(wan)的寒氣。
平城遺址位(wei)于山西省大同市(shi)城區東馬路(lu)。周(zhou)圍(wei)交(jiao)通便利,有(you)(you)多個公交(jiao)站點,最近的公交(jiao)站是北苑路(lu)操場城街(jie)(jie)口,此外(wai)附近還有(you)(you)嘉鑫園小區、北環路(lu)武定北路(lu)口、公交(jiao)三公司(嘉鑫園小區)北環路(lu)武定北路(lu)口、武定北路(lu)安益街(jie)(jie)前(qian)街(jie)(jie)口等。
自駕:大同市(shi)走(zou)魏都大道—清遠(yuan)西(xi)街—云中路(lu)—擁軍(jun)東路(lu)—擁軍(jun)西(xi)路(lu)—北環(huan)路(lu)—平城遺址。
和(he)山西的(de)其它地方相似,大(da)(da)(da)同的(de)飲食特色仍以(yi)各種面食為主(zhu),這里飯菜質量非常(chang)不錯,而且(qie)價格低(di) 廉,你可以(yi)去市(shi)內的(de)紅旗美(mei)食城,裝潢、服務、菜品俱佳,只需幾十元就可以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)快朵頤。大(da)(da)(da)同市(shi)有(you)名(ming)的(de)風味小吃(chi)有(you)大(da)(da)(da)同刀削面、豌豆面、羊雜粉湯、莜面、蕎面圪坨、陽高(gao)杏脯、廣靈豆腐干(gan)、大(da)(da)(da)同黃糕(gao)、渾源炒酥(su)大(da)(da)(da)豆等,頗值得一(yi)嘗。