簡介
位于山(shan)東省泰(tai)(tai)(tai)安(an)(an)市(shi)城區(qu)(qu)北(bei),與濟南(nan)市(shi)接界地區(qu)(qu)。泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)居中國五岳(yue)(泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)、崇山(shan)、華(hua)山(shan)、恒山(shan)、衡山(shan))之首,號(hao)稱東岳(yue)。山(shan)上山(shan)下文物古(gu)跡遍布,有東方文物寶庫(ku)之稱。寺廟宮觀(guan)古(gu)建筑多(duo)達30多(duo)座。主要有泰(tai)(tai)(tai)安(an)(an)城區(qu)(qu)岱廟、遙參亭,泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)麓(lu)的岱宗坊、紅門宮,山(shan)腰王(wang)母(池)殿、普照(zhao)寺、斗(dou)母宮、中天門,岱頂南(nan)天門、天街(jie)坊、碧(bi)霞祠,玉(yu)皇(頂)廟,泰(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)西北(bei)靈巖寺、無極廟等。
其(qi)中,岱廟是歷代帝王泰(tai)山(shan)封禪大典之地,創建于秦漢(han),唐(tang)宋(song)(song)(song)金(jin)元至(zhi)明清屢(lv)有(you)修建,北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)宣和(he)年間(1119-1125年)泰(tai)山(shan)上下殿(dian)、寢、堂、閣、亭(ting)、館、樓、觀、廊(lang)、廡等有(you)813楹。現有(you)主建筑天(tian)貺殿(dian)與北(bei)京太和(he)殿(dian)、曲阜(fu)大成殿(dian)同稱中國(guo)三大古(gu)宮(gong)殿(dian)。山(shan)上碧霞祠(ci)始建于宋(song)(song)(song),明清均(jun)有(you)增修,成為規模宏大的高山(shan)古(gu)建筑。山(shan)陰靈巖寺在濟南長清區,盛(sheng)于唐(tang)宋(song)(song)(song),曾有(you)殿(dian)閣達40多(duo)座、禪房(fang)500多(duo)間。寺內(nei)千(qian)佛(fo)殿(dian)彩(cai)塑(su)羅漢(han)有(you)“海(hai)內(nei)第一名(ming)塑(su)”之譽。
泰山風景名勝以雄偉著(zhu)稱(cheng),海拔1545米,地質(zhi)歷史(shi)平局年(nian)齡30億年(nian)以上,山體分三層臺(tai)階式地質(zhi)結構(gou),猶如登(deng)天(tian)臺(tai)階,坐(zuo)北朝南(nan),山體通(tong)體打開(kai),一眼望遍全山,如佛(fo)似坐(zuo)。一座(zuo)主(zhu)峰(feng)玉皇(huang)頂,直通(tong)云(yun)霄。一條(tiao)10.1公(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)登(deng)封盤路(lu)御道,一線通(tong)線。泰山主(zhu)峰(feng)為(wei)中心,呈放射(she)狀分布,由自然景觀(guan)與人(ren)文景觀(guan)融合而成(cheng)。從祭地經帝王行宮的(de)(de)岱(dai)廟,到(dao)封天(tian)的(de)(de)玉皇(huang)頂,構(gou)成(cheng)長(chang)達十公(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)地府(fu)——人(ren)間——天(tian)堂的(de)(de)一條(tiao)軸線。
一路(lu)攀登(deng)(deng),體會祖先(xian),感受歷史,登(deng)(deng)高必自!穿過秦(qin)漢始建的岱(dai)廟,走過孔子登(deng)(deng)臨(lin)出,穿紅門(men),過明代萬仙樓,看(kan)(kan)北齊(qi)經(jing)(jing)石峪(yu)-金剛經(jing)(jing)石刻,越中天門(men),看(kan)(kan)望(wang)人迎客松,走龍門(men),過升(sheng)仙坊,攀登(deng)(deng)十(shi)八盤,逛(guang)天街,游宋(song)朝碧霞(xia)祠,閱唐玄(xuan)宗大觀(guan)峰,登(deng)(deng)觀(guan)日峰望(wang)海石,后山天燭峰看(kan)(kan)-姊(zi)妹(mei)松,堯(yao)觀(guan)頂(ding),拜高山第一孔子廟,回看(kan)(kan)五岳獨尊,登(deng)(deng)臨(lin)敕修玉皇(huang)頂(ding),看(kan)(kan)秦(qin)皇(huang)漢武無字碑(bei),古封禪(chan)臺(tai)。看(kan)(kan)玉皇(huang)極頂(ding)那對(dui)聯:“地到無邊(bian)天做岸,山登(deng)(deng)絕頂(ding)人為峰!”遙(yao)望(wang)黃河,看(kan)(kan)東(dong)方云海日出,祈(qi)福國泰民(min)安!感受泰山天下雄!一覽眾山小!
泰山盤道古建筑群
據(ju)文獻記載,泰(tai)山(shan)盤(pan)路(lu)(lu)辟建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)漢代(dai)(dai),稱為環道(dao),歷代(dai)(dai)重修,現存大部(bu)(bu)為明代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。泰(tai)山(shan)盤(pan)路(lu)(lu)沿(yan)途的(de)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群,或(huo)創建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)漢魏(wei)或(huo)創建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)唐宋,元、明、清續建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),現存少部(bu)(bu)分(fen)為明代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)風格,大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)為清代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)風格,泰(tai)山(shan)盤(pan)道(dao)系古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)帝(di)王封禪泰(tai)山(shan)時(shi)舉行(xing)祭天儀式時(shi)所修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)登山(shan)御道(dao),古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群多(duo)是(shi)歷代(dai)(dai)帝(di)王封禪或(huo)祭祀泰(tai)山(shan)時(shi)的(de)齋沐、駐蹕之(zhi)所。泰(tai)山(shan)中路(lu)(lu)全長(chang)9公(gong)里,盤(pan)道(dao)占8公(gong)里。古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)多(duo)跨盤(pan)道(dao)而(er)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)構筑(zhu)于(yu)盤(pan)道(dao)之(zhi)側。泰(tai)山(shan)上下(xia)較重要的(de)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群有(you)關帝(di)廟、王母池(chi)、紅門、斗母宮(gong)、壺天閣、南天門、碧霞祠(ci)、玉皇頂、后石塢、普照寺、靈應宮(gong)、萬仙樓、三官廟、五松亭、孔子廟、青帝(di)宮(gong)、三陽觀、五賢祠(ci)、烈士祠(ci)等。此(ci)外,沿(yan)途還有(you)眾多(duo)的(de)亭、坊(fang)、橋等單(dan)體石質(zhi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。
泰山盤道古建筑群歷史沿革
漢光(guang)武帝建(jian)武中元元年(公(gong)元56年)辟建(jian)泰山(shan)盤道,稱(cheng)為環道。
漢(han)獻帝(di)建(jian)安十一年(公元207年)前已有王母廬、岱頂五帝(di)觀等建(jian)筑。
南北朝(chao)時期(qi)(公元420——589年(nian))創建普照寺。
大中祥符(fu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1008年(nian)(nian))宋真宗封禪泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)時建(jian)(jian)玉(yu)女祠(即今(jin)碧(bi)霞祠)。宋皇佑五年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1053年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)王母池。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代中統(tong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1260年(nian)(nian))道士張(zhang)志純創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)南天門(men)(men)、摩空閣(ge)(ge)。明初創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)關(guan)帝(di)廟(miao),重修(xiu)紅門(men)(men)宮(gong)(gong)、斗(dou)母宮(gong)(gong)、三(san)官廟(miao)、壺天閣(ge)(ge)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君廟(miao)、依(yi)山(shan)(shan)亭、金星亭、三(san)大士殿、五松亭、青帝(di)宮(gong)(gong)。明成化、弘治(zhi)、嘉(jia)靖年(nian)(nian)間(jian)對(dui)(dui)泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑及泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)盤(pan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)進行(xing)了(le)拓建(jian)(jian)重修(xiu)。明嘉(jia)靖年(nian)(nian)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1532年(nian)(nian))改(gai)建(jian)(jian)三(san)賢祠。明萬歷十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1583年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)紅門(men)(men)宮(gong)(gong)、飛云閣(ge)(ge)、更衣亭、且止亭。萬歷十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1591年(nian)(nian))修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)后石塢廟(miao)。萬歷四十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1620年(nian)(nian))建(jian)(jian)萬仙(xian)樓。萬歷年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1573——1620年(nian)(nian))創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)孔子廟(miao)。明天啟六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1626年(nian)(nian))建(jian)(jian)紅門(men)(men)西(xi)院元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君殿。清順治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)對(dui)(dui)泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑進行(xing)全面(mian)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。康熙年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1662年(nian)(nian)——1723年(nian)(nian))圣祖玄燁登泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)祀奉山(shan)(shan)神、碧(bi)霞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君時重修(xiu)泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)盤(pan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)(jian)筑群。乾隆年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1736——1796年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)盤(pan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑群。道光元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)至(zhi)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1821——1835年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)盤(pan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑群,道光七年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1827年(nian)(nian))建(jian)(jian)夢仙(xian)龕。清末及民國年(nian)(nian)間(jian)又對(dui)(dui)泰(tai)(tai)山(shan)(shan)盤(pan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑群進行(xing)了(le)多次整修(xiu)。
解(jie)放后,黨(dang)和政府非(fei)常重視泰山文物古跡的保護管理。分別于(yu)1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、1959年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)、2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)對盤路(lu)及古建筑群進行了大規模整(zheng)修(xiu)。
1987年12月,聯合國教科(ke)文組(zu)織(zhi)將泰(tai)山列為世界自然文化遺產(chan),泰(tai)山盤路古建筑(zhu)是其(qi)主要內容之一。
關帝廟
在岱(dai)宗坊(fang)北一(yi)里,泰(tai)山(shan)(shan)盤道起(qi)點處西(xi)(xi)側,是(shi)泰(tai)山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)路的第一(yi)組古建筑。關(guan)帝(di)廟東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬74米(mi)、南北長80米(mi),總面(mian)積5920平(ping)方米(mi)。分為(wei)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩部分。東(dong)為(wei)關(guan)帝(di)廟,西(xi)(xi)為(wei)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)會館。關(guan)帝(di)廟由影(ying)壁(bi)、南山(shan)(shan)門(戲樓)、拜棚、東(dong)西(xi)(xi)配(pei)殿、正殿后(hou)殿等成。山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)會館是(shi)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)客商(shang)祭祀關(guan)帝(di)的地方,包括(kuo)正殿、左右配(pei)殿等。關(guan)帝(di)廟院內有“漢柏第一(yi)”、唐槐等古樹名木(mu)。關(guan)帝(di)廟創建于明初,清康(kang)熙、乾(qian)隆、咸豐年間多次重修。
王母池
位于關帝廟東(dong)南300米(mi)(mi)處,整座院落南北長101.4米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西寬53米(mi)(mi),總面積約5374.2平方米(mi)(mi)。
王(wang)(wang)(wang)母池廟由(you)影壁、香火池、山門、王(wang)(wang)(wang)母池、王(wang)(wang)(wang)母殿(dian)、觀瀾(lan)亭、藥(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)殿(dian)、北斗殿(dian)、悅(yue)山亭、七真殿(dian)和蓬萊閣等(deng)組成(cheng)。每(mei)年(nian)陰歷(li)三月三,全(quan)國各地的香客在(zai)此舉(ju)行廟會,慶賀王(wang)(wang)(wang)母圣誕(dan)。院內王(wang)(wang)(wang)母泉、王(wang)(wang)(wang)母池水清澈見底,常年(nian)不息,古(gu)(gu)柏參天交柯(ke),風景(jing)優美。院外有虬在(zai)灣、呂祖洞、八(ba)仙(xian)橋等(deng)文物古(gu)(gu)跡。
王(wang)母池(chi)漢代(dai)稱王(wang)母廬(lu),唐(tang)代(dai)稱瑤池(chi)。自元至清多次重修。
南天(tian)門/泰山古(gu)建筑群
南天(tian)門(men)又(you)稱三天(tian)門(men),在(zai)十(shi)八(ba)盤盡頭(tou)。十(shi)八(ba)盤兩(liang)側峭崖對峙,東為飛龍巖,西為翔(xiang)鳳(feng)嶺。南天(tian)門(men)坐(zuo)落(luo)在(zai)兩(liang)嶺的狹口之(zhi)上(shang),由(you)下仰視猶如天(tian)上(shang)宮闕,為跨盤道而建(jian)的城門(men)樓式(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)。下層拱形(xing)門(men)洞題名是“南天(tian)門(men)”,上(shang)層題名“摩空(kong)閣”,兩(liang)側對聯:“門(men)辟九霄(xiao)仰步(bu)三天(tian)勝(sheng)跡,階崇萬級俯臨千嶂奇觀”,道出了該處之(zhi)形(xing)勝(sheng)。
南(nan)天(tian)(tian)門(men)北有(you)唐代創(chuang)建的三(san)靈侯殿(dian)(后更名(ming)關帝廟,今名(ming)“未了(le)軒”)及東西配殿(dian)。南(nan)天(tian)(tian)門(men)西側石(shi)棚(peng)內壁有(you)“天(tian)(tian)門(men)銘”石(shi)碑(bei),元(yuan)中統元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)1260年)杜仁(ren)杰撰文(wen)、嚴忠范書,記(ji)述了(le)張煉(lian)師創(chuang)建南(nan)天(tian)(tian)門(men)的經(jing)過。南(nan)天(tian)(tian)門(men)下(xia)有(you)升仙坊和(he)壽星亭。
碧霞祠
碧(bi)霞祠(ci)創建于宋真(zhen)宗大中祥符元年(nian)(1008),始(shi)稱“昭(zhao)真(zhen)祠(ci)”,金代稱“昭(zhao)真(zhen)觀”,明代改名“靈佑宮”,清乾(qian)隆三十五(wu)年(nian)(1770)重修,改今名。
碧(bi)霞祠由照壁、金藏(zang)庫(火池)、南神(shen)(shen)門、東(dong)神(shen)(shen)門、西(xi)神(shen)(shen)門、歌舞樓、東(dong)西(xi)閣樓、鐘鼓樓、大山門、東(dong)西(xi)御碑亭(ting)、香(xiang)亭(ting)、東(dong)西(xi)配殿、大殿組成。
正殿(dian)九(jiu)脊歇山頂,供碧霞元君、眼光奶奶、送子(zi)娘娘及各二侍女銅(tong)像,原(yuan)為歷代(dai)帝王祭祀之所。殿(dian)頂螭(chi)吻、大(da)脊、垂脊、垂獸、走獸、博脊、蓋瓦、檐頭上(shang)的行(xing)龍等皆(jie)為銅(tong)鑄(zhu),雕鑄(zhu)的鳳凰、纏枝花紋(wen)(wen)、八仙(xian)等紋(wen)(wen)飾生(sheng)動精美。
香(xiang)亭內(nei)供碧霞元(yuan)君、東配(pei)(pei)殿供眼光奶奶,西(xi)(xi)配(pei)(pei)殿供送(song)子娘(niang)娘(niang),原為(wei)(wei)民間香(xiang)客祭(ji)拜之處。東西(xi)(xi)配(pei)(pei)殿的吻(wen)、脊、獸、蓋瓦(wa)等皆為(wei)(wei)鐵鑄(zhu)(大山門(men)同)。香(xiang)亭為(wei)(wei)黃琉璃瓦(wa)九脊重檐歇山頂。
院內有明(ming)嘉靖(jing)十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1540年(nian)(nian))北京房(fang)山縣所(suo)(suo)獻的“千斤鼎”銅(tong)鼎,明(ming)萬(wan)歷十七年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1589年(nian)(nian))所(suo)(suo)鑄(zhu)的萬(wan)歲樓,明(ming)萬(wan)歷四十三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1615年(nian)(nian))所(suo)(suo)鑄(zhu)的“敕修泰(tai)山天仙金(jin)闕(que)碑(bei)”銅(tong)碑(bei),明(ming)天啟五年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1625年(nian)(nian))所(suo)(suo)鑄(zhu)的“欽修泰(tai)岳大功告成(cheng)賜靈佑(you)宮(gong)金(jin)碑(bei)”銅(tong)碑(bei)。大山門內外有青(qing)龍、白虎(hu)、文(wen)曲(qu)、武(wu)曲(qu)四神像。
據文獻記載,此處漢代(dai)原(yuan)有石雕金童(tong)玉(yu)女像(xiang)。宋真宗大中祥(xiang)符元年(nian)(nian)(公元1008年(nian)(nian))封(feng)禪泰山時(shi),鑿(zao)龕(kan)雕玉(yu)女像(xiang),創建(jian)玉(yu)女祠,金改昭真觀,明(ming)洪武年(nian)(nian)間重(zhong)修,成化、弘治、嘉靖(jing)年(nian)(nian)間拓建(jian)正殿(dian),施銅(tong)構件(jian),萬歷、天啟年(nian)(nian)間重(zhong)修,清代(dai)亦多次(ci)重(zhong)修。現存建(jian)筑保存了大量元明(ming)構件(jian)及其建(jian)筑風格(ge)。
明(ming)嘉靖、萬歷(li)、天(tian)啟諸帝均遣官致祭(ji)。清代(dai)康(kang)熙(xi)、乾(qian)(qian)隆皇帝多次在(zai)此(ci)祭(ji)祀碧(bi)霞元(yuan)君,東西御碑亭現(xian)存康(kang)熙(xi)、乾(qian)(qian)隆皇帝漢(han)白玉詩碑。
祠分前后兩院,正殿(dian)(dian)5間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),在北(bei)院,面闊24.7米,進深15.1米,通高13.7米,四(si)(si)(si)柱(zhu)七架(jia)梁(liang),十一檁前后廊(lang)式,九脊(ji)歇(xie)山(shan)頂(ding),四(si)(si)(si)角(jiao)(jiao)施(shi)(shi)角(jiao)(jiao)柱(zhu),檐(yan)柱(zhu)施(shi)(shi)斗拱,柱(zhu)頭(tou)科,單(dan)杪雙(shuang)下昂六(liu)踩,斗拱上(shang)(shang)承托挑尖(jian)梁(liang)頭(tou),平身科,正間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、梢間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)6、5、4個(ge)(ge)。斗拱上(shang)(shang)承托螞蚱頭(tou),角(jiao)(jiao)科單(dan)翹重昂七踩,轉角(jiao)(jiao)斗拱上(shang)(shang)承托寶瓶,歇(xie)山(shan)檐(yan)下及后檐(yan)下亦施(shi)(shi)斗拱,形狀與前面相同。屋面瓦(wa)壟(long)360條,象(xiang)征周天之數,為(wei)(wei)(wei)防高山(shan)大(da)風,明時蓋瓦(wa)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)鐵鑄(zhu),清初易為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)瓦(wa)。大(da)脊(ji)上(shang)(shang)飾雙(shuang)鳳纏枝花紋,戧(chuang)脊(ji)有(you)六(liu)走獸和(he)一個(ge)(ge)仙人,檐(yan)上(shang)(shang)瓦(wa)釘處飾立體走龍,均為(wei)(wei)(wei)銅(tong)鑄(zhu)。殿(dian)(dian)內槽柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)柁(tuo)隔架(jia)斗拱,柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)井(jing)字形天花板,正間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)內斗拱相圍呈八角(jiao)(jiao)形藻井(jing),中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)浮雕盤龍戲珠。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)正間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)兩次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)均設石雕仰復蓮紋須(xu)彌座神臺(tai),供奉碧霞元(yuan)君神像。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)雄偉華(hua)麗,是泰山(shan)僅(jin)次(ci)于岱廟天貺(kuang)殿(dian)(dian)的第(di)二大(da)建(jian)筑(zhu)。
縱觀碧霞祠整個建筑群,由于地形限制,南北(bei)長70米,東西(xi)寬僅(jin)36米,總(zong)面積不過2500余平方米,但是它給人的感覺(jue)卻森嚴宏大(da),毫不顯局促狹(xia)小(xiao),顯示(shi)了(le)古(gu)代建筑者因(yin)勢而宜的高(gao)妙的建筑藝術水(shui)平和技(ji)巧。
碧(bi)(bi)霞(xia)祠(ci)選(xuan)址于(yu)天街(jie)東端地勢陡然抬起之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),前院(yuan)(yuan)設(she)(she)有(you)(you)(you)(you)東、西、南(nan)3座高(gao)大(da)的(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)門(men)。游人(ren)(ren)(ren)一般自天街(jie)東來,有(you)(you)(you)(you)西神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)門(men)進祠(ci),而西神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)門(men)下是峭(qiao)拔如十(shi)八盤(pan)的(de)(de)百余(yu)(yu)級連(lian)續的(de)(de)臺階,由(you)此進得祠(ci)來,忽見(jian)樓(lou)臺嚴整,氣(qi)(qi)氛(fen)肅(su)穆,同(tong)(tong)天街(jie)風情(qing)迥(jiong)然不同(tong)(tong),人(ren)(ren)(ren)們首先感到(dao)了(le)(le)碧(bi)(bi)霞(xia)祠(ci)的(de)(de)赫赫氣(qi)(qi)勢。東神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)門(men)與西神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)門(men)相通,通往(wang)玉皇頂(ding)的(de)(de)盤(pan)道就在前院(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)中,且往(wang)南(nan)又開有(you)(you)(you)(you)南(nan)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)門(men),人(ren)(ren)(ren)在此視(shi)野并未被(bei)封閉(bi),因此小(xiao)的(de)(de)空間便產生了(le)(le)大(da)的(de)(de)空間的(de)(de)感覺(jue)(jue)。而且北(bei)面,碧(bi)(bi)霞(xia)祠(ci)山門(men)高(gao)高(gao)屹立,不進山門(men)仍不知(zhi)祠(ci)內復有(you)(you)(you)(you)何物,使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)更生神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)秘之(zhi)(zhi)感,猶覺(jue)(jue)此祠(ci)非同(tong)(tong)小(xiao)可(ke)。及至進到(dao)北(bei)院(yuan)(yuan),大(da)殿之(zhi)(zhi)前有(you)(you)(you)(you)九脊重檐、黃琉璃蓋瓦的(de)(de)香亭(ting)(ting)居(ju)中,亭(ting)(ting)兩(liang)側又有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)鑄“金(jin)碑”,亭(ting)(ting)前又有(you)(you)(you)(you)千斤鼎、萬(wan)歲樓(lou),令人(ren)(ren)(ren)目不暇接(jie),愈加(jia)感到(dao)了(le)(le)這里的(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)尋(xun)常(chang)。而如果不如此布置,設(she)(she)若祠(ci)內空無(wu)一物,一覽無(wu)余(yu)(yu),區區300余(yu)(yu)平(ping)方(fang)米的(de)(de)天井(jing),又怎能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)此等韻味與效果呢(ni)?
泰山(shan)碧霞祠建筑(zhu)群以其高(gao)超的建筑(zhu)藝術受到(dao)了建筑(zhu)學(xue)界的高(gao)度(du)稱贊,認為它是高(gao)山(shan)建筑(zhu)中獨具一格的神(shen)品。
泰山盤路
泰山(shan)盤路自關帝(di)廟始,其北有“盤路起工(gong)處(chu)”碑。泰山(shan)盤路沿中溪達(da)玉(yu)皇頂,是古代(dai)帝(di)王登(deng)封泰山(shan)的(de)御道,總(zong)長度約9000米。
泰山(shan)形成(cheng)于太古代第一次造山(shan)運動,從岱廟北到(dao)中天門(men)、南天門(men)形成(cheng)三級(ji)斷層逐(zhu)級(ji)抬升(sheng)的階(jie)梯狀。從關(guan)帝廟到(dao)壺天閣為(wei)第一級(ji),全長3323米,共有臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)267盤(pan)、1572級(ji),其余(yu)為(wei)平盤(pan),寬度一般在4—6米左(zuo)右,最寬處(chu)近8米。此段(duan)一般平緩上升(sheng),至壺天閣開始向(xiang)上拔起(qi)抬高。該段(duan)多為(wei)亂石(shi)(shi)砌扶(fu)手墻,多數有壓頂石(shi)(shi)。斗母(mu)宮(gong)北的東西橋子(zi)(渡仙橋)至壺天閣段(duan),俗(su)稱柏洞,兩側扶(fu)手墻為(wei)大塊(kuai)條(tiao)石(shi)(shi)對接(jie)而成(cheng)。臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)和扶(fu)手墻均保存(cun)了明代整修時的原物。
壺(hu)天閣至中天門(men)段,為泰山第二斷層斜掀抬高帶,山勢峰(feng)回路(lu)轉,逐漸陡(dou)峭。壺(hu)天閣北為回馬(ma)嶺,其(qi)上盤道(dao)原稱十二連(lian)盤。從壺(hu)天閣至中天門(men)總(zong)長度680米,共有(you)臺階(jie)73盤,共計1223級(ji)。兩側扶手墻為塊石壘砌,其(qi)上均覆壓(ya)頂(ding)石。臺階(jie)和扶手墻多為明代原物。
從(cong)中(zhong)天(tian)門到(dao)對(dui)松亭為泰(tai)山(shan)第三(san)級抬升的過渡階段,有(you)“快活(huo)三(san)里”等(deng)平坦之(zhi)路,也有(you)短段陡(dou)盤(pan)(pan),如“三(san)瞪眼”等(deng)。從(cong)對(dui)松亭向上,山(shan)勢越來越陡(dou),俗稱三(san)個“十(shi)八盤(pan)(pan)”,分為“慢(man)十(shi)八盤(pan)(pan)”、“不緊(jin)不慢(man)十(shi)八盤(pan)(pan)”、“緊(jin)十(shi)八盤(pan)(pan)”。從(cong)中(zhong)天(tian)門到(dao)南天(tian)門總(zong)長度約2500米(mi),共(gong)計有(you)臺(tai)(tai)階219盤(pan)(pan)、3071級,由(you)于山(shan)勢驟然升起,緊(jin)十(shi)八盤(pan)(pan)的臺(tai)(tai)階陡(dou)且(qie)密(mi),有(you)的一盤(pan)(pan)達100級。兩(liang)側扶手(shou)墻均塊石筑帶壓頂石。
從南天(tian)門到玉(yu)皇(huang)頂(ding)(ding)總長度(du)約1000米。天(tian)街(jie)比較平坦,寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)一般(ban)為8米,最寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)處(chu)10米多。從碧霞祠至玉(yu)皇(huang)頂(ding)(ding)逐步升(sheng)高。此段共計有臺階73盤(pan)、689級。玉(yu)皇(huang)頂(ding)(ding)到后(hou)石塢還(huan)有明代古盤(pan)道201盤(pan),1091級臺階。兩側不設扶手墻,寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)在3米左右。