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簡介

塔(ta)里(li)他里(li)哈遺址(zhi)(zhi)位于青(qing)海省海西(xi)蒙古族(zu)藏族(zu)自治州都蘭縣諾木(mu)洪鄉諾木(mu)洪農場(chang)二大隊三(san)(san)中隊駐(zhu)地(di)南。遺址(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積約250×250米(mi),塔(ta)里(li)他里(li)哈蒙古語是火燒過的山或灰(hui)山之意,遺址(zhi)(zhi)由三(san)(san)個小山包(bao)組成(cheng)。1959年(nian),青(qing)海省文物(wu)管理委(wei)員會及(ji)(ji)中國科學院考古研究所對(dui)遺址(zhi)(zhi)進行了(le)試掘。共發掘面(mian)積約260平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),清(qing)理土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)一處(chu)、房屋8座、灰(hui)坑(keng)9個、圍(wei)攔(lan)1座、墓(mu)葬(zang)3座。出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)遺物(wu)7000余件(包(bao)括陶片)。遺址(zhi)(zhi)文化(hua)堆積可分七層,七層中遺物(wu)基本差別不(bu)(bu)大。第三(san)(san)、四(si)層中發現土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)可分圓形(xing)(xing)、橢圓形(xing)(xing)兩(liang)種但都不(bu)(bu)太規整。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)用(yong)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)摻(chan)少量(liang)炭灰(hui)脫模而成(cheng),多為(wei)(wei)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing),大體在38×48厘米(mi)左右(you)。壘砌(qi)方(fang)法(fa)是平(ping)鋪錯縫,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)與(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)之間(jian)夾一層草葉泥。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)圍(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)大部殘(can)缺不(bu)(bu)全,墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)底寬(kuan)146厘米(mi),上寬(kuan)138厘米(mi),殘(can)高不(bu)(bu)足100厘米(mi)。房屋分方(fang)形(xing)(xing)和圓形(xing)(xing)兩(liang)種。地(di)面(mian)式土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)木(mu)結構(gou),房屋四(si)壁(bi)豎立木(mu)柱,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坯(pi)(pi)砌(qi)筑墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體,留有(you)門窗,屋內(nei)用(yong)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)混(hun)細砂(sha)鋪墊,設有(you)灶坑(keng)。圍(wei)欄(lan)系用(yong)樹枝及(ji)(ji)木(mu)樁排插而成(cheng),類似籬笆,呈不(bu)(bu)規則三(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing),長330厘米(mi)、寬(kuan)處(chu)660厘米(mi),圍(wei)欄(lan)內(nei)有(you)大量(liang)的牲(sheng)畜糞便,應為(wei)(wei)牲(sheng)畜圈欄(lan)。墓(mu)葬(zang)三(san)(san)座都是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坑(keng)甕棺(guan)(guan)葬(zang),甕棺(guan)(guan)系用(yong)直口缸和大口罐對(dui)接組成(cheng),皆為(wei)(wei)兒童(tong)墓(mu),有(you)的頭骨涂有(you)紅色粉(fen)末。

出土文物

出土遺物中,生產工具有銅器、骨器、石器、角器、陶器、木器。銅器有銅斧、銅刀、銅、銅鏃；石器有石斧、石(shi)(shi)鏃、石(shi)(shi)錛、石(shi)(shi)鑿、石(shi)(shi)刀、石(shi)(shi)杵、研磨(mo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)球、石(shi)(shi)紡輪(lun)、礪(li)石(shi)(shi)；骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)鏟、骨(gu)鑿、骨(gu)刀、骨(gu)針、骨(gu)鏃、骨(gu)椎、骨(gu)紡輪(lun)；角器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)角鏟、槍形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；木器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)木紡輪(lun)、車轂；陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陶(tao)(tao)紡輪(lun)、陶(tao)(tao)球等。這些生產工(gong)具以(yi)兩側附有(you)(you)(you)(you)凹(ao)槽石(shi)(shi)斧,及(ji)用大(da)牲畜(chu)肩胛骨(gu)制成的在骨(gu)臼(jiu)處帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)銎，可裝插木把的骨(gu)鏟具特(te)色(se)。生活用具主要是(shi)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都(dou)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao),有(you)(you)(you)(you)灰(hui)、紅兩類,以(yi)灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)較多(duo)(duo)(duo)。制法主要用泥條(tiao)盤(pan)筑手制,小(xiao)型器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的用手捏制而成。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)底部大(da)都(dou)為套接,平(ping)底器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)用于凹(ao)底或殘(can)圈足器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)表(biao)面(mian)多(duo)(duo)(duo)進行磨(mo)光,個別的還加(jia)(jia)一層白(bai)色(se)陶(tao)(tao)衣。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)除素(su)面(mian)外(wai),有(you)(you)(you)(you)彩繪、席(xi)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、壓印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、堆紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、錐刺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等裝飾,以(yi)壓印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)多(duo)(duo)(duo),未見繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)口(kou)罐、雙耳(er)罐、單耳(er)罐、無耳(er)小(xiao)罐、四耳(er)罐、直口(kou)缸(gang)、盆、附耳(er)盆、四紐(niu)盆、碗、杯等。遺(yi) 址中(zhong)(zhong)還出(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)(duo)(duo)的毛(mao)布(bu)、毛(mao)繩(sheng)、毛(mao)帶以(yi)及(ji)石(shi)(shi)珠、笛形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)哨、小(xiao)陶(tao)(tao)牦牛等。塔里他里哈遺(yi)址是(shi)諾木洪文(wen)化(hua)(hua)命名地(di)(di),也(ye)是(shi)諾木洪文(wen)化(hua)(hua)具代表(biao)性的遺(yi)址。其(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵除有(you)(you)(you)(you)自(zi)己(ji)的獨(du)特(te)個性外(wai),諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)因素(su)與(yu)(yu)(yu)卡約文(wen)化(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關聯(lian),如陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制作方(fang)(fang)法與(yu)(yu)(yu)卡約文(wen)化(hua)(hua)相同,器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的也(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)卡約文(wen)化(hua)(hua)相似,遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)的五(wu)孔(kong)銅與(yu)(yu)(yu)湟中(zhong)(zhong)縣(xian)潘家梁(liang)墓地(di)(di)出(chu)(chu)的銅相比,除了少兩個孔(kong)外(wai),形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制幾乎無差別。諾木洪遺(yi)址系省級文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。