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墓地介紹

一、固原北(bei)朝、隋(sui)唐墓地的歷史文化(hua)內涵

固(gu)原北朝、隋(sui)唐(tang)墓地的(de)建造時(shi)間為公(gong)元6～7世紀,歷經北周(zhou)、隋(sui)、唐(tang)三個王朝。該墓地的(de)考古發掘始于1982年(nian),到2004年(nian)共發掘北周(zhou)及隋(sui)唐(tang)時(shi)期大、中(zhong)、小型(xing)墓葬50余座,其中(zhong)著(zhu)名的(de)墓葬有(you)(you)北周(zhou)墓3座、隋(sui)墓1座、唐(tang)墓6座。該墓出(chu)土了大量蜚聲中(zhong)外(wai)的(de)反映絲綢之路文(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流與民(min)族遷(qian)徙的(de)珍貴(gui)文(wen)物(wu),典型(xing)器物(wu)有(you)(you)鎦金銀(yin)瓶(ping)、玻璃(li)碗、金戒指、鐵刀、東羅(luo)馬(ma)金幣(bi)、薩珊銀(yin)幣(bi)、寶石印(yin)章、瓷器、銅(tong)器、壁畫等(deng),還有(you)(you)能夠(gou)體(ti)現墓主人(ren)身世的(de)墓志及其兩具歐羅(luo)巴(ba)人(ren)即(ji)白種(zhong)人(ren)的(de)骨架。出(chu)土文(wen)物(wu)內涵豐富、博大精深(shen),具有(you)(you)不可(ke)比擬的(de)歷史、考古、民(min)族與藝(yi)術(shu)研究價值。

公(gong)(gong)元4～7世紀是(shi)沙漠綠洲絲(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮昌盛時期,長(安)―涼(州(zhou))之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)途經(jing)寧(ning)夏境(jing)內190多(duo)(duo)公(gong)(gong)里(li),形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“蕭關(guan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)”,而(er)固原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)就(jiu)是(shi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉重(zhong)鎮(zhen),貢(gong)使(shi)、商(shang)賈、僧侶往來頻(pin)繁、絡繹不絕,諸多(duo)(duo)民族遷(qian)徙、文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交流(liu)、宗教傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)多(duo)(duo)源于此。固原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)北朝、隋(sui)唐墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)(duo)中(zhong)西亞器物和受其風(feng)格(ge)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器物,如13枚薩珊金銀(yin)幣及其仿制品(pin),展(zhan)現源于希臘、羅(luo)馬文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)藝術風(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)(ba)克特(te)(te)(te)里(li)亞金屬(shu)制品(pin)――鎦金銀(yin)瓶(ping),來源于伊朗高原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)薩珊玻璃(li)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凸釘裝飾玻璃(li)碗,微雕生(sheng)命(ming)樹母題并(bing)刻(ke)有(you)中(zhong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)波斯銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶石印章等,以(yi)及手(shou)握或口含金銀(yin)幣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬俗,證實(shi)了(le)(le)(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)沿線文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)盛和文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發達(da)。尤(you)其是(shi)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7盒史氏與安氏墓(mu)志,記(ji)載了(le)(le)(le)隋(sui)唐間活動于中(zhong)亞索(suo)格(ge)底亞那的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)即(ji)“昭武九(jiu)姓(xing)”人(ren)(ren)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史氏流(liu)寓原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)。粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)以(yi)擅長經(jing)商(shang)而(er)聞(wen)名于世,公(gong)(gong)元3~8世紀,他們沿著絲(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)從(cong)撒(sa)馬爾干到長安一線建立了(le)(le)(le)諸多(duo)(duo)商(shang)貿點和定(ding)居(ju)聚(ju)落,操縱著絲(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國際商(shang)貿活動。有(you)些(xie)也(ye)躋身于官(guan)宦之(zhi)(zhi)列,生(sheng)活在(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)史姓(xing)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)是(shi)“因宦徙居(ju)”,他們均擔任原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)上層(ceng)官(guan)員(yuan)。墓(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現,證明了(le)(le)(le)這里(li)是(shi)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)沿線粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)中(zhong)國境(jing)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要聚(ju)居(ju)點,也(ye)為(wei)研究絲(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)沿線粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)華化(hua)(hua)和民族交流(liu)提供了(le)(le)(le)實(shi)物資料。經(jing)鑒定(ding),唐墓(mu)中(zhong)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩具人(ren)(ren)骨架頭骨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顱面形態(tai)具有(you)白種人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng),史籍(ji)中(zhong)關(guan)于粟(su)(su)特(te)(te)(te)人(ren)(ren)面貌(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)述有(you)歐(ou)羅(luo)巴(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)種特(te)(te)(te)征(zheng)。依(yi)據體質人(ren)(ren)類學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究結果,把歐(ou)羅(luo)巴(ba)(ba)人(ren)(ren)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最東界從(cong)新(xin)疆(jiang)東部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈密地(di)區推進到了(le)(le)(le)寧(ning)夏南部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)區,具有(you)特(te)(te)(te)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義,進一步說明絲(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)州(zhou)人(ren)(ren)種分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣性。

北(bei)(bei)朝時(shi)期(qi),固原(yuan)是著(zhu)名的(de)北(bei)(bei)方軍(jun)鎮之一(yi),這時(shi)又逢(feng)絲(si)綢之路興(xing)旺和(he)暢(chang)通(tong)的(de)重要時(shi)期(qi)。固原(yuan)西南郊(jiao)成為古人(ren)埋(mai)葬(zang)的(de)理(li)想(xiang)之地,不乏高官在(zai)這里(li)營(ying)造(zao)大型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)。迄(qi)今已(yi)發掘北(bei)(bei)朝時(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)十(shi)幾座,其中(zhong)北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)大型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)3座,即柱國(guo)大將軍(jun)、原(yuan)州刺史李賢(xian)夫婦(fu)合(he)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu),原(yuan)、鹽、靈、會、交(jiao)五州諸軍(jun)事(shi)、原(yuan)州刺史宇文(wen)猛(meng)(meng)墓(mu)(mu),柱國(guo)大將軍(jun)田(tian)弘(hong)墓(mu)(mu)。這3座權臣(chen)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)呈東西一(yi)線(xian)并列(lie)分布,自李賢(xian)墓(mu)(mu)到宇文(wen)猛(meng)(meng)墓(mu)(mu)距離為1.72公(gong)里(li),宇文(wen)猛(meng)(meng)墓(mu)(mu)到田(tian)弘(hong)墓(mu)(mu)距離為0.67公(gong)里(li)。營(ying)造(zao)時(shi)間前后相距10年(nian)(nian)(nian),宇文(wen)猛(meng)(meng)墓(mu)(mu)造(zao)于(yu)北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)保定五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(565),李賢(xian)墓(mu)(mu)造(zao)于(yu)北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)天和(he)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(569),田(tian)弘(hong)墓(mu)(mu)造(zao)于(yu)北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)(zhou)建德(de)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(575)。這些墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)出(chu)土了大批蜚聲中(zhong)外(wai)的(de)文(wen)物,尤以鎦金(jin)銀壺(hu)、凸釘裝(zhuang)飾玻璃碗等國(guo)寶級文(wen)物而著(zhu)稱。

隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)時期的(de)(de)著名墓(mu)葬(zang)主要有粟特人(ren)史(shi)(shi)姓(xing)墓(mu)葬(zang)6座,即大(da)(da)隋(sui)正議大(da)(da)夫右領(ling)軍驃騎將軍史(shi)(shi)射勿墓(mu)(隋(sui)大(da)(da)業五年(nian)(nian),公元(yuan)(yuan)609年(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故左親衛史(shi)(shi)道洛墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)顯慶三年(nian)(nian),公元(yuan)(yuan)658年(nian)(nian)),大(da)(da)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)故朝請(qing)大(da)(da)夫平涼郡都尉史(shi)(shi)索巖與夫人(ren)安(an)娘合葬(zang)墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)麟(lin)德元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian),公元(yuan)(yuan)664年(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)游擊將軍、虢州刺史(shi)(shi)、直中書省史(shi)(shi)訶耽墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)總章二年(nian)(nian),公元(yuan)(yuan)669年(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)司(si)馭寺右十七監史(shi)(shi)鐵棒墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)咸亨元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian),公元(yuan)(yuan)670年(nian)(nian)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)給事郎蘭池正監史(shi)(shi)道德墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)儀(yi)風三年(nian)(nian),公元(yuan)(yuan)678年(nian)(nian))。還有一座非史(shi)(shi)姓(xing)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)周處士梁(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)珍墓(mu)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)圣歷二年(nian)(nian),公元(yuan)(yuan)699年(nian)(nian))。另外(wai),南(nan)塬(yuan)上的(de)(de)諸(zhu)多唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)代中、小型墓(mu)葬(zang),其中唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)M29中的(de)(de)兩具人(ren)骨架,為男女合葬(zang),經人(ren)骨鑒定,均為白種人(ren)。

固原北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐墓(mu)地(di)(di)具有深刻的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵,見證了絲(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路上的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)。南北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)時期,是(shi)(shi)(shi)絲(si)(si)綢之(zhi)路的(de)(de)興盛期,大量帶有或受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)與波斯風格影(ying)響的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)向(xiang)東傳(chuan)播,而原州及固原正(zheng)處于這條傳(chuan)播路線的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)位置,原州的(de)(de)考古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)把地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海、伊朗高原、蒙古(gu)高原、黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)高原、朝(chao)鮮半島、日本海島緊(jin)密聯系起來(lai)。戎裝甲(jia)胄、佩(pei)刀(dao)、金(jin)(jin)銀玻璃器皿、貨幣(bi)等(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)在北(bei)(bei)魏、北(bei)(bei)周墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)(tu),便是(shi)(shi)(shi)有力的(de)(de)證據。這些隨葬(zang)(zang)品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),部(bu)分(fen)器物(wu)(wu)來(lai)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)和波斯地(di)(di)區,或受其(qi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)影(ying)響。北(bei)(bei)周李賢(xian)夫(fu)婦(fu)墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有4件(jian)器物(wu)(wu)來(lai)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)。鎦金(jin)(jin)銀壺是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)具有薩珊(shan)(shan)風格的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)制品,是(shi)(shi)(shi)希臘化(hua)(hua)對(dui)巴克特利(li)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)(di)區影(ying)響的(de)(de)產物(wu)(wu);凸(tu)釘裝飾(shi)玻璃碗(wan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)典(dian)型的(de)(de)薩珊(shan)(shan)朝(chao)制品,其(qi)上凸(tu)起的(de)(de)凹球(qiu)面(mian)裝飾(shi)在帕(pa)提亞(ya)(ya)(ya)、薩珊(shan)(shan)時期的(de)(de)伊朗高原上一(yi)(yi)度很流(liu)行;鑲寶(bao)石金(jin)(jin)戒(jie)指,戒(jie)面(mian)藍色寶(bao)石上微雕手執弧形花環的(de)(de)裸體人物(wu)(wu),其(qi)母題來(lai)自(zi)薩珊(shan)(shan),它的(de)(de)原產地(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)薩珊(shan)(shan)或中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)某地(di)(di);銀裝鐵刀(dao)的(de)(de)佩(pei)系方(fang)法,是(shi)(shi)(shi)公元5世紀(ji)時西(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)爾其(qi)斯坦發(fa)明,約在公元6世紀(ji)傳(chuan)到(dao)我國(guo),并(bing)逐步取代傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)式(shi)佩(pei)系法,后又經過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)入日本。另外,李賢(xian)墓(mu)、宇文(wen)(wen)猛墓(mu)、田弘墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)具裝甲(jia)騎(qi)俑和武(wu)士(shi)俑、吹(chui)奏樂俑及出土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)伎(ji)樂壁畫,反映出來(lai)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)樂舞的(de)(de)影(ying)響。墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)東羅(luo)馬金(jin)(jin)銀幣(bi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)又一(yi)(yi)重要(yao)實物(wu)(wu)見證。

隋唐(tang)間(jian)是絲綢(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮昌盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi),隋唐(tang)墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)一批反(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),再(zai)現(xian)了(le)固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲路(lu)重(zhong)(zhong)鎮地(di)位。史(shi)射勿墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一枚金(jin)戒(jie)指,正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)鑲有(you)寶石,這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)鑲寶石戒(jie)指是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)傳入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。史(shi)訶耽墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍色寶石印章,在(zai)寶石上(shang)雕刻圖案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)于傳入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu),其(qi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)屬(shu)古(gu)(gu)波(bo)斯(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帕勒維文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),是薩珊王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)祈禱(dao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石門門額刻有(you)聯(lian)(lian)珠紋,內填(tian)怪獸,聯(lian)(lian)珠紋起源(yuan)于薩珊,在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區(qu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)東漸傳入(ru)我(wo)國(guo),在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)有(you)限,初唐(tang)以后(hou)(hou)(hou)即(ji)衰落(luo)。史(shi)道德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)覆面(mian)(mian),獸面(mian)(mian)金(jin)飾(shi)(shi)、動物(wu)紋圓形(xing)金(jin)飾(shi)(shi)等器物(wu),均表現(xian)出(chu)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)風格。覆面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su)與波(bo)斯(si)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆面(mian)(mian)習俗(su)(su)(su)有(you)著(zhu)千絲萬縷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)額飾(shi)(shi)上(shang)半月(yue)形(xing)間(jian)托一圓形(xing),圓形(xing)或表示(shi)太(tai)陽,與西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)崇(chong)拜(bai)日月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)(su)有(you)關。墓(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)口(kou)(kou)含(han)金(jin)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su)與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區(qu)有(you)著(zhu)密(mi)切(qie)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。東羅馬金(jin)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)出(chu)土(tu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)均放置在(zai)墓(mu)主人(ren)頭部,史(shi)道德墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)含(han)在(zai)口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)口(kou)(kou)含(han)金(jin)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang)習俗(su)(su)(su)與古(gu)(gu)希臘神話(hua)有(you)著(zhu)聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。據說,人(ren)去世后(hou)(hou)(hou)要到(dao)遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)獄(yu)世界,靈魂要由赫爾墨斯(si)領至冥(ming)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門口(kou)(kou),再(zai)由卡戎用(yong)渡船運過斯(si)蒂克斯(si)河,人(ren)們要付給卡戎擺(bai)渡錢(qian),而希臘人(ren)把這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)錢(qian)置于死者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后(hou)(hou)(hou)來羅馬人(ren)沿(yan)襲了(le)這(zhe)(zhe)一習俗(su)(su)(su)。20世紀(ji)后(hou)(hou)(hou)半期(qi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區(qu)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)(cong)公元1～8世紀(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)墓(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),都見有(you)死者(zhe)口(kou)(kou)含(han)或手握金(jin)銀(yin)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang),而在(zai)古(gu)(gu)希臘墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)含(han)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)(su)比中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)地(di)區(qu)要早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo),約從(cong)(cong)公元前5至4世紀(ji)開始。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)境內古(gu)(gu)代乃至近(jin)現(xian)代均流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)傳有(you)死者(zhe)口(kou)(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)玉或含(han)珠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su),但沒(mei)有(you)死者(zhe)口(kou)(kou)含(han)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)(su)。固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)家族(zu)(zu)墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)葬(zang)俗(su)(su)(su),無疑是他(ta)們保留祖上(shang)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang)習俗(su)(su)(su)。不難看出(chu),從(cong)(cong)北朝至隋唐(tang)間(jian),隨著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)達,絲綢(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)商賈絡(luo)繹(yi)不絕,各種(zhong)西(xi)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)(su)、遺(yi)物(wu)源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷(duan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)傳到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)作為絲路(lu)關隘要塞重(zhong)(zhong)鎮,發(fa)現(xian)諸多(duo)反(fan)映中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)物(wu)就(jiu)是自然之(zhi)事了(le)。尤其(qi)史(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)家族(zu)(zu)本身作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)粟特(te)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)裔,又是絲綢(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)臣(chen),充當經貿(mao)往來、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)媒介是情理所(suo)在(zai),從(cong)(cong)另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)也(ye)證(zheng)實(shi)了(le)隋唐(tang)間(jian)發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

二(er)、固原北朝、隋(sui)唐墓地的普遍(bian)價(jia)值

固(gu)原北朝(chao)、隋唐(tang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)彰顯了人(ren)(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造精神,體現(xian)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造塋理念。古(gu)人(ren)(ren)選(xuan)擇地(di)勢(shi)平坦、視(shi)(shi)野(ye)開(kai)闊、背(bei)(bei)山面(mian)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想之地(di)作為死(si)者靈魂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安息之所(suo)。該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)背(bei)(bei)靠白馬(ma)山,面(mian)臨(lin)清水(shui)河,塬地(di)開(kai)闊,環境優美(mei),符合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國堪(kan)輿(yu)學(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風水(shui)觀。大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構建,盛行長(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道、多天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing),出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多壁畫(hua),鎮墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)俑、出(chu)行儀仗俑、侍仆舞樂俑、庖櫥(chu)用(yong)具等(deng)(deng)器物,一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)象征(zheng)(zheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)具有模(mo)仿主人(ren)(ren)生前居(ju)所(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)備(bei)形式(shi),體現(xian)多進院落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格(ge),另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)說明死(si)者靈魂仍(reng)然(ran)能夠享受生前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)食起居(ju)與榮華富貴。這(zhe)(zhe)正是(shi)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)視(shi)(shi)死(si)如(ru)生美(mei)好愿望的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真實反映(ying)(ying)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)流行長(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道、多天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa),無論是(shi)庶人(ren)(ren)還是(shi)品官,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都有3～7個不(bu)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing),這(zhe)(zhe)種現(xian)象在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)現(xian),十分(fen)罕見(jian)。而(er)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian),與這(zhe)(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)質條件密切相(xiang)關(guan),充分(fen)考慮了黃土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)陷性特征(zheng)(zheng)。在(zai)營(ying)造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)時,容易(yi)塌陷,不(bu)適(shi)宜構筑長(chang)坡洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道,所(suo)以在(zai)長(chang)斜(xie)坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道上(shang)開(kai)鑿天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing),以滿足古(gu)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)構建大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀需要。長(chang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道、多天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形式(shi),是(shi)長(chang)時間(jian)(jian)演變與創新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)。另外(wai),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明顯特征(zheng)(zheng)就是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道與天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)井(jing)(jing)上(shang)寬下窄(zhai),這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)既便(bian)于(yu)施工,節省勞(lao)動(dong)時間(jian)(jian),又有利(li)于(yu)穩定結構,反映(ying)(ying)了隋唐(tang)間(jian)(jian)人(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang)思想。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度距(ju)地(di)表(biao)均有10尺(chi)(chi)左(zuo)右,符合(he)隋唐(tang)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造塋制度。隋唐(tang)時,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)距(ju)地(di)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深淺(qian),皆(jie)有丈(zhang)尺(chi)(chi),并(bing)規(gui)定若干吉尺(chi)(chi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隋唐(tang)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8座(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang),有4座(zuo)深度屬(shu)吉尺(chi)(chi),有4座(zuo)非吉尺(chi)(chi),但誤(wu)(wu)差均在(zai)1尺(chi)(chi)以下,若考慮換(huan)算誤(wu)(wu)差、水(shui)土流失(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)因(yin)素,埋(mai)(mai)葬(zang)深度應該是(shi)按(an)照堪(kan)輿(yu)吉尺(chi)(chi)而(er)衡定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

固原北朝、隋(sui)(sui)唐墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)體(ti)現了(le)(le)(le)4～7世(shi)紀絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)繁盛時期(qi)寧夏(xia)段上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)西文化(hua)交(jiao)流、商業(ye)(ye)貿易(yi)(yi)、粟(su)特(te)民(min)族徙居與(yu)融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實,對研究(jiu)中(zhong)古時期(qi)絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沿(yan)線寧夏(xia)段發(fa)(fa)達(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)、商業(ye)(ye)貿易(yi)(yi)及(ji)粟(su)特(te)人(ren)甚至歐羅巴人(ren)華化(hua)產(chan)生了(le)(le)(le)最重大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang),展示了(le)(le)(le)文化(hua)與(yu)民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)掘,在(zai)(zai)學(xue)術(shu)界與(yu)考古界產(chan)生了(le)(le)(le)重大(da)(da)(da)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。這些大(da)(da)(da)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)具(ju)有較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會地(di)(di)位(wei),是(shi)統(tong)治王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權臣,曾在(zai)(zai)絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沿(yan)線重鎮擔任要(yao)職,對確保絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暢通無阻發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)過(guo)重要(yao)作用,可以說,他們是(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)人(ren)物(wu)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)中(zhong)、西亞文物(wu)絢麗(li)多(duo)彩、內(nei)涵(han)豐富(fu)、風格獨特(te)、精美無比,再現了(le)(le)(le)絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)一線文化(hua)交(jiao)流由西向東(dong)逐漸傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程以及(ji)對絲(si)綢之(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沿(yan)線商業(ye)(ye)貿易(yi)(yi)所產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)(da)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)中(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)批珍(zhen)貴壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)北朝隋(sui)(sui)唐間墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)現。北周(zhou)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)李賢夫婦(fu)合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)、過(guo)洞(dong)、天井(jing)、甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)繪有手(shou)持或肩扛儀刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武士(shi)(shi)、門(men)樓(lou)、侍女等內(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),宇文猛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)僅存(cun)第五(wu)天井(jing)東(dong)一幅(fu)(fu)武士(shi)(shi)圖,田弘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)及(ji)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)繪有壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),隋(sui)(sui)史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)、天井(jing)、過(guo)洞(dong)和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)繪制(zhi)手(shou)持儀刀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武士(shi)(shi)、手(shou)持笏板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文官、門(men)樓(lou)、侍女等內(nei)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),唐史(shi)索巖墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)保存(cun)有第五(wu)過(guo)洞(dong)上(shang)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一幅(fu)(fu)朱雀圖。這些壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)容(rong)豐富(fu)、繪制(zhi)水平較(jiao)(jiao)高,尤其是(shi)北周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),人(ren)物(wu)面部畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法與(yu)敦煌西魏北周(zhou)窟中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)像(xiang)面部畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法近似,說明(ming)當時原州(zhou)與(yu)敦煌地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工集團之(zhi)間存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著某(mou)種交(jiao)流,并填補了(le)(le)(le)西魏至北周(zhou)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白,是(shi)北朝畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)現,具(ju)有十分重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。隋(sui)(sui)史(shi)射勿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)一座大(da)(da)(da)型壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),為隋(sui)(sui)代考古所稀見,豐富(fu)了(le)(le)(le)這個時期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong),藝術(shu)價值極高。

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)隋唐(tang)(tang)時期(qi)“昭武九姓(xing)”之一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)系(xi)粟特(te)人家族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang),出土(tu)7盒墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)《隋正議大夫右領軍驃騎將軍史(shi)(shi)射勿(wu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)故左親(qin)衛(wei)史(shi)(shi)道(dao)洛墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)故朝(chao)請大夫平涼郡都(dou)尉史(shi)(shi)索巖夫婦墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)游擊將軍、虢州(zhou)刺史(shi)(shi)、直(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)書省(sheng)史(shi)(shi)訶(he)耽墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)司馭寺右十(shi)七監(jian)史(shi)(shi)鐵棒(bang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》、《唐(tang)(tang)給事郎蘭池正監(jian)史(shi)(shi)道(dao)德墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》,反映了(le)(le)(le)(le)絲綢(chou)之路(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)族(zu)遷徙(xi)與交融(rong)。這些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)有(you)極(ji)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)料(liao)價值,不(bu)僅記(ji)載(zai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主人的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)平事跡(ji),而且從(cong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)記(ji)載(zai)分(fen)析可知(zhi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主人屬中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)粟特(te)僑民(min)(min),即(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)“昭武九姓(xing)”之一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)姓(xing),他們是(shi)(shi)沿著絲綢(chou)之路(lu)一(yi)(yi)線逐步遷徙(xi)落籍(ji)固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de),并擔任地(di)方中(zhong)(zhong)高級(ji)官職。更重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),這為研(yan)究(jiu)當(dang)時落籍(ji)固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)系(xi)家族(zu)及粟特(te)人東遷后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)許多歷(li)史(shi)(shi)問題(ti)提供了(le)(le)(le)(le)實(shi)物資(zi)料(liao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)諸多下(xia)層(ceng)人士(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)記(ji)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang),體現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)擁有(you)人群的(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣性。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)展示的(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)俗(su)(su),不(bu)論是(shi)(shi)上層(ceng)達官,還是(shi)(shi)下(xia)層(ceng)人士(shi)(shi),也不(bu)分(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)漢民(min)(min)族(zu)與外國粟特(te)僑民(min)(min),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制均使用墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)洞室墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),一(yi)(yi)律實(shi)行土(tu)葬(zang),葬(zang)俗(su)(su)完全(quan)本土(tu)化,充分(fen)說明了(le)(le)(le)(le)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)人種(zhong)在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)地(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)同(tong)(tong)化,也表現(xian)(xian)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)文化從(cong)多元向一(yi)(yi)體交融(rong)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。

固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)朝(chao)、隋唐墓地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)厚文(wen)(wen)化(hua)內(nei)涵,為(wei)(wei)曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)和已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)消逝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特民族及文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳統提(ti)(ti)供了(le)特殊(shu)見(jian)(jian)證。恢弘龐雜、貫(guan)通中(zhong)(zhong)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu),已(yi)(yi)被現代文(wen)(wen)明(ming)程度(du)更高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柏(bo)油坦蕩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)取代,昔(xi)日駝鈴聲(sheng)聲(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)隊不復存在,取而(er)(er)代之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)疾馳往來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種車輛。只有(you)(you)沿線遺(yi)(yi)留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古跡、遺(yi)(yi)址、城垣、墓地(di)(di)(di)見(jian)(jian)證著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌(huang)與偉大,訴說著(zhu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一切。該墓地(di)(di)(di)便是(shi)(shi)(shi)一例,靜(jing)謐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓地(di)(di)(di),拂去歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塵封(feng),揭開神秘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面紗,顯示出(chu)(chu)了(le)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、商(shang)業貿易與民族遷徙(xi)融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)北(bei)朝(chao)隋唐間(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、人(ren)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣(yang)性(xing)和外(wai)國(guo)(guo)僑(qiao)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)華化(hua)提(ti)(ti)供了(le)獨特而(er)(er)又特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見(jian)(jian)證。墓地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)物(wu),尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)物(wu),反映(ying)出(chu)(chu)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上商(shang)貿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮(rong),使得中(zhong)(zhong)西亞(ya)各種奢侈品(pin)源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷(duan)運來,并(bing)留在了(le)絲(si)(si)路(lu)(lu)(lu)重鎮固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan),有(you)(you)些伴隨著(zhu)主人(ren)到了(le)靈魂世界(jie),仍(reng)相(xiang)廝守。同時(shi),該墓地(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)粟(su)(su)(su)特人(ren)墓葬群,不啻為(wei)(wei)粟(su)(su)(su)特人(ren)創(chuang)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)和已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)消亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特人(ren)提(ti)(ti)供了(le)特殊(shu)見(jian)(jian)證。隋唐時(shi)期,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)史(shi)籍把活(huo)動(dong)于中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)地(di)(di)(di)區阿姆河與錫爾河之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)索格底亞(ya)那(nei)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特人(ren)統稱為(wei)(wei)“昭武(wu)九(jiu)姓”,即康國(guo)(guo)、何(he)國(guo)(guo)、米國(guo)(guo)、史(shi)國(guo)(guo)、曹國(guo)(guo)、石國(guo)(guo)、安(an)國(guo)(guo)、火尋、戊地(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)國(guo)(guo)。流(liu)(liu)寓中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粟(su)(su)(su)特人(ren),均(jun)以(yi)國(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)姓,素以(yi)善于經(jing)(jing)商(shang)著(zhu)稱于世,利之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所在,不遠千里,他們(men)通過(guo)絲(si)(si)綢(chou)(chou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)來往于中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)與中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),進(jin)行國(guo)(guo)際商(shang)貿活(huo)動(dong),且擔(dan)當了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)西文(wen)(wen)化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳播(bo)者。固(gu)原(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)系(xi)家族墓葬便屬“昭武(wu)九(jiu)姓”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)姓。墓葬中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓志及相(xiang)關文(wen)(wen)物(wu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)研究(jiu)史(shi)系(xi)家族以(yi)及其(qi)他外(wai)國(guo)(guo)僑(qiao)民在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)生活(huo)狀況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴實(shi)(shi)物(wu)資(zi)料。