吐列(lie)毛杜古(gu)城遺址,即金代(dai)烏古(gu)敵烈統軍司,后改稱招討(tao)司,以戍(shu)金邊,防止蒙古(gu)勢力南(nan)下。
在金(jin)代(dai),霍林河是泰(tai)州(zhou)與臨潢府(fu)的界河。吐列毛杜(du)(du)古城一帶地屬泰(tai)州(zhou),軍事上歸(gui)東北(bei)路招(zhao)(zhao)討(tao)司管轄(xia)。金(jin)天會二年,烏(wu)古、敵烈(lie)兩(liang)部內徙,被(bei)安置在城東15公(gong)里(li)(li)的龐葛城(今(jin)車家營子)。這(zhe)時,蒙古軍隊已開始(shi)向南(nan)推進,金(jin)代(dai)北(bei)部邊防(fang)十(shi)分(fen)吃緊。由(you)于戰略形勢的需要,便在這(zhe)里(li)(li)建立(li)了烏(wu)古敵烈(lie)統軍司,治所設在該(gai)城。不(bu)久(jiu)又將其升(sheng)格(ge)為烏(wu)古敵烈(lie)招(zhao)(zhao)討(tao)司。僅從字面上就(jiu)不(bu)難看(kan)出,這(zhe)里(li)(li)的招(zhao)(zhao)撫(fu)、討(tao)伐等重大事宜(yi)均由(you)該(gai)司全權處理。烏(wu)古敵烈(lie)招(zhao)(zhao)討(tao)司旋即再(zai)升(sheng)格(ge)為整個(ge)東北(bei)路招(zhao)(zhao)討(tao)司,其治所也由(you)吐列毛杜(du)(du)遷移到(dao)(dao)泰(tai)州(zhou)。后來,隨(sui)著戰局的變化,招(zhao)(zhao)討(tao)司遷到(dao)(dao)泰(tai)州(zhou)后不(bu)久(jiu)又落腳至(zhi)金(jin)山(今(jin)烏(wu)蘭(lan)浩特市烏(wu)蘭(lan)哈達(da)前公(gong)主陵)。
金(jin)界壕在吐列毛(mao)杜西(xi)7公里的(de)(de)東(dong)白音烏(wu)蘭跨過霍林河,轉向西(xi)南。沿線每隔二三十公里便有一(yi)座(zuo)周長約1000米的(de)(de)古(gu)城,并配(pei)有邊堡。其中(zhong)吐列毛(mao)杜的(de)(de)城址規(gui)模大(da),地處兵(bing)家必爭之地,成為金(jin)代初期東(dong)北路的(de)(de)軍事重(zhong)鎮(zhen)。只(zhi)不過重(zhong)兵(bing)把守、壁壘森嚴(yan)的(de)(de)金(jin)代界壕防御體系(xi),未能擋(dang)住日益強大(da)的(de)(de)蒙古(gu)騎兵(bing),昔日興(xing)盛(sheng)繁華(hua)的(de)(de)吐列毛(mao)杜古(gu)城也就走完了它興(xing)盛(sheng)一(yi)時的(de)(de)歷程。
現古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),長703米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)1.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),長582米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),長504米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)1.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),長493米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。四(si)個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)的寬度分別為(wei)5.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)或(huo)6.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)均以泥土或(huo)鵝卵石筑成,南(nan)壁東壁各(ge)有(you)(you)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)座。南(nan)壁甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)向東,東壁甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)向南(nan)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四(si)角(jiao)各(ge)有(you)(you)角(jiao)樓一(yi)座,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)圍共有(you)(you)馬面31個(ge),東9個(ge)、南(nan)6個(ge)、西9個(ge)、北(bei)7個(ge)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外有(you)(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao)一(yi)條(tiao),寬5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),壕(hao)堤(di)殘(can)高(gao)0.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),上部殘(can)寬1.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),底(di)寬5.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),堤(di)距城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)15米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內部分房屋遺址依(yi)稀可見。先后出土的文物有(you)(you)陶(tao)(tao)罐(guan)、陶(tao)(tao)壇、陶(tao)(tao)盆、瓷碗(wan)、瓷碟碎(sui)片,石杵、石磨(mo)殘(can)部、鐵(tie)(tie)鍋、刀(dao)、鐵(tie)(tie)鍬、鐵(tie)(tie)鏵等(deng)(deng)生活用具和(he)農具,還有(you)(you)鐵(tie)(tie)盔(kui)、鐵(tie)(tie)甲、戟(ji)、斧鉞等(deng)(deng)古(gu)代(dai)兵器,以及唐、遼、宋、金方孔圓形銅幣等(deng)(deng)。
古城(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)東西(xi)兩座,兩城(cheng)(cheng)僅隔(ge)160米。西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)呈長方形(xing)(xing),周(zhou)(zhou)長為2382米。南(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)和東墻(qiang)(qiang)都(dou)開(kai)有(you)(you)近(jin)20米寬的城(cheng)(cheng)門(men),城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)前均有(you)(you)用作防(fang)守的半圓形(xing)(xing)甕城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)四角筑有(you)(you)角樓(lou),城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)上有(you)(you)馬(ma)面(用來防(fang)守的臺(tai)基(ji))31個(ge)。城(cheng)(cheng)內西(xi)北處(chu)有(you)(you)一水井,西(xi)南(nan)角房舍十分(fen)(fen)(fen)集中。細心的人在城(cheng)(cheng)內能拾到陶瓷片、銅錢及鐵器(qi)殘件(jian)。東城(cheng)(cheng)為十分(fen)(fen)(fen)規整(zheng)的長方形(xing)(xing),周(zhou)(zhou)長1410米。城(cheng)(cheng)北有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men),東墻(qiang)(qiang)有(you)(you)一便門(men),城(cheng)(cheng)外有(you)(you)寬約5米的護城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)。
流(liu)經科爾沁右翼中旗境內的霍林河(he),在吐列毛(mao)杜一帶把我國東北第二階地與第三階地的天然屏障——大興安嶺攔腰斬斷,形成溝(gou)通內蒙古(gu)高(gao)原與松嫩平原的交通要(yao)(yao)道。吐列毛(mao)杜古(gu)城址地處要(yao)(yao)沖,是金代東北方的重(zhong)鎮。此要(yao)(yao)塞(sai)位(wei)于霍林河(he)谷北側,后(hou)面(mian)有山,西北面(mian)是金界壕。
2013年5月(yue),被國(guo)務(wu)院核定公布(bu)為第(di)七批全國(guo)文(wen)物保(bao)護單位。