原僧府(fu)府(fu)門在炒(chao)豆(dou)胡同(tong),全府(fu)占了幾乎(hu)炒(chao)豆(dou)胡同(tong)一條街,規模相當可觀(guan),現(xian)在公布(bu)(bu)的(de)只是原府(fu)的(de)一部分。據《京師(shi)坊巷志稿》中(zhong)“炒(chao)豆(dou)胡同(tong)”條記(ji):“博(bo)(bo)多(duo)勒噶臺(tai)親(qin)府(fu),在安定門內炒(chao)豆(dou)胡同(tong)。案科爾(er)沁(qin)郡王索特那木多(duo)布(bu)(bu)齊尚仁宗三(san)女壯(zhuang)敬公主,追封親(qin)王銜。其(qi)子博(bo)(bo)多(duo)勒噶臺(tai)親(qin)王僧格(ge)林沁(qin),咸豐(feng)時以剿賊(zei)功,食(shi)雙(shuang)親(qin)王俸,謚(shi)曰忠,配享太廟(miao)。今(jin)王伯(bo)彥(yan)訥謨祜嗣府(fu)為(wei)忠王所(suo)建,非(fei)(fei)公主賜(si)第。”則府(fu)規模應成(cheng)(cheng)于僧格(ge)林沁(qin)之手,也非(fei)(fei)一次建成(cheng)(cheng)。
僧格林沁死(si)后,該(gai)府由(you)其子孫繼承,至民(min)國(guo)時主人為(wei)(wei)僧格林沁之孫阿(a)(a)穆爾靈(ling)(ling)圭,故又稱(cheng)“阿(a)(a)府”。阿(a)(a)穆爾靈(ling)(ling)圭時為(wei)(wei)屆國(guo)會議員,家道敗落,難以(yi)維持(chi),被(bei)控告“未(wei)贍(shan)養好家人”,只得(de)將府拍賣。該(gai)府西(xi)部(bu)或為(wei)(wei)溫泉中(zhong)學,中(zhong)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)朱家購買,東部(bu)除一部(bu)分由(you)其子和(he)琳(lin) 留下外,其余賣給(gei)了西(xi)北軍。1954年,原宅(zhai)西(xi)部(bu)成為(wei)(wei)某(mou)機關宿舍,東部(bu)從(cong)炒豆胡(hu)同(tong)61號(hao)至71號(hao)成為(wei)(wei)民(min)居,原貌已非常(chang)雜亂,但可約略知其規(gui)模。
原府正門外有(you)(you)(you)(you)大影(ying)壁,門旁有(you)(you)(you)(you)上馬(ma)石,內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)槍架子。腰(yao)廳(ting),垂花(hua)門、上房院、后罩房等均(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)抄手游廊相(xiang)通。此(ci)外,院內(nei)(nei)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)爬(pa)山廊、游廊、花(hua)廳(ting)、亭、臺、水池等。室內(nei)(nei)為冬季取(qu)暖均(jun)(jun)設地炕。地炕燒火(huo)口(kou)在走廊兩端(duan),室內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)地下火(huo)道,走廊臺階處有(you)(you)(you)(you)出(chu)火(huo)口(kou),煙(yan)及煤氣均(jun)(jun)從此(ci)出(chu)去。
73號(hao)院(yuan)(yuan)廣(guang)亮大門(men)(men)一間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),倒座房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)五(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),院(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)配房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),二(er)(er)(er)進院(yuan)(yuan),北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)五(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),三(san)(san)(san)(san)進院(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),全(quan)院(yuan)(yuan)環以圍廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang),四進院(yuan)(yuan)后(hou)罩房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)九間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),均(jun)為(wei)合瓦(wa)過(guo)壟(long)脊(ji)硬山(shan)(shan)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)。75號(hao)院(yuan)(yuan)廣(guang)亮大門(men)(men)一間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),門(men)(men)內(nei)為(wei)獨(du)立影壁一座,南(nan)有(you)倒座房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)六(liu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),為(wei)合瓦(wa)屋面,北(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)腰廳七(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),中(zhong)啟(qi)廳門(men)(men),過(guo)廳門(men)(men),進垂花門(men)(men)為(wei)二(er)(er)(er)進院(yuan)(yuan),北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),進深(shen)七(qi)檁,東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)耳(er)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)二(er)(er)(er)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),抄手(shou)游廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)環四周。后(hou)院(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)板廠胡同32號(hao)院(yuan)(yuan),北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)耳(er)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)二(er)(er)(er)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),均(jun)為(wei)筒(tong)瓦(wa)過(guo)壟(long)脊(ji)硬山(shan)(shan)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)。77號(hao)院(yuan)(yuan)廣(guang)亮大門(men)(men)一間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),倒座房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)東(dong)二(er)(er)(er)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)六(liu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),合瓦(wa)屋面。院(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)只存西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)配房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)五(wu)(wu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),北(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)過(guo)廳七(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),前(qian)出廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang),中(zhong)啟(qi)廳門(men)(men)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)出一間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)軒(xuan)門(men)(men),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)連廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),進深(shen)七(qi)檁,前(qian)后(hou)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)耳(er)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)二(er)(er)(er)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),前(qian)出廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang),抄手(shou)游廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)連接各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)側耳(er)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)內(nei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)(ying)為(wei)穿(chuan)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)至后(hou)院(yuan)(yuan)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),進深(shen)五(wu)(wu)檁,前(qian)出廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)耳(er)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)二(er)(er)(er)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)路(lu)院(yuan)(yuan)一進院(yuan)(yuan)南(nan)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)帶前(qian)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)和東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)一間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)耳(er)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)。二(er)(er)(er)進院(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),帶前(qian)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)耳(er)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)一間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。以上(shang)均(jun)為(wei)筒(tong)瓦(wa)過(guo)壟(long)脊(ji)硬山(shan)(shan)房(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),雖有(you)改建(jian)但(dan)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寬大,應(ying)(ying)為(wei)原府的建(jian)筑。
原僧府(fu)規模很(hen)大,前(qian)門(men)(men)在炒豆胡(hu)同(tong),后門(men)(men)在板廠胡(hu)同(tong),縱跨兩個胡(hu)同(tong)。府(fu)分中(zhong)、東、西(xi)三路,各(ge)有(you)四(si)進。其中(zhong)東路除正院(yuan)外,還有(you)東院(yuan)四(si)進,組成一個很(hen)大的建(jian)筑群(qun)。
民國(guo)后(hou),府第被親(qin)王的后(hou)代(dai)逐漸(jian)拍賣,被分成了許(xu)多院(yuan)落(luo)。現在的炒豆胡(hu)同(tong)71號(hao)至77號(hao)(單(dan)號(hao)),板廠胡(hu)同(tong)30號(hao)至34號(hao)(雙號(hao)),都是原府的范圍。
炒豆胡同西口(kou),是(shi)(shi)僧格林沁家(jia)的(de)祠(ci)堂(tang),也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)組很大的(de)建(jian)筑。祠(ci)堂(tang)和府建(jian)在一(yi)條胡同,在清朝是(shi)(shi)不多見(jian)的(de)。現在這(zhe)里(li)被改建(jian)為(wei)“侶松園賓館(guan)”。像(xiang)這(zhe)樣(yang)幽靜秀雅、古香古色的(de)四合(he)院賓館(guan),在北京(jing)也是(shi)(shi)不多見(jian)的(de)。
炒豆胡同屬東(dong)(dong)城區交道口地(di)區,是交道口南(nan)大街路(lu)西從南(nan)往(wang)北(bei)數的一條(tiao)胡同。胡同自(zi)東(dong)(dong)向西溝(gou)通交道口南(nan)大街和南(nan)鑼(luo)鼓巷,長400多米。此處明代稱(cheng)“炒豆兒胡同”,清宣統時(shi)稱(cheng)“炒豆胡同”,1965年整頓地(di)名時(shi)稱(cheng)“交道口南(nan)九條(tiao)”,“文(wen)化(hua)大革命”中改稱(cheng)“大躍進路(lu)頭條(tiao)”,1979年復(fu)稱(cheng)“炒豆胡同”。
炒豆胡同(tong)(tong)(tong)73、75、77號在胡同(tong)(tong)(tong)西段北(bei)側(ce),坐北(bei)朝南,南北(bei)貫通炒豆胡同(tong)(tong)(tong)與板廠胡同(tong)(tong)(tong),原為僧格林沁,1986年被公(gong)布為東城區文物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護單位,2003年被公(gong)布為北(bei)京市文物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護單位。
炒(chao)豆胡(hu)同73、75、77號后院(yuan)均(jun)被(bei)隔成獨(du)立院(yuan)落(luo),門朝(chao)北(bei)開(kai),門牌分別(bie)為板(ban)廠(chang)胡(hu)同30、32、34號。以上院(yuan)落(luo)共有房屋(wu)200多間。
《燕都(dou)叢考》載:“博(bo)多(duo)(duo)勒(le)(le)噶臺親(qin)府(fu)(fu),在(zai)安定門內炒豆胡同。科爾沁(qin)郡王索(suo)特那(nei)木多(duo)(duo)布齊尚仁宗三(san)女(nv)莊敬公主(zhu),追封親(qin)王街,其(qi)子博(bo)多(duo)(duo)勒(le)(le)噶臺親(qin)王僧格林沁(qin),咸豐時以剿賊(zei)功,食雙親(qin)王俸,謚曰忠(zhong),配享太廟。今王伯(bo)彥(yan)訥(ne)謨祜嗣府(fu)(fu)為忠(zhong)王所建,非公主(zhu)賜第也。”據此可知,此府(fu)(fu)之所以稱“僧府(fu)(fu)”,是(shi)因(yin)為一代府(fu)(fu)主(zhu)是(shi)僧格林沁(qin)。僧格林沁(qin)死(si)后(hou)(hou),其(qi)長(chang)子伯(bo)彥(yan)訥(ne)謨祜襲(xi)(xi)爵(jue),此府(fu)(fu)遂(sui)稱“伯(bo)府(fu)(fu)”。伯(bo)彥(yan)訥(ne)謨祜死(si)后(hou)(hou),因(yin)其(qi)長(chang)子那(nei)爾蘇早死(si),故由其(qi)長(chang)孫阿穆爾靈圭襲(xi)(xi)爵(jue),此府(fu)(fu)又(you)稱“阿府(fu)(fu)”。確切地講(jiang),此府(fu)(fu)應稱“博(bo)多(duo)(duo)勒(le)(le)噶臺親(qin)府(fu)(fu)”,因(yin)為“博(bo)多(duo)(duo)勒(le)(le)噶臺親(qin)王”是(shi)世(shi)襲(xi)(xi)罔(wang)替的。
僧(seng)格(ge)林沁承襲科(ke)爾沁郡(jun)王(wang),因軍功(gong)加封親(qin)王(wang)、食雙(shuang)俸。因此,只(zhi)是(shi)一般的(de)郡(jun)府,其規(gui)模(mo)和規(gui)制(zhi)遠不能與后來(lai)幾乎占了整條胡(hu)同的(de)“世襲罔替(ti)”的(de)親(qin)府相比,后來(lai)的(de)僧(seng)府是(shi)累年(nian)擴建改建而成的(de)。
清道光六年(nian)(1826年(nian)),僧格林沁出(chu)銀6690兩認買了前任杭州(zhou)織(zhi)造福德入官的(de)(de)房屋117間。認買后,進(jin)行改(gai)建,與西部(bu)的(de)(de)原(yuan)府連在一起(qi),構成(cheng)由東、中(zhong)(zhong)、西三所四進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)府。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)東所除正院(yuan)(yuan)四進(jin)外,還有東院(yuan)(yuan)四進(jin)。東所的(de)(de)大(da)門(men)被改(gai)建成(cheng)五脊六獸三開(kai)間的(de)(de)府門(men),以(yi)符合親(qin)府制;府的(de)(de)正殿仍(reng)在中(zhong)(zhong)所正院(yuan)(yuan)。
胡(hu)同南側有(you)一座大(da)照壁正(zheng)對(dui)府(fu)門(men),府(fu)門(men)兩(liang)(liang)旁有(you)上(shang)(shang)馬石(shi),上(shang)(shang)馬石(shi)旁有(you)一對(dui)雕石(shi)矗(chu)燈;府(fu)門(men)里(li)兩(liang)(liang)廂置兵器(qi)架,后器(qi)架上(shang)(shang)插著(zhu)兩(liang)(liang)排“阿(a)虎槍”①,面闊(kuo)五間(jian)的腰(yao)廳和(he)垂(chui)花(hua)門(men)、后罩房等均有(you)抄手(shou)廊相(xiang)連,院內有(you)假山、水池和(he)爬山廊、游廊、花(hua)廳、亭(ting)、臺等建筑。正(zheng)殿臺階五層,舉架高(gao)大(da),有(you)脊獸;每間(jian)面闊(kuo)一丈有(you)余,進(jin)深超過兩(liang)(liang)丈;殿內用“金磚”②墁地,墻上(shang)(shang)掛著(zhu)一幅(fu)僧格林沁(qin)頭戴秋帽、身(shen)穿“巴圖魯”③鹿皮(pi)坎(kan)肩(jian)的油畫像。
僧(seng)格林沁的(de)曾孫阿穆(mu)爾靈圭曾任清(qing)廷(ting)鑾儀衛(wei)大臣,清(qing)廷(ting)退位后(hou)又曾任民國(guo)的(de)國(guo)會議員(yuan),家道日趨衰落(luo)。阿穆(mu)爾靈圭死后(hou),因欠族中贍養費而被(bei)控告,法(fa)院受理公開(kai)拍賣“僧(seng)府(fu)(fu)”。該府(fu)(fu)西部(bu)成為溫泉(quan)中學,中部(bu)賣給了(le)(le)朱(zhu)姓(xing)人家,東部(bu)除留(liu)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)為阿穆(mu)爾靈圭之子和琳自住,其余賣給了(le)(le)西北軍。一(yi)座顯赫的(de)府(fu)(fu)未及百年便被(bei)分(fen)割得(de)七零(ling)八(ba)落(luo)。1954年,煤炭部(bu)買下原“僧(seng)府(fu)(fu)”的(de)大部(bu)分(fen)院落(luo)作為宿舍。
僧格(ge)林(lin)(lin)沁(qin)(qin)(1811—1865),成吉思汗的(de)胞(bao)弟哈(ha)撒爾(er)(er)的(de)第26代孫。清末(mo)將(jiang)領(ling)。蒙古(gu)族(zu),博爾(er)(er)濟吉特氏,科爾(er)(er)沁(qin)(qin)左翼(yi)后(hou)旗(qi)(今(jin)內(nei)蒙古(gu)科爾(er)(er)沁(qin)(qin)左翼(yi)后(hou)旗(qi))人(ren)。道光五年(nian)(1825年(nian))襲科爾(er)(er)沁(qin)(qin)郡(jun)王,曾任御前大臣、領(ling)侍衛內(nei)大臣都(dou)統。咸豐三(san)年(nian)(1853年(nian)),任參贊大臣,率所(suo)部騎(qi)兵(bing)(bing)防堵太平(ping)(ping)天國北伐軍(jun),咸豐五年(nian)(1855年(nian)),因擒殺(sha)太平(ping)(ping)天國北伐軍(jun)主將(jiang)林(lin)(lin)鳳祥、李開芳,咸豐皇帝頒(ban)詔:“僧格(ge)林(lin)(lin)沁(qin)(qin)進封親王,世襲罔(wang)替。”咸豐十(shi)年(nian)(1860年(nian)),抗擊(ji)英(ying)法聯軍(jun),失(shi)守大沽、天津。咸豐十(shi)一年(nian)(1861年(nian))后(hou)在山東(dong)、河南、安徽對捻軍(jun)作戰,同治四年(nian)(1865年(nian)),被賴文光、張宗禹率領(ling)的(de)捻軍(jun)在山東(dong)曹州(今(jin)山東(dong)省菏澤市)高樓寨(zhai)附近的(de)吳家店圍殲斬首,其(qi)所(suo)部騎(qi)兵(bing)(bing)亦全軍(jun)覆沒。
僧(seng)格(ge)林(lin)(lin)沁(qin)死后,謚曰“忠”,配(pei)饗太廟(miao),并繪像紫光(guang)閣,其子伯彥訥謨祜(hu)襲親王爵,并賞(shang)“博多勒噶臺”王號。光(guang)緒年間,清廷在今地(di)安門東(dong)大街路北為僧(seng)格(ge)林(lin)(lin)沁(qin)立專祠,名(ming)“顯忠祠”,春秋致祭(ji)。
清代統治者入主中原后,將八(ba)旗制(zhi)度變為(wei)純粹的(de)(de)軍事組織,八(ba)旗子弟(di),盡僉為(wei)兵(bing)(bing)(bing),“以(yi)清語、騎(qi)射為(wei)務(wu)”,實行世襲兵(bing)(bing)(bing)役制(zhi)。乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)曾說:“朕常(chang)躬率八(ba)旗臣仆(pu),行圍較獵,時以(yi)學習(xi)國語,練(lian)習(xi)騎(qi)射,操練(lian)技勇,諄切訓誨,此欲率由(you)舊章,以(yi)傳(chuan)奕祀,永(yong)綿(mian)福祚。”簡言之(zhi),為(wei)大(da)清江山千秋萬代計(ji),滿文不能(neng)失傳(chuan),兵(bing)(bing)(bing)權不能(neng)旁落。然而(er),到了(le)道(dao)光年(nian)間八(ba)旗軍隊已(yi)經不堪一擊(ji)了(le),幸好還有僧格林沁(qin)率領(ling)的(de)(de)蒙古騎(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)尚稱勁旅,能(neng)與曾國藩、左宗棠的(de)(de)湘軍和(he)李鴻章的(de)(de)淮軍相提并論。
僧格(ge)(ge)林(lin)(lin)沁一(yi)死,清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷從(cong)此(ci)喪失(shi)了滿(man)蒙八(ba)旗的(de)勁旅,軍(jun)權漸次(ci)落入湘軍(jun)、淮軍(jun)手(shou)中(zhong),清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷能不震掉?!從(cong)這(zhe)個意義(yi)上講,僧格(ge)(ge)林(lin)(lin)沁確(que)是一(yi)位(wei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)末標志性的(de)人物(wu)。