簡介
遼(liao)寧建(jian)昌(chang)東(dong)大杖子戰國(guo)墓(mu)地位于遼(liao)寧省建(jian)昌(chang)縣堿廠鄉東(dong)大杖子村,占地面(mian)積10萬余(yu)平方(fang)米(mi),該墓(mu)葬群建(jian)于公元前(qian)三世紀至(zhi)公元前(qian)五世紀之間(jian),墓(mu)地墓(mu)葬保存(cun)完好,其(qi)等(deng)級之高、規模之大,在中國(guo)東(dong)北部乃至(zhi)整個東(dong)北亞地區十分罕(han)見(jian)。被評為(wei)“2011年度全國(guo)十大考古新發(fa)現”之一(yi)。
遼寧建昌(chang)東大杖子(zi)戰(zhan)(zhan)國墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)位于遼寧省建昌(chang)縣(xian)西堿廠鄉(xiang)東大杖子(zi)村(cun)中(zhong)部(bu)老河道以(yi)西的村(cun)落中(zhong),占地(di)10萬余平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。截至(zhi)2014年(nian)3月,已發(fa)現墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)137座,發(fa)掘(jue)47座,由(you)于民居地(di)面下(xia)(xia)未能勘探,推測墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)總數超過(guo)200座。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)年(nian)代上(shang)限為(wei)戰(zhan)(zhan)國早中(zhong)期,下(xia)(xia)限為(wei)戰(zhan)(zhan)國晚期。同時(shi)(shi),在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)區西北部(bu)的北山遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)內有(you)窯(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)、灰(hui)坑、灰(hui)溝、灶址(zhi)(zhi)等遺(yi)跡,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)區東部(bu)500米(mi)處的杜梨(li)樹遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)戰(zhan)(zhan)國至(zhi)西漢(han)時(shi)(shi)期的窯(yao)場。
2012年(nian)4月(yue)13日,遼(liao)寧(ning)建(jian)昌(chang)東(dong)(dong)大杖子戰國(guo)墓地被評為“2011年(nian)度全國(guo)十大考古新發現(xian)”之一。遼(liao)寧(ning)建(jian)昌(chang)東(dong)(dong)大杖子戰國(guo)墓地的發現(xian),證實在秦開卻胡之前,燕(yan)國(guo)勢(shi)力就已經到(dao)達(da)東(dong)(dong)北。
墓葬類型
墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西向(xiang),尚無明確的(de)排列規(gui)律可(ke)循;從規(gui)模上可(ke)分大(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小型(xing)(xing)(xing)三種,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)長(chang)近7-99米,寬6-8米,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)長(chang)3-5米、寬2-4米,小型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)長(chang)2-3米、寬1.2-2米左右。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)主(zhu)要位(wei)于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)區的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南部,較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、小型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在其周圍間(jian)(jian)雜分布(bu);均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)壙豎穴木槨(棺)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)填(tian)土(tu)與封石(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩類。封石(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是指在壙口與生(sheng)土(tu)二層臺(tai)之間(jian)(jian)封蓋大(da)河卵石(shi)者,多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),但(dan)隨(sui)葬(zang)品皆較豐富。填(tian)土(tu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)以往發現多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)小型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),隨(sui)葬(zang)品較少(shao),以陶器(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。2011年發掘的(de)M40為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)填(tian)土(tu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),規(gui)格則(ze)較大(da);人骨多(duo)已朽不存,從少(shao)量幾座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)僅存的(de)齒(chi)冠和股骨渣痕間(jian)(jian)的(de)相對位(wei)置判(pan)斷,諸墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)死者一般(ban)頭(tou)東(dong)足西,單人仰身(shen)直肢。隨(sui)葬(zang)品多(duo)置于棺內東(dong)部,西部和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部較少(shao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)主(zhu)要類型(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):
1.大型墓:以2011JDM40為代表。
墓(mu)(mu)壙(kuang)平面(mian)呈“凸”字形(xing)(xing),其(qi)南(nan)北壁(bi)(bi)長(chang)(chang)9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、東(dong)西壁(bi)(bi)長(chang)(chang)寬(kuan)8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,東(dong)、南(nan)、北壁(bi)(bi)上(shang)共發現7個半(ban)橢圓形(xing)(xing)的柱槽。墓(mu)(mu)道向西,截面(mian)呈梯形(xing)(xing),與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)壙(kuang)交接處為(wei)(wei)斜(xie)坡狀的臺(tai)階。墓(mu)(mu)壁(bi)(bi)呈階梯狀,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)二、三層(ceng)臺(tai)為(wei)(wei)生土,向下傾斜(xie)至壙(kuang)底,壙(kuang)壁(bi)(bi)及(ji)臺(tai)面(mian)上(shang)局部抹(mo)有摻雜(za)白(bai)石(shi)子的白(bai)灰(hui)或(huo)抹(mo)有細黃泥臺(tai)面(mian)。沿墓(mu)(mu)底搭建二槨(guo)一棺:外槨(guo)底、壁(bi)(bi)及(ji)頂皆由寬(kuan)大木(mu)方制成(cheng)(cheng),東(dong)西長(chang)(chang)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、南(nan)北寬(kuan)2.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、存(cun)高(gao)1.45~2.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),槨(guo)與(yu)墓(mu)(mu)壙(kuang)之間(jian)(jian)填(tian)土,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)土四層(ceng)臺(tai);內(nei)槨(guo)位于(yu)外槨(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)偏西部位,長(chang)(chang)3.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)1.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)1.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),四角有立柱。棺位于(yu)內(nei)槨(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)部,梯形(xing)(xing),南(nan)北長(chang)(chang)2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)0.8~1.04米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)0.4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。尸骨保存(cun)較差,僅存(cun)朽腐的牙齒(chi)局部,頭向東(dong)。
隨(sui)葬品多數(shu)位于內、外(wai)(wai)槨東部之間的(de)“頭廂(xiang)”部位,以仿青(qing)銅(tong)彩繪陶(tao)禮器為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),有鼎(ding)、豆、壺、盤等(deng)計約數(shu)十件,規格較大(da),各種動(dong)物造(zao)型逼真,彩繪鮮艷;另在(zai)外(wai)(wai)槨底板上普遍(bian)放置(zhi)制作(zuo)精美的(de)的(de)滑(hua)石鏤空飾(shi)件和(he)陶(tao)串珠等(deng)。滑(hua)石飾(shi)件有兩種:一(yi)種為(wei)(wei)圓環(huan)狀,飾(shi)有對(dui)稱的(de)3~4個勾云形紋;一(yi)種是長方(fang)形,飾(shi)有一(yi)首(shou)雙(shuang)身的(de)夔龍狀紋;棺內隨(sui)葬品有銅(tong)帶鉤、環(huan)首(shou)刀、瑪瑙環(huan)、綠松石珠等(deng)。
其埋葬過程(cheng)極為復雜:棺(guan)、槨(guo)所用木(mu)(mu)板上部皆(jie)抹膏泥,其上鋪席;墓葬填土至與二層臺面平齊的高度(du)時,在(zai)東(dong)側貼近二層臺的中(zhong)間部位放(fang)(fang)置了(le)大(da)量的動物頭骨(gu),種類有馬(ma)、牛、羊、豬、狗(gou),總計74個(ge)個(ge)體。在(zai)獸(shou)骨(gu)堆西部放(fang)(fang)置了(le)一個(ge)木(mu)(mu)箱,底出有陶(tao)飾件及石(shi)璜類飾品。
2.中型墓:以2003JDM4為代表。
此類(lei)為(wei)封(feng)石(shi)(shi)墓,壙(kuang)(kuang)口(kou)封(feng)石(shi)(shi)皆(jie)為(wei)鋪(pu)砌(qi)整齊的(de)(de)大河卵石(shi)(shi),長4米(mi)(mi)、寬3.4米(mi)(mi)、厚1.3米(mi)(mi)(自中間凹(ao)陷處至木槨處),墓底(di)距地表(biao)近3.2米(mi)(mi)。木槨與壙(kuang)(kuang)壁之(zhi)間為(wei)二(er)層(ceng)和三(san)層(ceng)臺,其中東面二(er)層(ceng)臺上陳放有獸(shou)牙。葬具為(wei)一棺(guan)(guan)一槨,頭(tou)廂在東部(bu)(bu),槨長3.08米(mi)(mi)、寬1.15米(mi)(mi),棺(guan)(guan)長2.5、寬0.95米(mi)(mi),方向80度(du)。在槨口(kou)處尚存十道梁枋遺跡,應為(wei)棺(guan)(guan)蓋板的(de)(de)一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。棺(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)人(ren)骨已朽不存。在棺(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)人(ren)骨位置的(de)(de)頭(tou)、腹(fu)、體側及(ji)足(zu)下(xia)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)置有青銅(tong)(tong)蓋豆等容器(qi)、瑪(ma)瑙環、珠串飾、玉(yu)璧等飾物和短劍(jian)、戈(ge)、矛、鏃等兵器(qi),頭(tou)廂內(nei)(nei)(nei)則陳放青銅(tong)(tong)壺、鼎、洗等禮器(qi)和軎(wei)、銜等車馬器(qi)及(ji)漆器(qi)等。其中的(de)(de)金(jin)柄(即指金(jin)劍(jian)格和劍(jian)柄末端的(de)(de)金(jin)嵌框(kuang)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen))青銅(tong)(tong)短劍(jian)是繼2000年(nian)首次(ci)發(fa)現(2000JDM14)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)第二(er)次(ci)重(zhong)要發(fa)現,十分(fen)(fen)珍貴。
3.小型墓:以2000JDM13為代表。
此類為封(feng)石墓。壙(kuang)長(chang)2.6米(mi)(mi)、寬1.4米(mi)(mi)、深0.8米(mi)(mi)左右。棺長(chang)2.1米(mi)(mi)、寬0.6米(mi)(mi)、存高0.35~0.4米(mi)(mi)。壙(kuang)內(nei)東南部填(tian)土(tu)中發現5個牛頭(tou),棺內(nei)外隨葬青銅(tong)戈、矛、削、帶(dai)鉤、鑣、銜,陶罐、蓋豆及纓絡飾等20余件套。小型(xing)填(tian)土(tu)墓隨葬品則較少,多為陶器。
已發掘的43座(zuo)墓(mu)葬中出(chu)土各類隨葬器(qi)物近(jin)千(qian)件。其中以(yi)帶有金質劍格和(he)柄(bing)端枕(zhen)狀(zhuang)器(qi)嵌框的青(qing)銅(tong)短劍、雙胡(hu)戈(ge)、提梁雙聯壺,仿青(qing)銅(tong)彩繪陶禮器(qi)、矮領垂腹式(shi)陶罐、碗狀(zhuang)盤式(shi)粗柄(bing)陶豆(dou)、側面帶有一斜(xie)向壺嘴(zui)狀(zhuang)流的陶盉和(he)大(da)(da)敞口陶尊(zun)等最具特(te)色(se),諸(zhu)多器(qi)物為東北(bei)地區青(qing)銅(tong)時代考古首次(ci)重大(da)(da)發現。
發掘意義
墓(mu)(mu)地出土各類遺物(wu)近千件,不僅(jin)有(you)大(da)量燕(yan)式仿(fang)銅(tong)陶(tao)禮器(qi),還有(you)具(ju)東(dong)(dong)北土著(zhu)文化特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)金柄套(tao)(tao)曲刃青銅(tong)短劍,說明這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)處在(zai)遼(liao)寧乃至東(dong)(dong)北地區前所未見、等級很高(gao)且(qie)保存完整的(de)(de)(de)戰國墓(mu)(mu)地,對(dui)研究公元前三至五(wu)世紀前后東(dong)(dong)北乃至北方地區有(you)關(guan)民族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)活動、燕(yan)文化、燕(yan)秦漢統(tong)轄東(dong)(dong)北地區的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史背景等,具(ju)有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)學術價(jia)值。此(ci)外,從墓(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)棺槨來看,屬(shu)于中(zhong)原(yuan)地區禮制的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分,一(yi)(yi)同出土的(de)(de)(de)還有(you)成套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)原(yuan)禮器(qi),說明這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)座中(zhong)原(yuan)墓(mu)(mu)葬風俗與當地少(shao)數民族(zu)(zu)墓(mu)(mu)葬特點相結合的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬群,對(dui)研究民族(zu)(zu)融(rong)合有(you)著(zhu)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史價(jia)值。
據諸墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出土的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原式器物及(ji)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形態看(kan),絕大(da)部分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)(dai)為(wei)戰國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚(wan)期(qi),從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)規模及(ji)分(fen)布(bu)推測,整個(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)(dai)應(ying)為(wei)戰國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)至(zhi)漢初。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)延續的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間與(yu)文獻(xian)記載的(de)(de)(de)秦開卻胡、燕設五郡(jun)時(shi)期(qi)大(da)體相當,諸墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出土文物所(suo)反映的(de)(de)(de)文化內(nei)涵對研究當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)少數民族文化及(ji)其(qi)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原文化的(de)(de)(de)關系具(ju)有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)意義:其(qi)一(yi),東(dong)(dong)北系青銅短(duan)劍是遼(liao)寧乃(nai)至(zhi)東(dong)(dong)北亞地(di)(di)(di)(di)區青銅時(shi)代(dai)(dai)晚(wan)期(qi)考(kao)古(gu)學(xue)文化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)頗具(ju)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)性的(de)(de)(de)器物之一(yi),但以往(wang)發現(xian)過于零散,像東(dong)(dong)大(da)杖(zhang)子(zi)這樣集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土且(qie)含金柄者的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)實(shi)(shi)為(wei)前(qian)所(suo)未(wei)見。這對探討使用這類短(duan)劍人群的(de)(de)(de)起源、流動及(ji)不(bu)同時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)活動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心具(ju)有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)價值;其(qi)二,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)所(suo)在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)戰國晚(wan)期(qi)為(wei)燕國所(suo)設的(de)(de)(de)右北平郡(jun)所(suo)轄(xia),因相關記載和考(kao)古(gu)發現(xian)不(bu)多(duo),其(qi)郡(jun)治所(suo)在(zai)尚(shang)屬懸(xuan)案,東(dong)(dong)大(da)杖(zhang)子(zi)高(gao)等級(ji)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(11JDM40)的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)提供了(le)一(yi)個(ge)極具(ju)價值的(de)(de)(de)線索;同時(shi),這一(yi)發現(xian)證明了(le)當時(shi)東(dong)(dong)北的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區已納入(ru)燕國的(de)(de)(de)勢力范圍,為(wei)秦漢時(shi)期(qi)起中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央政權(quan)在(zai)東(dong)(dong)北建立郡(jun)縣制(zhi)、實(shi)(shi)施有(you)效管轄(xia)奠定(ding)了(le)基礎。
文獻記載(zai),燕的勢力在秦開卻胡前應一直向北推移,但夏家(jia)店(dian)上層(ceng)文化后的一段(duan)歷(li)史模糊(hu),建昌古墓(mu)的發(fa)現補齊了考(kao)古學(xue)家(jia)蘇(su)秉琦(qi)遼(liao)西(xi)(xi)“古國”歷(li)史空缺理論(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)的遼(liao)西(xi)(xi)地區東周時期的缺環。從廣義上,東大杖(zhang)子戰國墓(mu)地可以納入遼(liao)西(xi)(xi)大凌河(he)流域(yu)文化區域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong),是遼(liao)西(xi)(xi)繼青銅器窖藏之后,又找到的青銅器中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)。源頭就是牛河(he)梁,往下依次是夏家(jia)店(dian)、青銅器窖藏、東大杖(zhang)子、綏(sui)中(zhong)(zhong)姜女石遺(yi)址。
有關專家認(ren)為,古墓(mu)的(de)(de)發現價(jia)值是(shi)頂級的(de)(de),古墓(mu)所在(zai)地(di)區當時的(de)(de)輝煌與發達程度超過(guo)沈陽,秦(qin)始皇在(zai)綏中(zhong)建碣(jie)石宮,肯定受這一地(di)區繁榮(rong)的(de)(de)經濟、政治影(ying)響。另(ling)外,從古墓(mu)出土(tu)的(de)(de)各類文(wen)物看,土(tu)著文(wen)化(hua)(hua)受到了(le)中(zhong)原先進(jin)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)感(gan)染(ran),這對多民族國家的(de)(de)管理方式是(shi)一個啟迪。