五女山山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)又名“紇(he)升骨城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,位于(yu)中國東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)遼(liao)寧省的(de)(de)(de)(de)桓仁滿族(zu)自治縣(xian),它(ta)是高句(ju)麗早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址。建于(yu)公元前34年(nian),它(ta)承(cheng)襲了中國北(bei)方民(min)(min)族(zu)構筑山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong),但在(zai)選址布(bu)局、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻筑法(fa)、石料(liao)加工等方面,卻有(you)(you)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)突破和(he)創新,從(cong)而(er)形成了一種(zhong)不同(tong)凡響的(de)(de)(de)(de)山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形式(shi),是中國東(dong)北(bei)和(he)東(dong)北(bei)亞地區山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建筑進入(ru)劃時代階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)標志,在(zai)中國古代東(dong)北(bei)民(min)(min)族(zu)建筑史上,具有(you)(you)里(li)程碑的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。
五(wu)女山山城,是(shi)高句(ju)麗(li)族創建(jian)政權的第(di)一(yi)個都城。高句(ju)麗(li)第(di)一(yi)代王朱(zhu)蒙(meng)于(yu)公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前37年(nian)(nian)在此建(jian)立政權,到公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)三至五(wu)世(shi)紀,達到鼎盛(sheng)時期,曾占據了(le)遼河以東、日本海以西、第(di)二松花(hua)江以南、漢江以北的廣大區域,在歷史上(shang)存續(xu)了(le)705年(nian)(nian),至唐總章元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)668年(nian)(nian))為唐朝(chao)所滅。
五(wu)女山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)座落在遼寧省(sheng)本溪市桓(huan)仁縣城(cheng)東北8.5公里處(chu)(chu)(chu),平均海拔800余米(mi),南北長約(yue)1540米(mi),東西(xi)寬約(yue)350至550米(mi),面積約(yue)60萬(wan)平方米(mi)。南北兩端向(xiang)東部凸出,東部中段內凹,形狀(zhuang)像一只單靴。五(wu)女山(shan)(shan)主峰在半山(shan)(shan)腰處(chu)(chu)(chu)突兀而起,四壁斷崖如斧劈刀削(xue)一般,落差百米(mi)左右,山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)挺(ting)拔險(xian)峻。山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)大部分(fen)利用天然的懸(xuan)崖峭壁作屏(ping)障,僅在東、南部山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)稍緩處(chu)(chu)(chu)以及通往(wang)山(shan)(shan)上的豁口(kou)處(chu)(chu)(chu)筑(zhu)墻封堵。
五女山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)承襲(xi)了(le)中國北方(fang)(fang)民族構筑山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)的(de)(de)傳統,但在選址布(bu)局(ju)、城(cheng)墻(qiang)筑法、石(shi)料加工(gong)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),卻(que)有更(geng)大突破和創(chuang)新(xin):城(cheng)墻(qiang)走向(xiang)隨山(shan)(shan)(shan)就勢(shi),平面(mian)布(bu)局(ju)不(bu)求方(fang)(fang)正,城(cheng)墻(qiang)壁面(mian)石(shi)材經過(guo)精心加工(gong),多為(wei)大頭小尾的(de)(de)楔形石(shi)。砌(qi)筑時,大頭向(xiang)外,小尾向(xiang)內(nei),墻(qiang)體內(nei)部(bu)以長條石(shi)層(ceng)層(ceng)相壓,減(jian)少(shao)了(le)外向(xiang)張力,避免了(le)坍頹。這(zhe)種先進的(de)(de)石(shi)材加工(gong)和砌(qi)筑方(fang)(fang)法,是五女山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)的(de)(de)獨創(chuang)。
五(wu)(wu)女(nv)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城以嶄新的建筑形(xing)式,突破了中國傳統(tong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城的固有(you)模式;五(wu)(wu)女(nv)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城筑于(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)巔,在高句(ju)麗山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城中極為罕見;五(wu)(wu)女(nv)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城對東北(bei)亞古代山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城發(fa)展影響巨大;五(wu)(wu)女(nv)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城是已經消(xiao)逝的高句(ju)麗文(wen)(wen)化的特殊見證(zheng);五(wu)(wu)女(nv)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城是高句(ju)麗早(zao)期(qi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城中的杰出代表;五(wu)(wu)女(nv)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城是人文(wen)(wen)與自(zi)然的完美結合。
山城中筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)城墻(qiang)、城門、王宮、倉庫(ku)、兵營等建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),富有(you)軍事色彩(cai)。山城大(da)部(bu)分利用天然懸(xuan)崖峭壁(bi)作(zuo)為(wei)屏障,僅在部(bu)分山勢(shi)稍緩處(chu)筑(zhu)(zhu)墻(qiang)封堵(du)。城墻(qiang)的墻(qiang)基(ji)多以大(da)石疊筑(zhu)(zhu)2~3層而成,其上壓縫砌筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)楔形石,基(ji)寬5~6米,頂(ding)寬3~4米,并辟(pi)有(you)南、東(dong)、西(xi)3個(ge)城門。城內發現有(you)瞭望臺、蓄(xu)水池、點(dian)將(jiang)臺、天池、大(da)型建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、兵營式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)等遺跡。
新石器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)直腹罐(guan)(殘)、打制(zhi)石器(qi)、戰國至漢代(dai)的(de)大(da)陶(tao)(tao)壺、王莽(mang)時(shi)期的(de)大(da)泉(quan)五(wu)十等(deng)珍(zhen)貴(gui)文(wen)物和高(gao)句麗時(shi)期的(de)陶(tao)(tao)罐(guan)、環(huan)首刀、甲衣,遼金(jin)時(shi)期的(de)銅印、貨幣、陶(tao)(tao)盆、陶(tao)(tao)罐(guan)等(deng)文(wen)物數百(bai)件(jian)。
出(chu)土陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)、銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)、鐵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、銀器(qi)(qi)(qi)等各類遺物1000余(yu)件。
高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)族創(chuang)建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)王國雖已湮沒在歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)長河中,但高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)在東北各地高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)城址、墓葬等歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)遺存中仍然得到體現(xian)。五女山山城高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)大的(de)(de)(de)城墻、完備的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)御(yu)體系和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵,都是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)政權初(chu)創(chuang)時期的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)寫真,對世界認識這個民(min)族的(de)(de)(de)古老歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)無(wu)疑具有(you)珍貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)價值。挖掘(jue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、研究(jiu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、保護高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua),對世界文(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)發展(zhan)史(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)現(xian)實意義。
從沈陽出發到(dao)桓仁4個多小時,有沈陽到(dao)桓仁的直達客(ke)車。
從本(ben)溪(xi)出發,在本(ben)溪(xi)火車站前長(chang)途客運(yun)站有直達桓(huan)仁的班車,票價25元,半小時一班車。
從桓(huan)仁(ren)出發,桓(huan)仁(ren)縣(xian)城客運站有直達(da)五(wu)女山的班車。
開放時間:5:30―16:30
門市(shi)票價:50元/人