霸王(wang)龍(long)是(shi)一種兇猛的(de)(de)食肉恐龍(long),生(sheng)(sheng)存于白堊紀晚期,是(shi)已知最(zui)大的(de)(de)陸生(sheng)(sheng)性食肉類,體長15米(mi)(mi)(mi),僅(jin)頭(tou)(tou)部就有(you)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)長,身高達6米(mi)(mi)(mi),頭(tou)(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)笨(ben)重,高而(er)側扁,具有(you)兩個很(hen)大的(de)(de)眼(yan)前孔,眼(yan)眶呈橢圓(yuan)形,牙齒極為發達,在(zai)(zai)齒骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、髃(yu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和前關節骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)間有(you)粗大的(de)(de)活動(dong)韌帶(dai)固著痕跡,頸(jing)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)較(jiao)短,有(you)9~10個頸(jing)椎,其(qi)構造特點是(shi)短寬(kuan)型。肩(jian)帶(dai)退(tui)化(hua),肩(jian)胛(jia)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)細長,而(er)肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)短小(xiao),長僅(jin)有(you)肩(jian)胛(jia)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)一半。前足退(tui)化(hua)細弱,僅(jin)有(you)二指,亦可能殘存第三指。霸王(wang)龍(long)腰(yao)帶(dai)非常發育,結構極為緊(jin)湊,不(bu)僅(jin)腸骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與薦椎緊(jin)密愈合,坐(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與恥(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)遠端也彼此貼合在(zai)(zai)一起;其(qi)恥(chi)(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遠端擴粗呈足狀(zhuang)突,而(er)坐(zuo)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遠端為棒(bang)狀(zhuang)。這樣粗壯的(de)(de)腰(yao)帶(dai)結構,表明(ming)其(qi)后肢(zhi)活動(dong)強(qiang)烈。霸王(wang)龍(long)主要生(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)(zai)丘陵區(qu),以植食性的(de)(de)爬(pa)行(xing)動(dong)物為主要的(de)(de)捕食對象。由于周圍生(sheng)(sheng)活環境(jing)的(de)(de)變化(hua),霸王(wang)龍(long)在(zai)(zai)晚白堊世(shi)最(zui)晚期時絕滅了。
霸王龍就像是(shi)一(yi)臺骨(gu)(gu)骼破碎機。霸王龍(tyrannosaurus rex)是(shi)一(yi)種非常(chang)致命的(de)兇殘恐龍,它在恐龍世(shi)界中(zhong)的(de)“暴君行徑”是(shi)名不(bu)虛傳的(de)。其(qi)碩大(da)顎骨(gu)(gu)和鋒利牙齒(chi)能夠將獵物撒裂(lie)成(cheng)牙簽(qian)大(da)小。這種恐龍的(de)體型很龐大(da),體長40英尺,身高20英尺,體重近1.6萬磅。
霸(ba)王龍(long)是(shi)(shi)兩足行(xing)走,在0.65億年前白堊(e)紀末(mo)期主要(yao)生活在北美(mei)洲西部(bu)的(de)(de)廣(guang)闊地域。目前,科學家們仍置(zhi)疑是(shi)(shi)否霸(ba)王龍(long)是(shi)(shi)動作遲緩的(de)(de)食腐(fu)動物(wu)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)動作敏捷的(de)(de)掠食性動物(wu),但無(wu)論它的(de)(de)食物(wu)是(shi)(shi)活著(zhu)的(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)死的(de)(de),它口中的(de)(de)獵物(wu)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)很(hen)大,這種食肉性恐(kong)龍(long)進食時一(yi)(yi)定(ding)非常血腥。
在霸(ba)王龍發現地(di)的(de)附近(jin),仍然有(you)霸(ba)王龍時代(dai)的(de)針(zhen)葉植物和它(ta)的(de)親緣植物,當時的(de)景物和佛羅里達州或喬治亞州南(nan)部相類似,這個區域有(you)些小樹(shu),高約15~25米(mi),樹(shu)干直徑不到0·3米(mi)。在它(ta)生(sheng)活的(de)時代(dai),現代(dai)的(de)各科植物都已經(jing)出現了。且恐龍種類相比侏羅紀(ji)減(jian)少(shao),所以霸(ba)王龍生(sheng)活的(de)環境并(bing)沒有(you)想(xiang)象的(de)奇特。
在(zai)白堊紀初期出現的(de)(de)開花植(zhi)物,霸王龍生(sheng)活的(de)(de)時期主宰著世界的(de)(de)生(sheng)態系(xi)統,90%的(de)(de)葉(xie)片化石(shi)都(dou)是在(zai)北(bei)達科塔州發(fa)現的(de)(de),在(zai)收集(ji)的(de)(de)3萬多個葉(xie)片化石(shi)中,有90%的(de)(de)化石(shi)是屬于闊(kuo)葉(xie)植(zhi)物。
如同其(qi)他暴(bao)龍(long)科,霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)擁有(you)非(fei)常小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)前肢(zhi),長(chang)度(du)只有(you)后(hou)肢(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)22%,一(yi)(yi)般個體的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度(du)僅(jin)有(you)80厘米左(zuo)右(you),相對霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)巨大體型(xing)和后(hou)肢(zhi)來(lai)(lai)說,前肢(zhi)顯得(de)非(fei)常細小(xiao),相當于(yu)一(yi)(yi)個成年人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)手臂。它們的(de)(de)(de)手臂非(fei)常細而(er)小(xiao)霸(ba)王(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)頭骨(gu)使(shi)它的(de)(de)(de)前肢(zhi)位置也靠后(hou),這(zhe)對前肢(zhi)前伸伸不過其(qi)的(de)(de)(de)嘴部,也無法(fa)(fa)摸(mo)到自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)嘴,同樣更沒法(fa)(fa)觸及到到自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)腳部,可(ke)能其(qi)作用僅(jin)僅(jin)是平(ping)衡工具而(er)已,用來(lai)(lai)平(ping)衡它們的(de)(de)(de)巨大的(de)(de)(de)頭部。
從霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的頭(tou)骨(gu)形狀(zhuang)來看,其上(shang)頜寬下頜窄,咬(yao)合的時候上(shang)下頜牙(ya)(ya)施加的力不完全相對,有利于(yu)咬(yao)斷骨(gu)骼。霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)成圓錐狀(zhuang)類似香蕉(jiao),適合壓碎骨(gu)頭(tou),而絕大部分肉(rou)食(shi)恐龍(long)(long)的牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)則多用于(yu)穿刺(ci)和(he)切割。其頭(tou)骨(gu)結構顯示霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的獵食(shi)行為可能和(he)大部分獸腳類恐龍(long)(long)不一樣。
總(zong)體來說(shuo),大(da)型肉食(shi)動(dong)物(wu)會選(xuan)擇與自己(ji)(ji)(ji)身(shen)材相當(dang)或者更(geng)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獵物(wu)。單(dan)獨(du)獵食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)往(wang)往(wang)選(xuan)擇與自己(ji)(ji)(ji)身(shen)材相當(dang)或者更(geng)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獵物(wu);群體捕食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)往(wang)往(wang)可以獵食(shi)比自己(ji)(ji)(ji)身(shen)材大(da)很(hen)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獵物(wu)。2014年的(de)(de)(de)(de)新論文(wen)顯示,成年霸王龍不同個體咬力(li)在(zai)10萬牛頓(dun)到20萬牛頓(dun)之間.平均個體的(de)(de)(de)(de)咬合力(li)大(da)概為10噸(dun)+。
從身長(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)看(kan),大(da)(da)部分食肉恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都可(ke)以(yi)超(chao)(chao)過霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),包括鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、索倫龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),但霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)寬度(du)(du)(du)、頸(jing)椎寬度(du)(du)(du)、腿長(chang)(chang)、骨盆大(da)(da)小、肩胛骨大(da)(da)小遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超(chao)(chao)過馬(ma)普龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)等(deng)幾乎(hu)所有的(de)(de)(de)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)超(chao)(chao)科(ke)(ke)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),并(bing)(bing)有著食肉龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)里最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)型和(he)最(zui)(zui)粗壯寬大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)頭部、頸(jing)椎、軀干和(he)后(hou)肢(zhi),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)身材和(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)形的(de)(de)(de)食肉龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)獸(shou)腳亞目(mu)(如角鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、斑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、永川龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)等(deng)等(deng))僅有霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)(bu)到(dao)50%的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重,而(er)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)粗壯的(de)(de)(de)食肉龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(如特暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、爆(bao)誕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long))也(ye)只有同(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)75%-80%體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重。與暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)相比鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)成員(yuan)雖(sui)然在(zai)身長(chang)(chang)擁有略(lve)微優勢,但是(shi)在(zai)身體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)粗壯程度(du)(du)(du)卻(que)完全不(bu)(bu)能和(he)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)相提(ti)并(bing)(bing)論(lun),比如,鯊(sha)(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與巨獸(shou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)身長(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)都接近霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),但是(shi)在(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重和(he)身高(gao)上(shang)(shang)卻(que)比不(bu)(bu)上(shang)(shang)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。食肉恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)里只有蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)魁紂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重指(zhi)數可(ke)以(yi)達(da)到(dao)或接近霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)90%。霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)骨架(jia)也(ye)非常厚(hou)重,雖(sui)然爬行動物(wu)只要不(bu)(bu)死就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)直生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)下去,但是(shi)這并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)代(dai)表爬行動物(wu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)直變(bian)高(gao)變(bian)長(chang)(chang),霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)周(zhou)期(qi)到(dao)19歲(sui)(sui)時結(jie)(jie)束,最(zui)(zui)遲不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)超(chao)(chao)過21歲(sui)(sui),當霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)周(zhou)期(qi)結(jie)(jie)束后(hou),雖(sui)然霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還會(hui)(hui)(hui)繼續生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),但是(shi)它既不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)長(chang)(chang)長(chang)(chang)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)變(bian)高(gao),它的(de)(de)(de)骨架(jia)會(hui)(hui)(hui)變(bian)得更加粗壯,整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)看(kan)起來(lai)會(hui)(hui)(hui)更加強壯。這就(jiu)是(shi)為什么28歲(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)“蘇”只有12.2米,卻(que)可(ke)以(yi)和(he)14米以(yi)上(shang)(shang)等(deng)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)mor1126,ucmp137538等(deng)競爭已(yi)發(fa)現(xian)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)霸(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)地位。
在(zai)2004年,科學(xue)期刊《自(zi)(zi)然》公(gong)布的(de)(de)一份研究(jiu),敘述了一種早期暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)超科物(wu)種,奇異帝龍(long),化(hua)石(shi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)于(yu)中國的(de)(de)義縣(xian)組(zu)。如(ru)(ru)同許(xu)(xu)多(duo)在(zai)義縣(xian)組(zu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long),帝龍(long)的(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)有(you)一層(ceng)覆蓋(gai)物(wu),被認為是種原(yuan)始羽毛。另外也發(fa)(fa)現(xian)過(guo)體(ti)(ti)(ti)型較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)類身(shen)(shen)上(shang)長有(you)羽毛,例如(ru)(ru)華麗(li)羽王龍(long)。暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)與(yu)其他暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)科近親(qin)也被推測具有(you)類似(si)的(de)(de)原(yuan)始羽毛。但在(zai)加拿大(da)(da)與(yu)蒙古所(suo)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)年暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)科化(hua)石(shi)具有(you)罕(han)見的(de)(de)皮(pi)膚痕跡,由(you)典型的(de)(de)卵石(shi)狀鱗片所(suo)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。也有(you)可(ke)能(neng)是幼年個體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)某些(xie)部分(fen)覆蓋(gai)者原(yuan)始羽毛,但成(cheng)(cheng)長后(hou)脫落,最后(hou)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)缺乏隔離物(wu),如(ru)(ru)同許(xu)(xu)多(duo)現(xian)代大(da)(da)型哺乳類,例如(ru)(ru)大(da)(da)象、河馬(ma)、大(da)(da)部分(fen)的(de)(de)犀(xi)牛(niu)。根據霍爾丹(dan)法則,與(yu)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)體(ti)(ti)(ti)積相比,大(da)(da)型動物(wu)反而(er)擁有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)小比例的(de)(de)表面積,它(ta)們釋放的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)溫度較(jiao)(jiao)高,而(er)吸收的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)溫度較(jiao)(jiao)低;因此(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)長后(hou)的(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)較(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)保持體(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)。大(da)(da)型動物(wu)演化(hua)自(zi)(zi)溫暖的(de)(de)環(huan)境,而(er)用(yong)來隔離熱(re)(re)量(liang)的(de)(de)羽毛會將過(guo)度的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)留在(zai)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei),造成(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)溫過(guo)熱(re)(re)。因此(ci)大(da)(da)型暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)科恐(kong)龍(long),例如(ru)(ru)霸王龍(long),可(ke)能(neng)在(zai)演化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)中失去原(yuan)始羽毛,以(yi)適應溫暖的(de)(de)白堊紀氣(qi)候。
隨著標本(ben)的(de)(de)增加,科(ke)學(xue)家(jia)們(men)(men)開始(shi)注意到暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)個(ge)體間變化(hua),并發(fa)現(xian)它們(men)(men)可(ke)分為(wei)兩(liang)(liang)種模(mo)式(shi)或形(xing)態(tai),類(lei)似于某些(xie)其(qi)他獸腳(jiao)亞目恐龍(long)。其(qi)中一(yi)(yi)個(ge)形(xing)態(tai)較(jiao)為(wei)粗壯,而(er)另(ling)外一(yi)(yi)個(ge)較(jiao)為(wei)纖細。數個(ge)形(xing)態(tai)學(xue)研究認(ren)為(wei)這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)種形(xing)態(tai)代表暴(bao)龍(long)擁(yong)有(you)兩(liang)(liang)性異形(xing),而(er)較(jiao)粗壯的(de)(de)形(xing)態(tai)通常(chang)被認(ren)為(wei)是雌(ci)性個(ge)體。例如(ru),數個(ge)粗壯標本(ben)的(de)(de)骨盆似乎較(jiao)寬,可(ke)能用(yong)來(lai)容(rong)納(na)產(chan)卵的(de)(de)通道(dao)。粗壯形(xing)態(tai)的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)節尾椎上的(de)(de)人字骨縮小,很明顯地用(yong)來(lai)是容(rong)納(na)生殖系統的(de)(de)產(chan)道(dao),這(zhe)特(te)征也在(zai)鱷魚身(shen)上出現(xian)。
最(zui)近幾年,兩(liang)性異(yi)(yi)(yi)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)證據被削弱(ruo)。一(yi)個2005年的(de)(de)研究(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現,原先宣稱鱷魚的(de)(de)人字形(xing)(xing)骨特征是兩(liang)性異(yi)(yi)(yi)形(xing)(xing)特征是錯(cuo)誤的(de)(de),使得擁(yong)有類似特征的(de)(de)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)性別分類產生(sheng)爭議。“蘇”的(de)(de)第1節尾椎上(shang)有完全大小的(de)(de)人字形(xing)(xing)骨,而“蘇”是個非(fei)(fei)常粗壯的(de)(de)個體(ti),顯(xian)示(shi)這特征并不能用來辨(bian)認這兩(liang)種形(xing)(xing)態(tai)。因為暴龍(long)的(de)(de)標本(ben)被發(fa)(fa)現于薩克其(qi)萬省到新墨西哥州(zhou)的(de)(de)地帶(dai),個體(ti)間(jian)的(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)可能較(jiao)適(shi)合顯(xian)示(shi)地理差(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi),而非(fei)(fei)兩(liang)性異(yi)(yi)(yi)形(xing)(xing)。這些(xie)差(cha)異(yi)(yi)(yi)也可能與年齡有關(guan),較(jiao)粗壯的(de)(de)個體(ti)可能是較(jiao)年老的(de)(de)個體(ti)。
現(xian)在只有(you)一個(ge)(ge)霸王(wang)龍標本(ben)被(bei)認(ren)為確實屬于(yu)某個(ge)(ge)性別。“B-雷克斯”標本(ben)的(de)數個(ge)(ge)骨頭內保存(cun)了軟(ruan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。某些組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)鑒定為髓質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),髓質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)種(zhong)只存(cun)在于(yu)鳥(niao)類身上(shang)的(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)鈣質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)來(lai)源,可在產卵期(qi)制(zhi)造蛋殼。因為只有(you)雌(ci)(ci)(ci)性個(ge)(ge)體產卵,髓質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)只存(cun)在于(yu)雌(ci)(ci)(ci)性鳥(niao)類體內;但在雌(ci)(ci)(ci)性個(ge)(ge)體制(zhi)造荷爾(er)蒙(meng)如雌(ci)(ci)(ci)激素的(de)期(qi)間(jian),雄性個(ge)(ge)體也有(you)能力制(zhi)造髓質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這個(ge)(ge)證(zheng)據明確顯(xian)示(shi)“B-雷克斯”是(shi)個(ge)(ge)雌(ci)(ci)(ci)性個(ge)(ge)體,并(bing)在產卵期(qi)間(jian)死(si)亡。最近(jin)的(de)研究顯(xian)示(shi)鱷魚(yu)沒有(you)髓質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),而鳥(niao)類與獸腳類恐龍共(gong)同(tong)擁(yong)有(you)髓質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),進一步(bu)證(zheng)明了兩者之間(jian)的(de)演化(hua)關系。
霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)位于白堊紀(ji)晚期的(de)(de)食物鏈頂端,當時(shi)北(bei)美洲的(de)(de)各種恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)基本上都(dou)可(ke)以成為它的(de)(de)捕獵(lie)對象,有時(shi)它們也會(hui)攻擊像阿拉(la)莫(mo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)這樣的(de)(de)長頸食草恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。腫頭龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)由于體型較小一般(ban)不在(zai)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)食譜里。甲龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)很少(shao)被霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)捕食。當時(shi)分布在(zai)北(bei)美的(de)(de)其他一些(xie)肉(rou)食恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)例如矮暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)等(deng)可(ke)能(neng)與霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)產生一些(xie)競爭,但卻遠不是霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)對手(shou)。
1902年,美(mei)(mei)國(guo)一(yi)(yi)位恐龍化石采(cai)集家(jia)(jia)巴納姆·布朗在美(mei)(mei)國(guo)蒙大拿(na)州的(de)黑爾溪(xi)發(fa)現了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)具(ju)(ju)巨型(xing)的(de)肉食性(xing)動(dong)物骨(gu)骼,當時他(ta)是美(mei)(mei)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)歷史博物館的(de)工作人員。之(zhi)后的(de)兩(liang)個夏天,他(ta)相(xiang)繼(ji)從堅硬的(de)砂巖(yan)中挖掘骨(gu)架。由(you)于(yu)骨(gu)頭相(xiang)當沉重,于(yu)是他(ta)制造了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)種用馬(ma)匹拖拉的(de)專用雪(xue)橇,這才把骨(gu)頭運到附近(jin)的(de)公(gong)路。他(ta)所發(fa)現的(de)是第一(yi)(yi)具(ju)(ju)霸王龍的(de)骨(gu)骸。
1910年,巴納(na)姆·布朗率領的考察隊在(zai)加拿大艾(ai)伯塔(ta)省境內的紅鹿河峽(xia)谷開始了大規(gui)模的采集(ji)。布朗在(zai)那里找(zhao)到了保護得極為(wei)完好的戟龍(long)、盔龍(long)和(he)尖角龍(long)等(deng)骨(gu)架化(hua)石和(he)一些恐龍(long)皮膚化(hua)石。
在(zai)紐約(yue)博物館中,布朗的老板奧斯(si)本(ben)迫不(bu)及待的把他(ta)命(ming)名為霸(ba)王龍的動物公諸于世,在(zai)安(an)裝骨架的同時,布朗和(he)奧斯(si)本(ben)以模(mo)型(xing)重(zhong)塑(su)霸(ba)王龍生前的風采,但(dan)是他(ta)們無法(fa)把重(zhong)達兩噸(dun)的骨頭組(zu)合(he)成(cheng)他(ta)們心目(mu)中的形象——“靈巧如(ru)鳥的巨(ju)獸”,他(ta)們只(zhi)好將(jiang)他(ta)組(zu)合(he)成(cheng)直立而(er)遲鈍(dun)的模(mo)樣。
2013年12月(yue)25日(ri),英國和澳大利(li)亞研究人員說在澳大利(li)亞發現了一塊霸王龍恥骨化石,這是有證據(ju)顯(xian)示(shi)霸王龍也曾經生活在南半球大陸(lu)上。
研(yan)究人(ren)員在新(xin)一(yi)期美國(guo)《科(ke)學》雜志上報告說,這塊化石非常特別(bie),確信于霸王龍(long)。它長(chang)約(yue)30厘(li)米,出土于澳大利亞東南部的恐(kong)龍(long)灣,形狀類似一(yi)根兩端(duan)膨脹的桿(gan),其中一(yi)端(duan)扁平,另一(yi)端(duan)呈靴狀。
這(zhe)塊化(hua)石所屬(shu)的物種已被暫(zan)時命名為(wei)NMV P186069。研究人員(yuan)推測,其主人體形介于6.5-7.2米(mi)之(zhi)間,重約5.9噸(dun),而普通(tong)霸王龍體長可(ke)超過12米(mi),重量可(ke)超9噸(dun)。盡管個頭差別很(hen)大(da),但兩者均頭部巨大(da),前肢退化(hua),后(hou)肢發(fa)達。
霸王(wang)龍的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)祖先來(lai)自(zi)三疊紀(ji)晚(wan)期的(de)(de)(de)始(shi)盜龍,它身(shen)長只(zhi)有90厘(li)米,還不(bu)到(dao)(dao)1米,體重只(zhi)有5到(dao)(dao)7千克(ke)。始(shi)盜龍的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)下頜(he)中部(bu)沒有一(yi)(yi)些素食恐(kong)龍那(nei)種(zhong)額外的(de)(de)(de)連接(jie)裝(zhuang)置。而(er)(er)是在下顎(e)的(de)(de)(de)中間,有一(yi)(yi)個能夠讓下顎(e)彎曲(qu)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動關節,當(dang)雙顎(e)咬住東(dong)西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)便會緊緊鉗住獵物,而(er)(er)暴龍就有這種(zhong)下顎(e)。
它(ta)還有一(yi)些(xie)有趣(qu)的(de)地(di)方,比如始盜龍(long)具(ju)有5根“手(shou)(shou)指”,而后來出(chu)現(xian)的(de)食(shi)肉恐(kong)龍(long)的(de)“手(shou)(shou)指”數則趨于(yu)減少(shao),到了最后出(chu)現(xian)的(de)霸王龍(long)等大型食(shi)肉恐(kong)龍(long)只剩下三(san)到兩根“手(shou)(shou)指”了。再如,始盜龍(long)的(de)腰(yao)部只有三(san)塊脊椎骨支(zhi)持(chi)著它(ta)那(nei)小巧的(de)腰(yao)帶,而后來的(de)恐(kong)龍(long)越變越大時(shi),支(zhi)持(chi)腰(yao)帶的(de)腰(yao)部脊椎骨的(de)數目就增(zeng)加(jia)了。
近幾(ji)年發現的(de)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)和(he)肉(rou)食(shi)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)有(you)很多相異(yi)之(zhi)處(chu),就拿它(ta)的(de)腳為(wei)例子,它(ta)那(nei)突出的(de)第三(san)趾是(shi)(shi)很多白堊紀末期恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)特(te)征,但(dan)它(ta)們都是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long),他們并不是(shi)(shi)我們熟知(zhi)的(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)肉(rou)食(shi)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long),如似鴕龍(long)(long)(long)。霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)其實是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)型(xing)肉(rou)食(shi)動物,但(dan)后來演化成極為(wei)巨大(da)(da)的(de)體型(xing),它(ta)們和(he)其他大(da)(da)型(xing)肉(rou)食(shi)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)并沒有(you)任何關聯,從解剖學分析可以(yi)輕(qing)易的(de)辨認出那(nei)些(xie)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)與霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)(long)沒有(you)關系。
要(yao)追(zhui)蹤出(chu)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)進化歷程就甚為困(kun)難—化石(shi)紀(ji)錄(lu)中有(you)一(yi)大段空白(bai),接著霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)第一(yi)位巨(ju)型祖(zu)先就突然(ran)出(chu)現(xian)了(le),直到在加拿大阿伯塔(ta)省海拔(ba)1300米的(de)(de)山區(qu)發現(xian)了(le)新的(de)(de)線索(suo),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里有(you)一(yi)段保存完好(hao)的(de)(de)史(shi)前海濱,線索(suo)烙印在此地(di)已經有(you)好(hao)幾百萬年(nian)(nian)了(le),加拿大恐(kong)龍(long)(long)足(zu)(zu)(zu)跡(ji)最多(duo)的(de)(de)地(di)方是(shi)(shi)(shi)阿伯塔(ta)省一(yi)處叫‘大倉’的(de)(de)煤礦,那(nei)里發現(xian)了(le)甲龍(long)(long)等(deng)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)足(zu)(zu)(zu)跡(ji),他們(men)通過巨(ju)大的(de)(de)崖面(mian),發現(xian)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里一(yi)度是(shi)(shi)(shi)濱海的(de)(de)泥地(di),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個地(di)點之(zhi)所(suo)以重要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在于(yu)它(ta)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代有(you)一(yi)億年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)久,但附(fu)近卻沒(mei)有(you)發現(xian)同時期的(de)(de)骨骸化石(shi),所(suo)以專家們(men)猜測,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)遷徙的(de)(de)時候(hou)留下的(de)(de),在這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)足(zu)(zu)(zu)跡(ji)里面(mian)并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)(de),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)根據這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)(xie)細長的(de)(de)足(zu)(zu)(zu)跡(ji)來判斷是(shi)(shi)(shi)某(mou)種巨(ju)型恐(kong)龍(long)(long)留下的(de)(de),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)許(xu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)它(ta)的(de)(de)祖(zu)先。
這(zhe)種恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)雷克斯暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)演(yan)化過程中一個轉(zhuan)折點,與(yu)當時其他小(xiao)型捕(bu)食恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)不同,它(ta)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)雙顎來殺死獵物,而(er)不是(shi)使用(yong)前肢(zhi)。這(zhe)種適(shi)應(ying)性變(bian)(bian)化造成(cheng)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)興起和(he)它(ta)獨特的(de)(de)外形,霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)最早來源(yuan)于始(shi)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long),始(shi)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)體型細(xi)長,前肢(zhi)也很長。演(yan)化至獨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)時,它(ta)的(de)(de)頭變(bian)(bian)得更(geng)大,前肢(zhi)變(bian)(bian)得更(geng)短,獨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類似,但細(xi)看(kan)各個特征的(de)(de)時候會發現它(ta)比霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)更(geng)為原始(shi)。
古生物學(xue)家(jia)認為(wei)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)最近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)親戚有(you)兩種:一是北美洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)懼(ju)龍(long)(long),霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)在眼睛上(shang)方(fang)有(you)一塊大(da)骨(gu)突,而在蒙(meng)大(da)拿(na)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)惡(e)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)化石(shi),這個骨(gu)突就比(bi)較不突出,在早(zao)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)身上(shang)甚至更小。二是亞洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long),特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)原本稱為(wei)暴(bao)龍(long)(long),但(dan)事實上(shang)它們(men)有(you)很多相異處,例(li)如連接頭部的(de)(de)(de)(de)后腦干部分(fen)。
根(gen)據(ju)(ju)2011年(nian)(nian)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)報告,在7500萬(wan)年(nian)(nian)前的(de)坎(kan)帕(pa)階,朱迪斯河組發現了(le)一(yi)個暴(bao)龍(long)亞(ya)科淚骨化(hua)石CM 9401,被(bei)歸類(lei)于Tyrannosaurus sp,但中坎(kan)帕(pa)階離霸(ba)王龍(long)生(sheng)存的(de)晚馬(ma)斯特(te)里赫特(te)階比較遙(yao)遠(yuan)了(le),足(zu)足(zu)差了(le)800萬(wan)-900萬(wan)年(nian)(nian),所以(yi)(yi)有(you)可能(neng)屬于別的(de)暴(bao)龍(long)亞(ya)科,例如懼龍(long)屬。一(yi)直(zhi)以(yi)(yi)來(lai),霸(ba)王龍(long)是否披羽(yu)存在爭議,根(gen)據(ju)(ju)其近親研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)通過華麗(li)羽(yu)王龍(long)披羽(yu)的(de)化(hua)石證(zheng)據(ju)(ju)從而引導出(chu)霸(ba)王龍(long)超(chao)科物種都(dou)披羽(yu)的(de)理(li)論,但該理(li)論存在一(yi)個缺陷就是華麗(li)羽(yu)王龍(long)并非霸(ba)王龍(long)的(de)直(zhi)系祖輩科。而根(gen)據(ju)(ju)其古地理(li)學研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),霸(ba)王龍(long)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)時(shi)代正處于全球(qiu)變暖(nuan)時(shi)期,加上霸(ba)王龍(long)本身就已(yi)是體(ti)型龐(pang)大,足(zu)以(yi)(yi)自身保暖(nuan)加之(zhi)當(dang)時(shi)全球(qiu)變暖(nuan)和生(sheng)活(huo)環境的(de)固有(you)溫暖(nuan)。再披羽(yu)無疑是加重(zhong)了(le)散熱負擔。除此之(zhi)外,霸(ba)王龍(long)的(de)皮膚(fu)印痕化(hua)石也已(yi)被(bei)發現。從而否定(ding)了(le)全身披羽(yu)論。
CM 9380
霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)正模(正模的(de)意思是(shi)確認(ren)這種動物身(shen)份的(de)標本),由(you)巴納姆·布朗在1902年(nian)發現于(yu)蒙(meng)大拿州,并在1905年(nian)出(chu)土,起初(chu)的(de)編(bian)號AMNH 973,后(hou)因美國(guo)自(zi)然(ran)歷史(shi)博物館害怕(pa)被(bei)(bei)戰爭損毀,出(chu)售給卡耐基自(zi)然(ran)歷史(shi)博物館,編(bian)號修改為CM 9380,化(hua)(hua)石(shi)包含大部(bu)分頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu),脊椎(zhui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu),肋骨(gu)(gu)(gu),尾椎(zhui)骨(gu)(gu)(gu),肩胛骨(gu)(gu)(gu),肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu),一個(ge)較為完(wan)整的(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)盆,后(hou)肢(zhi)包括股骨(gu)(gu)(gu),脛骨(gu)(gu)(gu)等等,雖(sui)然(ran)它是(shi)霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)正模,但卻(que)不(bu)是(shi)首先(xian)被(bei)(bei)挖掘出(chu)來的(de)霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)標本。該標本的(de)肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)讓科學家知道霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)有短小的(de)前肢(zhi),但由(you)于(yu)沒有發現指骨(gu)(gu)(gu),霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)被(bei)(bei)長期重建(jian)為3個(ge)手(shou)指的(de)形象,類似異特龍(long)(long)。由(you)于(yu)沒有發現完(wan)整的(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi),也(ye)極大的(de)參(can)考了異特龍(long)(long)的(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu),從(cong)那時起,霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)被(bei)(bei)重建(jian)為直立的(de)怪物。CM 9380體(ti)長12米,體(ti)重9.1噸。
AMNH 5027
巴(ba)納姆·布朗在蒙大(da)拿州發現(xian)了一(yi)個(ge)身體(ti)部(bu)(bu)分非(fei)(fei)常完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)霸王(wang)龍(long)標本,約(yue)有(you)(you)48%的(de)(de)(de)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)度,143塊骨頭,完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)度排第四(si),雖然(ran)沒有(you)(you)發現(xian)四(si)肢化(hua)石,但身體(ti)部(bu)(bu)分幾乎(hu)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),這個(ge)標本的(de)(de)(de)頭骨非(fei)(fei)常完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),科學(xue)家意識(shi)到CM 9380的(de)(de)(de)重建是(shi)錯誤(wu)的(de)(de)(de),把它(ta)拆除了,頸(jing)椎(zhui)也是(shi)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de),科學(xue)家得知(zhi)霸王(wang)龍(long)具(ju)有(you)(you)不(bu)同于(yu)其(qi)它(ta)食肉龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)短粗脖(bo)子。這具(ju)霸王(wang)龍(long)化(hua)石的(de)(de)(de)意義非(fei)(fei)常重大(da),它(ta)是(shi)霸王(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)“形象代(dai)言人”,多(duo)數復原圖都以AMNH 5027為準。體(ti)長11.7米(mi),體(ti)重約(yue)8.5噸(dun),現(xian)存于(yu)美國自然(ran)歷史博物館(guan)。
FNMH PR 2081
1990年8月由Susan和Hendrickson在南(nan)達(da)科他州發(fa)現(xian),昵(ni)稱蘇,共發(fa)現(xian)219塊骨(gu)(gu)頭,完(wan)整(zheng)度達(da)73%+(部(bu)分骨(gu)(gu)骼不完(wan)整(zheng),對稱完(wan)整(zheng)度95%,修復后(hou)完(wan)整(zheng)度79%),是(shi)(shi)目前較(jiao)完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)暴龍(long)(long)化(hua)石,也是(shi)(shi)體型較(jiao)大的(de)(de)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)。是(shi)(shi)霸(ba)王龍(long)(long)化(hua)石中較(jiao)粗壯的(de)(de),亦是(shi)(shi)年齡(ling)較(jiao)老(lao)的(de)(de)。蘇的(de)(de)一條(tiao)大腿(tui)骨(gu)(gu)134厘(li)(li)米(mi),另外一條(tiao)138厘(li)(li)米(mi),修正之后(hou)都是(shi)(shi)140厘(li)(li)米(mi)(腿(tui)骨(gu)(gu)比例較(jiao)短(duan))。頭骨(gu)(gu)被壓塌陷的(de)(de)原化(hua)石尺(chi)寸是(shi)(shi)1.4353米(mi),修正后(hou)枕基長(chang)為(wei)1.53米(mi)。暴龍(long)(long)頭骨(gu)(gu)全(quan)長(chang)1.5米(mi),南(nan)方巨獸龍(long)(long)頭骨(gu)(gu)全(quan)長(chang)1.75米(mi),枕基長(chang)1.5米(mi),鯊齒龍(long)(long)頭骨(gu)(gu)全(quan)長(chang)1.67米(mi),枕基長(chang)1.5米(mi)。
這(zhe)個化石被命(ming)名為(wei)“蘇(su)(su)”,以紀(ji)念她的(de)發現,但也發生了所有(you)者的(de)糾紛(fen)。“蘇(su)(su)”的(de)發現處(chu)位于(yu)夏(xia)安(an)河印地(di)(di)(di)安(an)保留區(qu)內(nei),土地(di)(di)(di)的(de)擁有(you)權(quan)屬(shu)于(yu)莫里(li)(li)斯(si)(si)·威廉(lian)斯(si)(si)家庭(ting),一(yi)個蘇(su)(su)族印地(di)(di)(di)安(an)人家庭(ting)。在1992年,莫里(li)(li)斯(si)(si)·威廉(lian)斯(si)(si)宣稱具有(you)“蘇(su)(su)”的(de)擁有(you)權(quan),因(yin)此(ci)黑山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)質研究機(ji)構支(zhi)付他5,000美元。該地(di)(di)(di)的(de)夏(xia)安(an)河蘇(su)(su)族部落也宣稱具有(you)擁有(you)權(quan)。體長12.2米(mi)(順(shun)彎12.8米(mi)),體重10噸(dun)(估值11—12噸(dun))。
傳(chuan)統觀(guan)念認為(wei)蘇是一只雌性,但(dan)近年研究(jiu)結果表明它也有可能是雄性。
1966年由Harley Garbani和幾位(wei)業余古生物學家(jia)在蒙大(da)拿(na)州的(de)(de)加菲爾德縣發現。化(hua)石包含74塊骨(gu)頭,完(wan)整度(du)達25%,包括:一(yi)個較(jiao)(jiao)完(wan)整的(de)(de)頭骨(gu),2塊頸(jing)椎(zhui)(zhui),7塊脊椎(zhui)(zhui),4塊尾椎(zhui)(zhui),5根肋骨(gu),10根脈弧,左肩胛骨(gu),股骨(gu),距骨(gu),坐骨(gu),左脛骨(gu),4塊跖(zhi)骨(gu)和10塊腳掌(zhang)部分的(de)(de)骨(gu)頭,是(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)纖細型霸王龍,體(ti)形比(bi)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)蘇略小,推測其完(wan)整頭骨(gu)全長大(da)約為(wei)1.56米。LACM 23844的(de)(de)牙齒(chi)是(shi)霸王龍化(hua)石里(li)面平(ping)均較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de),而(er)且(qie)擁有(you)多(duo)顆(ke)相當大(da)的(de)(de)牙齒(chi)。根據(ju)頭骨(gu)長度(du)推測體(ti)長約13.2米,體(ti)重(zhong)10噸以上(shang)。
BHI 3033
在1987年春季,另(ling)一位業余古生(sheng)物學家史丹·薩克理森在南達科他州發現一個編(bian)號(hao)BHI 3033的(de)(de)(de)霸王龍(long),昵稱斯坦(tan)。化石約有(you)63%的(de)(de)(de)完整度(du),190塊骨(gu)頭(tou),是(shi)第二完整的(de)(de)(de)霸王龍(long)化石,賴森在“斯坦(tan)”上(shang)發現了許(xu)多非致命性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)傷口(kou)(kou),包括數根(gen)斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie)且愈(yu)合過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)肋骨(gu)、一個斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)(lie)且愈(yu)合過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)頸椎、臉頰(jia)處有(you)愈(yu)合過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)傷口(kou)(kou)、頭(tou)后(hou)側(ce)有(you)個顯目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)缺口(kou)(kou),直徑約1公吋,大約是(shi)霸王龍(long)牙齒的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)。頭(tou)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)傷口(kou)(kou)上(shang)有(you)個薄的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)層,顯示“斯坦(tan)”并沒因為這個傷口(kou)(kou)而死。斯坦(tan)是(shi)纖細型(xing)霸王龍(long),體長大概11.7米,體重8噸。存(cun)于菲爾德自然(ran)歷史博物館。
MOR 1152
又稱F-rex,Frank rex。2001年由Frank Stewart發現,地點是(shi)蒙大拿州的(de)(de)加菲(fei)爾德縣,化石(shi)約(yue)有8%的(de)(de)完整(zheng)度,化石(shi)包含部分后(hou)肢,骨(gu)(gu)(gu)盆,后(hou)肋,跖骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)椎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)等等,其中腓骨(gu)(gu)(gu)切面(mian)近端~4.5cm,著名的(de)(de)蘇(FMNH PR 2081)大概3.7cm。根(gen)據(ju)這個(ge)比(bi)例,將是(shi)14.2米長,重量估計13.6噸。
MOR 1125
2000年由Bob Harmon在蒙大(da)拿州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)加菲爾德縣(xian)發(fa)現,化石(shi)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)相當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)完整,有111快骨(gu)頭,完整度達(da)37%,其中更是(shi)(shi)在股骨(gu)中發(fa)現了(le)髓質組織(zhi),是(shi)(shi)雌性鳥類產卵需要的(de)(de)(de)元素,說(shuo)明(ming)這只霸王龍是(shi)(shi)雌性,也(ye)證(zheng)明(ming)了(le)獸腳類和(he)鳥類的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。相當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)有研究價(jia)值。體長大(da)約11米(mi)長,9噸重。
MOR 008
1967年出(chu)土,發現(xian)者是(shi)(shi)Dr.William Macmannis,地點是(shi)(shi)蒙大(da)拿州的(de)加菲爾德縣,2006年才拼好頭骨,化石是(shi)(shi)一個較為完整的(de)頭骨,約有65%的(de)完整度,它擁有一個相當大(da)的(de)頭骨,復原長(chang)度165厘(li)米(mi)(修正后(hou)160厘(li)米(mi)),體長(chang)13.8米(mi),體重12.4噸。保存(cun)于美國自然歷史博物館。
UCMP 118742
是一塊帶有牙齒的(de)(de)上頜(he)骨,它(ta)(ta)有一塊所有霸王(wang)龍中“面積(ji)”最大的(de)(de)上頜(he)骨810mm,(修(xiu)復之后880mm,蘇是822mm),它(ta)(ta)才16歲,剛步入生長期,卻已非常的(de)(de)龐大,身長13.1米,體(ti)重12噸。
MOR 1126
又稱C-rex,地點(dian)在(zai)蒙大(da)拿州的加(jia)菲爾德縣,負責挖掘的杰(jie)克·霍納(na)(Jack Horner)并沒有(you)給出具體(ti)數據(ju),但(dan)是簡(jian)單的說(shuo)MOR 1126比(bi)蘇(su)大(da)10%,一直(zhi)沒有(you)公布(bu)任何數據(ju),直(zhi)到(dao)2010年杰(jie)克·霍納(na)在(zai)PLoS ONE上發表(biao)的一篇霸王龍(long)同類(lei)相食論(lun)文,隨意抽取了(le)一塊腳(jiao)趾(zhi)骨(gu)頭(tou)測(ce)量(liang),顯(xian)示比(bi)蘇(su)(FMNH PR2081)長、寬、粗10%左右(you),估計和(he)霍納(na)原先(xian)的估計接近,身長14.3米,體(ti)重達14噸(dun),但(dan)是腳(jiao)趾(zhi)的說(shuo)服力不如其它部(bu)位,只有(you)等(deng)待更多的數據(ju)公布(bu)才能證實。此外MOR 1126有(you)部(bu)分(fen)頭(tou)骨(gu),脊椎骨(gu),腳(jiao)趾(zhi)和(he)肋骨(gu)。是很大(da)的霸王龍(long)標(biao)本。
UCMP 137538
完整的一個腳(jiao)趾骨及部(bu)(bu)分后肢,同一個部(bu)(bu)位比“蘇”長17%,粗25%~33%”。目前(qian)最大個體(ti)霸王龍,長14.7米(順彎(wan)15.3米),重14.85噸,臀(tun)高5.2米。